TEM汉译英试卷评析

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1、英语专业8级2012年汉译英试卷评析 华东理工大学外国语学院 邵志洪教授 主讲人邵志洪教授简介主讲人邵志洪教授简介英语专业八级考试汉译英阅卷组组长华东理工大学外国语学院学术委员会主任、外国语言研究所所长、博士生导师中国英汉语比较研究会常务理事、华东师范大学兼职教授在外语类核心期刊上发表论文60多篇，其中30篇发表在外语教学与研究、外国语、现代汉语、中国翻译四家国家外语类最高等级的期刊上主要论著包括高师专业英语精读教程、英汉语研究与对比、翻译理论、实践与评析、英汉对比翻译导论、 汉英对比翻译导论、 结构语义关系英汉微观对比研究等英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂TEM8(2012)

2、TEM8(2012)汉译英试题汉语原文汉译英试题汉语原文英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 泊珍到偏远小镇的育幼院把生在那里养到1岁的孩子接回来。但泊珍看他第一眼，仿似一声雷劈头而来。令她晕头胀脑，这1岁的孩子脸型长得如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去！ 1痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。2院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。3她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。4整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。5就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。6这孩子是她的秘密，她将

3、秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 她将秘密留在心头。（注：以上句子编号为笔者所加。）1.1.引言引言英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 2012年全国英语专业8级考试阅卷工作已经结束。本次考生人数21万多，比2011年增加了1万多。本次汉译英试卷汉语原文选择了“心理描写语篇”，这在全国英语专业8级考试历史上尚属首次。可以说，对于英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教和学都是一次很好的检验。阅卷教师认为本次汉译英试卷中发现的普遍问题是：汉英对比理论在心理描写语篇翻译中的应用，包括在情感活动描写语言和思想活动描写语言翻译中的应用。 高校英语专业八级考试大纲（2004年新版，上海外语教育出版

4、社）中的翻译测试要求是：“能运用汉译英和英译汉的理论和技巧，译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。”而在具体阅卷中，高校外语专业教学测试委员会制定的“TEM8 汉译英评分标准（2011）”中对汉译英的评分标准是“译文忠实性”和“语言适切性”，具体表现在汉英词汇语义和语法结构等方面的转换能力。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 本人多年来一直担任汉译英阅卷组组长, 参加选样分析、制定评分标准和复查等阅卷全过程。现根据该语篇的特点，拟在汉英语言对比的基础上，以学生试卷和从试卷中选出的评分样卷为例，对本次汉译英试卷中出现的普遍问题作些评析。评析内容包括汉英词汇语义对比与心理描写语篇翻译和汉

5、英语法结构对比与心理描写语篇翻译，希望能对英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教学，尤其是心理描写语篇翻译的教学有所启示。 以上汉语原文句1为人物情感活动的描写，包括“痛苦”和“郁闷” 情感活动的描写，以及伴随“痛苦”和“郁闷” 情感活动的生理反应，即“眉心发烫发热”，“胃里一股气冲喉而上”。汉语原文句2到句6为人物思想活动的描写。2.2.汉英词汇语义对比与心理描写语篇翻译汉英词汇语义对比与心理描写语篇翻译英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 词汇语义关系可以分为纵聚合关系（paradigmatic）和横组合关系（syntagmatic）。词汇纵聚合关系指的是纵向替代、植入词项以生成

6、意义。词汇横组合关系，即词的同现关系（co-occurrence relationship），所要研究的是词与词之间的搭配关系。由于不同的语言有不同的选择限制，汉英两种语言中某些相对应的词，其搭配范围不尽相同。 汉英词与词之间的聚合关系和组合关系都存在很大差异。因此，在学生译文中容易出现顾此失彼的现象。这种现象突出表现在句1中“胃里一股气冲喉而上”的“一股气”的译文中。2.12.1汉英词汇语义关系对比与试卷评析汉英词汇语义关系对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 “一股气”译文词语聚合关系和组合关系选择表如下：一股气a wave ofa surge ofa torre

7、nt ofa flood ofa sea ofa shower ofa volume ofa gust ofa blast ofa storm ofa flow ofa stream ofa gush ofairatmospheregasbreathsmellodourmannerspiritangerinsult英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 汉语量词是一大词类。汉语中起中介作用的量词与数词一起使用，不仅可以提供有关数量的信息，量词自身还可以提供计量单位和方式、事物的种类和形状、甚至说话人的情感等多种信息。量词的运用表明汉语语义的准确与辨析的细微。英语有 unit noun

8、s，起着类似汉语量词的作用，这些词并未形成一大词类。他们只不过是名词中的一小类而已，词义上一般也不如汉语量词那样具有高度抽象概括能力和搭配能力。往往需要根据具体情况从名词中选用合乎特定语境的词来充当量词。汉语一个量词在英语中常有许多相应的词来表达相应的概念。这就提出了怎么译以及在众多的英语词汇中如何进行选择的问题。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 英语可数名词前一般不用量词，比如：一把椅子（a chair），一只鸟（a bird），一本书（a book）。原文句4中 “一扇窗”：a window，学生译文中不存在任何问题。英语不可数名词前用量词，比如：一件家具（a piece

9、of furniture），一条新闻 （a piece of news），一块肥皂（a bar of soup）。句1中“胃里一股气冲喉而上”的“一股气”的学生译文问题很多，有些甚至闹出笑话。一种情况是不用量词，如: an air, a gas 等。另一种情况是用量词，但不一定恰当。原文是“(胃里)一股气(冲喉而上)”，因此，学生译文a wave of, a surge of, a torrent of, a flood of, a sea of, a shower of, a volume of等 “量” 显然太大了。学生译文a gust of, a blast of, a storm of

10、等 “气流” 显然太强劲了。恰当的学生译文是a flow of, a stream of, a gush of等。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 “气” 在英语中可以有很多选择: air, atmosphere, gas, smell, odour, manner, spirit, anger, insult 因此学生译文中出现了许多有趣的搭配现象，比如：a torrent of atmosphere, a shower of gas，a sea of smell, a flow of spirit, a stream of insult, a blast of anger。

11、其实，根据上下文，“气”在这里指的是“(胃里的)气”， 学生译文中用 air是泛指的，而特指的译文应该是 gas。 汉语原文是心理描写语篇，而不是医学专业语篇。因此，在翻译中要注意词汇选择在文体上的适切性。不少学生在翻译时不恰当地使用了医学专业术语，闹出了笑话。试比较下列句子中的划线部分： 句1胃里一股气冲喉而上。 (1) A stream of air rushed to her larynx from her stomach. cf. A stream of air rushed to her throat from her stomach. (2) A stream of gas spr

12、ang to her throat from her gastric organ. cf. A stream of gas sprang to her throat from her stomach. 以上larynx 是“喉” （throat）的医学专业术语，gastric是“胃”（stomach）的医学专业术语。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句2 院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。When the head said the child had suffered from hypoplasia, she was even more at sea.cf. When

13、the head said the child had suffered from underdevelopment, she was even more at sea.cf. When the head said the child had suffered from slow growth, she was even more at sea. 以上hypoplasia 是“发育迟缓”（ underdevelopment）的医学专业术语。译文用医学专业术语hypoplasia，听者“她”和读者“我们”当然也都会是“心头无绪”了。2.22.2汉英表意手段对比与试卷评析汉英表意手段对比与试卷评析

14、英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 汉语是语义型语言，而英语是形态型语言。语义型语言重的是语义结构，形态型语言重的是形式结构。汉语有语法，但它不像英语那样有显露的外在形式， 而是隐含在语言内部的。它不像英语那样是通过形式或形态来表示语言成分间的关系，而是让语义本身来体现这种关系的。汉英表意手段是不同的，一般来说，英语是形态表意的，汉语是词汇表意的。2.2.12.2.1汉英数的表达对比与试卷评析汉英数的表达对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句句11痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲

15、喉而上。冲喉而上。 句1中有多个表示人体器官和人体部分的词语，比如：“心”，“眉”，“胸”，“胃”，“喉”。 学生译文主要错误是 “数”（number）的形态问题，闹出了不少笑话。试比较下列句子中的划线部分：(1) She could feel the pain in her hearts.cf. She could feel the pain in her heart.(2) She could feel the heat on her foreheads.cf. She could feel the heat on her forehead.(3) She was very gloomy

16、in her chests.cf. She was very gloomy in her chest.(4) Some air rushed to her throats from her stomachs.cf. Some air rushed to her throat from her stomach. 以上译文把原文中的人物描写成了怪物，有多个“心”， 多个“额”，多个“胸”， 多个“胃”， 多个“喉”。英语名词加s表示复数概念，比如：the ruminants stomachs指“反刍动物的四只胃”。2.2.22.2.2汉英时体表达对比与试卷评析汉英时体表达对比与试卷评析英语专业八级

17、考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 本次试题原文语篇中时体表达比较丰富，这就牵涉到汉英时体表达对比与翻译的问题。 陈述句由直接引语变为间接引语，如果引述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时、体形式一般就要作相应的变化。当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时， 一般过去时要变为过去完成体。例如：He said ,“I didnt recognize you.” (直接引语)He said he hadnt recognized me. (间接引语)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句句22院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。 句2中“院长说”

18、用过去时态， “这孩子发育迟缓”是间接引语，应该用过去完成体，表示“过去的过去”。但是几乎没有见到学生译文中有用过去完成体的。 试比较下列句子中的划线部分：(1) She was even more at a loss when the director told her that the baby suffered from slow growth.cf. She was even more at a loss when the director told her that the baby had suffered from slow growth.(2) She was even mor

19、e lost when the head said that the child grew rather slowly. cf. She was even more lost when the head said that the child had grown rather slowly. 英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句句55就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。 句5为人物思想活动的描写。原文是直接引

20、语，没有引导词，也没有引号。学生译文中时态的使用上比较混乱。这段引语基本上有三种译法，试比较下列句子中的划线部分： (1) 直接引语（加引号） “Just let the child stay here,” she thought. “There were kind priests and nuns here and the place would be expanded to a nursing center with medical function. This would be the best place to keep the child.” cf. “Just let the ch

21、ild stay here,” she thought. “There are kind priests and nuns here and the place will be expanded to a nursing center with medical function. This will be the best place to keep the child.”英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂(2) 直接引语（不加引号） Just let me keep the child here. There were kind priests and nuns in this

22、 place and it would be expanded into a center for medical care in the future. This was the best place to keep the child.cf. Just let me keep the child here. There are kind priests and nuns in this place and it will be expanded into a center for medical care in the future. This is the best place to k

23、eep the child. (3) 间接引语 She thought perhaps she shall let the child stay here because the priests and nuns will treat him with kindness. Besides, this place will be enlarged to become a nursing center that has medical facilities, which will be the most appropriate for her child. cf. She thought perh

24、aps she should let the child stay here because the priests and nuns would treat him with kindness. Besides, this place would be enlarged to become a nursing center that had medical facilities, which would be the most appropriate for her child.2.32.3汉英同义反复对比与试卷评析汉英同义反复对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂

25、英汉词语搭配组合上对待“同义反复”（tautology）的态度是不同的。英语通常避免“同义反复”；而汉语却往往使用“同义反复”。学生译文中在处理成语搭配和惯用搭配时往往会受汉语影响而出现“同义反复”现象。 句句11眉心发烫发热。眉心发烫发热。 “发烫”与“发热”为同义，原文汉语“发烫发热”是同义反复，英语译文需要避免同义反复。试比较下列句子中的划线部分：(1) Her forehead was scalding and burning.cf. Her forehead was scalding.(2) She felt her head burning and hot.cf. She felt

26、 her head burning.(3) She had a hot fever in her brow.cf. She had a high fever in her brow.英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 范畴词（category words）用来表达行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是汉语常用的特指手段。而英语通常避免使用范畴词。试比较汉语原文与英语译文:人际关系问题: interpersonal relation (problem), 饥饿状态: in (a state of ) hunger, 新鲜感:freshness (feeling)。其他例子如：圆形ro

27、und (in shape), 小型small(in size), 少量few(in number), 红色 red(in color), 苦味bitter(in taste)。可以看到，英语通常避免形状、数量、性质等的同义反复。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句句11痛苦纠聚心中痛苦纠聚心中A painful sense gathered in her heart.A painful sensation gathered in her heart.A painful feeling gathered in her heart.A painful mood gathered

28、in her heart.A sense of painful mood gathered in her heart.A mood of painful feeling gathered in her heart. 试比较修改后的划线部分：cf. Pain gathered in her heart. “痛苦”（pain, agony, suffering）本身就是一种“感觉”和“情绪”（sense，sensation，feeling, mood），汉语可以使用范畴词，比如：痛苦的感觉，痛苦的情绪。英语一般避免使用范畴词，pain, agony, suffering等表示“感觉”和“情绪”的词

29、一般不加sense，sensation，feeling, mood等范畴词。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂句句11胸口郁闷难展胸口郁闷难展A gloomy sense was filled in her breast.A gloomy sensation was filled in her breast.A gloomy feeling was filled in her breast.A gloomy mood was filled in her breast.A sense of gloomy mood was filled in her breast.A mood of

30、 gloomy feeling was filled in her breast. 试比较修改后的划线部分：cf. Gloom was filled in her breast. “郁闷”（gloom, depression, melancholy）本身就是一种“感觉”和“情绪”（sense，sensation，feeling, mood），汉语可以使用范畴词，比如：郁闷的感觉，郁闷的情绪。英语一般避免使用范畴词，gloom, depression, melancholy等表示“感觉”和“情绪”的词一般不加sense，sensation，feeling, mood等范畴词。3.3.汉英语法结构

31、对比与心理描写语篇翻译汉英语法结构对比与心理描写语篇翻译英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 汉语句子结构重心理时空和时间域，包括英语在内的西方语言重自然时空和空间域。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”（compactness）。汉语不受形态的约束，没有主谓形式协调一致的关系，也就没有这种关系可以驾驭全句。汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散性”（diffusiveness）。学生译文中有关汉语“流散型”句式与英语“聚集型” 句式之间的转换存在一系列的问题。 英语中用逗号连接句子称为comma splice（

32、逗号拼接），两个句子间不用任何标点符号称为 fused sentence（熔合句）。比如： Comma splice: The current was swift, he could not swim to shore. Fused sentence: The current was swift he could not swim to shore. 改正的方法主要有以下几种：（1）Because the current was swift, he could not swim to shore. （2） The current was so swift that he could not s

33、wim to shore. （3） The current was so swift. He could not swim to shore.3.13.1汉英句式结构对比与试卷评析汉英句式结构对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 汉语是意合语言，写句子是以意尽为界，不滞于形。受汉语的影响，学生译文中常出现 comma splice这种语病。其特点是“一逗到底”，把许多句子，一般是简单句，用逗号，或连词and连接起来，呈线性结构排列。比如， 句句11痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。冲喉而上

34、。 试题汉语原文句1总共4个小句，句号前一逗到底。根据汉语的意思，英语译文必须重新分句与组句。如按汉语“流水句”形式，译文必然会出现许多“连刀句”，即 comma splice （逗号拼接）。以学生译文为例，可以看到，以下学生译文4个小句的内容基本都能用英语表达，但是译文组句出现了comma splice的错误：(1) Pain was accumulating in her heart, she felt very hot in her eyebrows, a puff of air from her stomach came to her throat, making her choked

35、 with great depression in her chest. (comma splice)cf. With pain accumulating in her heart, she felt very hot in her eyebrows. A puff of air from her stomach came to her throat, making her choked with great depression in her chest.英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂(2) Pains gathered in her heart, she felt her

36、 head burning, there was something gloomy in her chest keeping her from breathing, a stream of gas rose to her throat. (comma splice)cf. Pains gathered in her heart. She felt her head burning, something gloomy in her chest keeping her from breathing, and a stream of gas rising to her throat.(3) Pain

37、 is torturing her heart, fever is hanging over her brow, great depression is in her chest, she feels a wave of air going through her stomach and rising up to her throat. (comma splice)cf. Pain is torturing her heart and fever is hanging over her brow. With great depression in her chest, she feels a

38、wave of air going through her stomach and rising up to her throat. (4) She felt her heart tangled in pain, her forehead was scalding and heating, a sullen dismay was rising from her stomach straight onto her throat. (comma splice)cf. She felt her heart tangled in pain, her forehead scalding and heat

39、ing, and a sullen dismay rising from her stomach straight onto her throat.英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂(5) Pains gathered in the heart, fever rose between the eyebrows, it was difficult for her to exhale the depression in the breast, a stream of air rushed out from the stomach to the throat. (comma splic

40、e)cf. Pains gathered in the heart. Fever rose between the eyebrows. It was difficult for her to exhale the depression in the breast. A stream of air rushed out from the stomach to the throat. 汉语原文句1为人物情感活动的描写，包括“痛苦”和“郁闷” 情感活动的描写，以及伴随“痛苦”和“郁闷” 情感活动的生理反应，即“眉心发烫发热”，“胃里一股气冲喉而上”。 按照意群，句1可以译成1句或多句。很多学生译文按

41、照句1汉语原文流散的句式翻译，把句1译成4个句子，导致了译文句式流散。 比如：Pains gathered in her heart. Her eyebrows became hot and hot. Her breast was filled with depression. Her stomach had a stream of air going to her throat.3.23.2汉英平行结构对比与试卷评析汉英平行结构对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 英汉平行结构（parallel structures）通过结构重复，构成了一个强大的语义关系网，其最大

42、的优越性是“互文见义”。 值得注意的是，英汉平行结构（parallel structures）是不同的。英语平行结构各单位之间的语义关系是并列的，而汉语平行结构各单位之间的语义关系可能是并列的，也可能是从属的。因此在汉译英时，往往需要把汉语平行结构之间的意合关系转换成英语的形合关系。也就是说，需要把隐性的并列或从属关系转换成显性的。不了解这个原则，译文就会出现衔接与连贯上的问题。反映在学生的译文中，主要问题是：（1）多以并列关系对待，句式流散单调，缺少连贯。比如：Her heart was piled with pain. Her eyebrows were burning with anxi

43、ety. Her bosom was clutched by gloom. Her throat was attacked by a breath split out from her stomach.（2）多用并列关系词，比如and等，缺少从属关系词。总之，译文失去了充分利用英语形合手段的特点。比如：Her heart gathered with pain and her eyebrows were burning. Her chest was filled with gloom and her throat felt a stream of gas from her stomach.英语专

44、业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 以上句1的汉语原文流散，符合汉语的常规，但是按照英语的常规英语译文必须聚集。 有趣的是，句5的学生译文大多数也是按照英语的常规使用英语聚集手段翻译。其实，汉语原文句5与句1截然不同。句5为人物思想活动的描写，汉语原文流散，表现的是处于极度痛苦郁闷中的主人公的心理活动。如果按照英语的常规译文过分聚集，那将显得人物思维过分连贯。因此英语译文应该采取变异的手段，适当流散，以再现人物的心理活动状况。以下是一个典型的学生译文，体现了很好的使用英语聚集手段组句的能力，但是效果却适得其反。按照英语的常规用聚集手段组句，人物思维显得过分连贯。比如：句句55就让孩子留

45、下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。With kindhearted priests and nuns and as a care-center with medical function in the future, this place would be the best choice to keep the baby. 3.33.3汉英句子重量对比与试卷评析汉英句子重量对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课

46、堂 末端中心（end-focus）和末端重量（end-weight）是决定英语词序的两条重要原则，这两条原则都要求把新信息或其主要部分安排在句子的尾部。从结构上看，凡是字数较多或者语法结构较复杂的部分一般出现在句末，这叫做末端重量或尾重。英语句子要遵循尾重原则，而汉语句子并无所谓的“重量原则”要遵循。因此在汉英翻译时译文一般要遵守尾重原则。试比较句1的两种译文：英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂句句11痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。冲喉而上。(1) With hot feeling between

47、 her eyebrows, something congested in her chest, and a stream of air up to her throat, she is painful in her heart. （首重）cf. She is painful in her heart, with hot feeling between her eyebrows, something congested in her chest, and a stream of air up to her throat.（尾重）(2) With pain lingering in her mi

48、nd, heat rising between her eyebrows, depression echoing in her heart, and gas rushing out of her stomach, she suffered. （首重）cf. She suffered with pain lingering in her mind, heat rising between her eyebrows, depression echoing in her heart, and gas rushing out of her stomach.（尾重）3.43.4汉英句子意群切分方法与试卷

49、评析汉英句子意群切分方法与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 按照意群，句1可以译成1句或多句。以下我们提供几种切分方法和译文。 1句1译成4句。（以上讨论中已经谈到，这种方法不可取。）（1）She was simmering with agony. She felt the brow burning. She felt the gloom swelling in the heart. She was getting gas in the stomach toward her throat. （使用人称主语）（2）It struck agony to her heart.

50、 Her brow was burning. Her breast was swelling with gloom. A gush of stomach gas welled up to her throat. （使用非人称主语）英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂2. 句1译成2句。句1译成2句有两种方法。 句1译成2句第一种方法：句1 （1）（2）痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热（1）She was simmering with agony, feeling burning in the brow. （使用人称主语）（2）She was seized with agony, feel

51、ing burning in the brow. （使用人称主语）（3）It struck agony to her heart and her brow was burning. （使用非人称主语）（4）Agony was stricken to her heart and her brow was burning. （使用非人称主语） 句1 （3）（4）胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上（1）She felt the gloom swelling in the heart, getting gas in the stomach toward her throat. （使用人称主语）（2）He

52、r breast was swelling with gloom and a gush of stomach gas welled up to her throat. （使用非人称主语）英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 句1译成2句第二种方法 句1 （1）痛苦纠聚心中（1）She was simmering with agony. （使用人称主语）（2）She was seized with agony. （使用人称主语）（3）It struck agony to her heart. （使用非人称主语） （4）Agony was stricken to her heart.

53、（使用非人称主语）句1 （2）（3）（4）眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上（1）She felt very hot in her brow，the gloom swelling in her heart, and a gush of stomach gas welling up to her throat. （使用人称主语）（2）Her brow got very hot, her breast swelled with gloom and a gush of stomach gas welled up to her throat. （使用非人称主语）英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语

54、专业八级考试在线课堂3.句1译成1句。句句11痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。喉而上。 句1中的伴随状况可以使用英语分词短语翻译、介词短语翻译、或独立结构翻译。 句1中的伴随状况使用英语分词短语翻译：(1) She was simmering with agony, feeling burning in her brow，the gloom swelling in her heart, and a gush of stomach gas welling up to her throat.(2) She was

55、seized with agony, feeling burning in her brow，the gloom swelling in her heart, and a gush of stomach gas welling up to her throat. 句1中的伴随状况使用英语介词短语翻译：(1) She was simmering with agony, with her brow burning, her breast swelling with gloom, and her stomach getting gas toward her throat.(2) She was se

56、ized with agony, with her brow burning, her breast swelling with gloom, and her stomach getting gas toward her throat.英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 英语状语有时可以由一名（代）词和另一成分的复合结构担任，称为“独立结构”（Absolute Construction）。常见的复合结构有下面几类：（1）名词（或代词）+分词；（2）名词（或代词）+形容词；（3）名词（或代词）+不定式；（4）名词（或代词）+介词短语；（5）名词（或代词）+副词。这类结构和一个从句差

57、不多，前面的名（代）词相当于从句的主语（也就是后面部分的逻辑上的主语），后面部分相当于从句中的谓语或表语，在描绘性文字中有时用到它，来使描绘更生动，在译为汉语时或是译为一个状语，或是译成一个并列的句子，在口语中这种结构用得很少。（这样的结构多用来表示行为方式或伴随的情况。比如：（1）他坐在前排，口半张着头往前倾，唯恐听漏一个字。He sat in the front row, his mouth half open, his head thrust forward so as not to miss any word.（2）他哼了一声，鼻子流着血，倒在地上。He groaned and fel

58、l to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. 英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂（3）老头走了进来，眼睛微微有些肿，耳朵都冻红了。 The old man came in, his eyes slightly swollen and his ears red with cold.因此，句1中的伴随状况还可以使用英语独立结构翻译。比如：（1）She was simmering with agony, her brow burning, her breast swelling with gloom, her stomach gettin

59、g gas toward her throat.（2）She was seized with agony, her brow burning, her breast swelling with gloom, her stomach getting gas toward her throat.英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 值得一提的是，英语独立结构中前面部分的逻辑上的主语必须是主句主语的行为方式或伴随的情况。试比较以下学生译文和修改后句子的划线部分：Pains and desperation were filled in her heart, heat surging in

60、the center of her eyebrows, depression frozen in her chest, breath gushing up from the stomach to her throat.cf. She was filled with pains and desperation in the heart, heat surging in the center of her eyebrows, depression frozen in her chest, breath gushing up from the stomach to her throat.3.53.5

61、汉英语篇衔接手段对比与试卷评析汉英语篇衔接手段对比与试卷评析英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 不同语言有不同的语篇衔接手段（cohesive devices）。韩礼德和哈桑（Halliday & Hasan）在Cohesion in English (1976) 中将英语的衔接手段分为五种：照应(reference)；替代（substitution）；省略（ellipsis）；连接（conjunction）；词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。词汇衔接又分为两类：复现关系（reiteration）和同现关系（collocation）。复现关系指词汇手段的再现，包括 原

62、词复现 同义词、近义词复现 上下义词复现 概括词复现。根据汉语的实际情况，可以对此进行重新分类：是一类，及韩礼德的reference、substitution、 ellipsis（省略即零替代）合在一起是另一类。前一类叫做“重复”，后一类统称为“替代”。这一新的区分便于我们看出汉语和英语话语组织的又一重大区别，即汉语倾向于用重复手段，而英语倾向于用替代手段。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 汉语原文语篇中有多处重复，学生译文中处理这些重复随意性很大，似乎没有任何根据。基本上有下面一些情况：句句33她在孩子所待的她在孩子所待的房里房里来回踱步，这来回踱步，这房里房里还有其他小孩。

63、还有其他小孩。学生译文(1)：She paced up and down in the room where the child lived. In the room there were some other children. (重复)学生译文(2)：She paced up and down in the room where the child lived with some other children. (替代)学生译文(3)：She paced up and down in the room that the child shared with some other childr

64、en. (替代)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂句句44整个房间只有一扇整个房间只有一扇窗窗，窗窗外树影婆娑。外树影婆娑。学生译文(1)：There was only one window in the room, and outside the window tree shadows were dancing. (重复)学生译文(2)：There was only one window in the room, outside which tree shadows were dancing. (替代)学生译文(3)：There was only one window in t

65、he room, and outside it tree shadows were dancing. (替代)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂句句55就让孩子留下来吧，就让孩子留下来吧，这里这里有善心的神父和修女，有善心的神父和修女，这里这里将来会扩将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。学生译文(1)：Just let the child stay. Here were kind priests and nuns and here would be expanded into a center for med

66、ical care in the future. This was the best place to keep the child. (重复)学生译文(2)：Just let the child stay. There were kind priests and nuns here and it would be expanded into a center for medical care in the future. This was the best place to keep the child. (替代)学生译文(3)：Just let the child stay. There

67、were kind priests and nuns in here, which would be expanded into a center for medical care in the future. This was the best place to keep the child. (替代)英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂句句66这孩子是她的这孩子是她的秘密秘密，她将，她将秘密秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。留在这树林掩映的建筑里。学生译文(1)：The child was her secret, and she would keep the secret in th

68、e building covered by the trees. (重复)学生译文(2)：The child was her secret, and she would keep it in the building covered by the trees. (替代)学生译文(3)：The child was her secret, which she would keep in the building covered by the trees. (替代) 按照汉英对比常规，似乎以上四句的译文都不应该以重复处理。然而我们认为，句3、句4与句5、句6是有差别的。句3、句4原文是语法性的重复，

69、因此译文应该用替代。而句5、句6原文是修辞性的重复，是为达到强调所使用的修辞手段，因此译文必须重复，以体现原文重复的修辞效果。4.4.参考译文参考译文英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 这里我们提供两篇优秀的学生译文。译文（1）是比较平实的译文，译文（2）是比较灵活的译文。但是两篇译文的共同点是译文语义内容忠实，结构形态正确。试比较： 学生译文（1）： She felt that pains were accumulating inside and that something was burning in the center of her eyebrows. She was

70、so depressed that she could hardly breathe. Some gas sprang from her stomach up to her throat. And she was even more lost when the head said that the child was rather slow in growth. She walked back and forth in the room where her child stayed, and where there were other children. Through the only w

71、indow of the room, the dancing shadows of the trees could be seen. Leave the child here, where there are benevolent God fathers and nuns. It would be enlarged and improved as a nursing center with medical functions. This is the best place to keep the child. The child was her secret, and she would ke

72、ep this secret in these buildings hidden in the forests. （比较平实的译文）英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 学生译文（2）： Overwhelmed by the tremendous agony, Bozhen felt a distinct heat in her forehead and her chest was so burdened with unsolvable dismay that there seemed to be a choke in her throat. And she was even mo

73、re at a loss when the director told her the baby was growing abnormally slow. Then she kept walking back and forth in the room where her child stayed along with other children. For the whole room, there was only one window, through which she could see the swaying contours of trees. I should just lea

74、ve the child here, she thought in her mind, they have kindhearted Fathers and nuns here and there will be a Care Center with medical care. This is the best place for him! The child was her secret, and she left her secret in these buildings, which were well shadowed by the trees. （比较灵活的译文）英语专业八级考试在线课

75、堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 根据上述评析，我们给出以下译文供参考。 参考译文：参考译文： She was simmering with agony, her brow burning, her breast swelling with pervading gloom, her stomach getting gas toward her throat. She felt even more lost when the director said that the child had suffered from slow growth. She paced up and down in the

76、room where her child had lived along with other children. The room had only one window, out of which the tree shadows were dancing. Leave the child here. There are kindhearted priests and nuns here. The place will be developed into a nursery center with medical care. This is the best place for the c

77、hild. The child was her secret, and she would bury the secret in the building shaded by trees. （邵志洪译）5.5.对翻译教学与翻译实践的启示对翻译教学与翻译实践的启示，对本次汉译英试卷中出现的普遍问题作了一些评析。评析内容包括汉英词汇语义对比与心理描写语篇翻译和汉英语法结构对比与心理描写语篇翻译，希望能对英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教学，尤其是心理描写语篇翻译的教学有所启示。总之，我们认为在英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教学中，需要加强学生汉英词汇语义对比和语法结构对比的意识，以提高学生在

78、汉英语义、句法和语篇衔接等方面的转换能力，为实现“译文忠实性”和“语言适切性”提供必要的条件。英语专业八级考试在线课堂英语专业八级考试在线课堂 以上我们在汉英语言对比的基础上，对本次汉译英试卷中出现的普遍问题作了一些评析。评析内容包括汉英词汇语义对比与心理描写语篇翻译和汉英语法结构对比与心理描写语篇翻译，希望能对英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教学，尤其是心理描写语篇翻译的教学有所启示。 总之，我们认为在英语专业本科“汉英翻译”这门课程的教学中，需要加强学生汉英词汇语义对比和语法结构对比的意识，以提高学生在汉英语义、句法和语篇衔接等方面的转换能力，为实现“译文忠实性”和“语言适切性”提供必要的条件。