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1、第三部分写作训练篇写作训练篇专题五短文改错专题五短文改错第二讲句法类错误第二讲句法类错误1 1技技 能能 突突 破破2 2复复 习习 练练 案案技技 能能 突突 破破(2014全国卷)My dream school look like a big garden.解题思路分析句子结构my dream school为句子的主语，look为谓语动词根据主谓一致的原则谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式确定最终答案尝试解答：_考点1主谓一致误用looklooks 1判定主语和谓语是解题的关键要解决主谓一致问题，判定主语是先决条件。either.or，neither.nor，not.but，not only.b
2、ut also，or等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近的那个名词或代词保持一致；倒装句和there be句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致；定语从句中，关系代词作主语，谓语动词与它所指代的先行词保持一致；强调句中，连接代词在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。2掌握主谓一致的常考点主语与谓语动词之间插入along with，with，as well as，together with，except，but，including时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；两个以上的名词组成一个整体概念作主
3、语时，谓语动词须用单数。表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。(2014全国卷)All of us need friendship.The understanding between two friends mean both of them have similar ideas and trust each other._解析：此句的主语是understanding不是friends，所以谓语动词用单数形式。(2014辽宁高考)The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are oft
4、en up all night with the baby._解析：分析句子结构可知 the early morning barking为主语，意为“清晨吠叫”，且表示单数含义。运用主谓一致的原则可确定谓语动词应用单数形式。meanmeans havehas(2014四川高考)I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off._解析：分析句子结构可知，本句主语为a fire alarm，故谓语动词用goes。(2017衡阳一模)The original hamburger can be traced bac
5、k to the middle ages，when Russians ate raw meat that were cut into small pieces and formed into a small round flat shape._解析：分析句子结构可知，句中that引导的为定语从句。that指代前面的名词raw meat“生肉”，为不可数名词，故谓语动词也应该用单数形式，且需要注意运用过去时。gogoes werewas 1(2014四川高考)If you notice that when someone is missing or hurt，tell your teacher
6、immediately.解题思路分析句子结构if引导条件状语从句tell your teacher immediately是主句从句中notice后的someone is missing or hurt为宾语从句分析宾语从句的缺失成分，选择恰当的引导词宾语从句中不缺成分，应用that引导，when多余尝试解答：_考点2定语从句和名词性从句误用when去掉 2(2017临川一中一模)I hope I will find a job in an advertisement company which I will enjoy my work and get along well with my c
7、olleagues.解题思路分析句子结构company后是定语从句定语从句中缺少地点状语定语从句补全为：I will enjoy my work and get along well with my colleagues in the advertisement company.确定恰当的关系副词尝试解答：_whichwhere 3(2016四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite.解题思路分析句子结构确定本句为定语从句定语从句中缺少宾语，定语从句补全为：I cooked the dishesthat/which在从句中充当宾语尝试解答：
8、_whatthat/which或what去掉 1确定从句类型、搞清句子结构是关键定语从句中关系代词(副词)的选择和名词性从句中引导词的选择取决于句子缺少何种成分和意义是否完整。此时需要从分析句子结构入手，同时掌握关系代词(副词)和引导词在句中的句法功能。which可引导非限制性定语从句，代表主句的内容；where在定语从句中充当(抽象)地点状语；what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语等。2重点关注定语从句与名词性从句中的易考点that不能引导非限制性定语从句；that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，没有含义，只能在宾语从句中省略；名词性从句中，if只能引导宾语从句，但whether可引导主语从句
9、、表语从句和同位语从句；that在同位语从句中不充当成分，没有含义，一般不能省略，但在定语从句中可充当主语和宾语，且充当宾语时可省略。what是连接代词，引导名词性从句并在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。(2017南昌一模)What we need most are popular science books，that usually explain basic principles of nature in a simple and interesting way._解析：考查定语从句的关系代词。根据句子结构可知，此句为非限制性定语从句，且从句中缺少主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故
10、which正确。thatwhich (2017大连一模)What surprises me most is the number of the students paying much attention to reading and doing sports is smaller._解析：分析句子结构可知，本句为表语从句，句子主语是what surprises me most，is为系动词。表语从句部分句意完整，且不缺少任何成分，that在表语从句中充当成分，没有含义但不能省略。(2017仙桃二模)She dialed 110 and told the police where the ma
11、n had run.She also told the police that the man was like._解析：考查宾语从句引导词。句意：她还告诉警察那个人的长相。宾语从句the man was like中缺少宾语，故用what。在第一个is后加that thatwhat (2017衡水中学二模)People have always been interested in bees.This interest may have begun with the honey what bees make._解析：考查定语从句关系代词。分析句子结构可知，bees make为定语从句，且从句中缺
12、少宾语，指物。(2017全国卷)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house._解析：分析句子结构可知，第二个逗号后面为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面句子中的garden，定语从句中缺少主语，故用which。that不引导非限制性定语从句。what去掉或whatthat/which thatwhich 1. (2014全国卷)My dream school starts at 8：30 am.and en
13、ds at 3：30 pm.They are three lessons in the mormng and two in the afternoon.解题思路弄清句意判断句子结构此处表示“上午有三节课，下午有两节课”表示“存在、有”之意的应为there be结构尝试解答：_考点3强调句型、虚拟语气和特殊句式误用TheyThere 2. (2016全国卷)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.解题思路弄清句意判断句子所用的是虚拟语气联想有关虚拟语气的内容suggest表“建议”，后接宾语从句时，从句的谓语动
14、词用should动词原形，且should可以省略尝试解答：_canshould或can去掉 3(2016全国卷)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.解题思路分析句子结构确定句意：暑假即将来临。我和同学们正在谈论假期做什么。“疑问词to do”结构what to do做什么；how to do宾语如何做。尝试解答：_howwhat 1掌握强调句型的基本结构及其用法强调句型的基本结构为“Its.that/who”判定标准在于去掉基本结构后，剩余
15、部分仍然逻辑完整，使用that可强调人或物，who只能用于强调人。2分辨虚拟语气的情境“句意”是判断是否为虚拟语气的重要一环，解答这类问题要重点考虑时间、主从句结构两个方面。3关注特殊句式的易错点There be结构的含义及be动词的选择、倒装句中助动词的选择和时态的运用、省略句中动词形式的运用以及祈使句中句首为动词原形，后半句往往用将来时等需考生重点关注。(2017南开中学一模)There has no doubt that it is important for them._解析：句意：毫无疑问，对他们而言这非常重要。根据句意可知，此处考查there be结构。(2017衡水中学二模)Hi
16、s suggestion is that we left at once._解析：考查虚拟语气。当表示“建议、命令、要求”等含义的词后面 跟句子时，句子用should do结构，should 可省略。hasis leftleave (2017聊城一模)If it was to rain tomorrow，the football match would be put off._解析：根据句意可知，此句为if引导的虚拟语气句，表示对将来的假设。需要注意在虚拟语气中没有was。(2017唐山二模)It was on Monday night who all this happened._解析：根据
17、句式可判定此句为强调句型，被强调部分是时间状语on Monday night，who只能用来强调人。waswere whothat (2017沧州二模)So little do I know about him that I was easily taken in by his words._解析：考查倒装句中助动词提前的时态。根据后面出现的was taken in可判定，助动词do应该用过去式did。dodid 句法误“两不要”1以“语法分析”为依据，不要“茫无头绪”。高考短文改错句法类错误主要涉及复合句、主谓一致、特殊句式等内容，具体有：关系代词/副词和引导词的使用；主谓搭配是否一致；特殊句容中助动词和时态的使用；there be结构中系动词be的选择以及there be结构have/has的重复使用；强调句式的使用。2以句子为单位，不要“一叶障目”。在解答句法类错误的时候，切勿过多关注某一个或几个单词，而是应该首先从整体上判断句子所表达的含义，然后摸清所使用的句式结构、语法现象等问题，做到“从整体理解到局部分析”，如同“一览众山小”。复复 习习 练练 案案
