武汉大学考博英语写作讲义

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1、备考博士生入学考试英语写作英语写作作文水平的划分和定位：作文水平的划分和定位：1.大学英语四级写作水平2.大学英语六级写作水平3.考研英语写作水平4.托福英语写作水平5.写作平分标准：(奖励分取代扣分)考题特点考题特点： （）（） 作文选材均为热门话题并贴近生活作文选材均为热门话题并贴近生活作文选题范围均为当今社会的热门话题，从电视广告到希望工程，作文选题范围均为当今社会的热门话题，从电视广告到希望工程，从父母与子女的关系到拥有健康的重要性，从世界烟民现状到近年盛从父母与子女的关系到拥有健康的重要性，从世界烟民现状到近年盛行一时的行一时的“ “承诺承诺” ”，环境保护，无不反映了，环境保护，无

2、不反映了当前公众最为关注的事当前公众最为关注的事。（）（） 文体多为说明文与议论文文体多为说明文与议论文说明文和议论文用途较广，我们平时接触的文章、报纸、信件等等说明文和议论文用途较广，我们平时接触的文章、报纸、信件等等多为这两种体裁。在工作岗位上所撰写的材料大多也是说明或议论文。多为这两种体裁。在工作岗位上所撰写的材料大多也是说明或议论文。因而考这种体裁的写作比较符合实际需要。因而考这种体裁的写作比较符合实际需要。（）（） 出题形式基本是三段式出题形式基本是三段式（年武汉大学题型除外：提纲为四段；年湖北省题型和（年武汉大学题型除外：提纲为四段；年湖北省题型和0606年年0707年武汉大学的题

3、型没有具体规定，难度为最大）年武汉大学的题型没有具体规定，难度为最大）考博题型分析考博题型分析20072007年武汉大学博士年武汉大学博士Directions: Directions: TheageofInformationTechnologyhastakenalotofTheageofInformationTechnologyhastakenalotofpeoplebysurprise.Whileithasbecomeawayoflifeforpeoplebysurprise.Whileithasbecomeawayoflifeforsome,othersknowverylittleabou

4、titandmaybesome,othersknowverylittleaboutitandmaybeunlikelytolearn.Eventuallywewillhaveapolarizedunlikelytolearn.Eventuallywewillhaveapolarizedsocietyandthiswillleadtoserioussocialproblems.societyandthiswillleadtoserioussocialproblems.TowhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreewiththisTowhatextentdoyouagreeord

5、isagreewiththisstatement?statement?Youshoulduseyourownideas,knowledgeandYoushoulduseyourownideas,knowledgeandexperienceandsupportyourargumentswithexamplesexperienceandsupportyourargumentswithexamplesandrelevantevidence.andrelevantevidence.Writeatleast200words.Writeatleast200words.TheageofInformation

6、Technologyhastakenalotofpeoplebysurpriseandbecomeawayoflifeforsomepeople,especiallytheyoung.TheywouldmakeextensiveuseoftelecomservicesandlogontotheInternetwheneverpossible.Intheireyes,theInternetnotonlypresentsanopportunityfortheadvancementoftheacquisitionandapplicationofknowledge,butalsoprovidesthe

7、mwithavirtualexistencewhichisfarmoreappealingthantraditionallife.Forsomeothers,however,theinformationtechnologyissomethingabstruseandscary.Theyknowverylittleaboutitandmaybeunlikelytolearn.Theyhavedifficultycopingwiththeincreasedsocialandtechnologicalcomplexityandoverloadbroughtforthbytheinformationt

8、echnology,thereforepreferringtointeractwithhumanbeingsandavoidanycontactwithcomputersormachines.Wouldinformationtechnologypolarizethesocietyandleadtoserioussocialproblems?Idontthinkso,sincewehavetogowiththetide.Theinformationtechnologywilltransformoursocietyassignificantlyasthetwoindustrialrevolutio

9、ns.Itnotonlyincreaseshumanproductivityinbothourpersonallivesandtheworkplace,butalsoimproveseducationandhealthcare,providesnewwaystoshop,enablesprofessionalandsocialencountersacrosstheglobe,andgenerallypermeatesthethousandsofthingswedointhecourseofourdailylives.Oncethelaggardsrealizethattheinformatio

10、ntechnologywilldramaticallyaffectpeopleandorganizationsonawidescale,mostofthemwould,andtheyhavetocatchupwiththetime.Asforthosefewpeoplewhoaresoobstinateastogoagainstthetide,theywouldbeleftbehindbyhistory.Thereforethesocietywouldembraceinformationtechnologyasawholeratherthanbepolarized.20062006年武汉大学博

11、士年武汉大学博士Directions: Directions: Youshouldspendabout30minutesonthispart.Youshouldspendabout30minutesonthispart.PresentawrittenargumentorcasetoaneducatedPresentawrittenargumentorcasetoaneducatedreaderwithoutspecialistknowledgeofthereaderwithoutspecialistknowledgeofthefollowingtopic.followingtopic.Nowm

12、anypeopleenjoyemailsandotherNowmanypeopleenjoyemailsandotherpeoplepreferface-to-faceconversation.Thetitlepeoplepreferface-to-faceconversation.Thetitleofyourcompositionis“ofyourcompositionis“Which Is Better: a Talk Which Is Better: a Talk or an Emailor an Email?”.?”.Youshoulduseyourownideas,knowledge

13、andYoushoulduseyourownideas,knowledgeandexperiencetosupportyouropinion.Writeatleastexperiencetosupportyouropinion.Writeatleast200words.200words.20062006年湖北省博士研究生年湖北省博士研究生Directions:Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayInthispart,youarerequiredtowriteanessayentitledentitledMy View on Int

14、ernet InformationMy View on Internet Informationinnoinnolessthan200words.Theessayshouldbebasedlessthan200words.Theessayshouldbebasedontheoutlinebelow:ontheoutlinebelow:1.Internetprovidespeoplewithalotofvaluable1.Internetprovidespeoplewithalotofvaluableinformation.information.2.Accesstosomuchinformat

15、ioncreates2.Accesstosomuchinformationcreatesproblems.problems.3.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?Usespecific3.Whichviewdoyouagreewith?Usespecificreasonsandexamples.reasonsandexamples.2005年武汉大学博士Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledIfIWeretheMayorofThisCityinnolessthan200words.Yourco

16、mpositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.这个城市现在存在的问题;2.假如我是市长的话,如何解决这些问题;3.问题解决后的城市前景.20052005年湖北省博士研究生年湖北省博士研究生Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteaDirections:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledcompositionentitledHoliday EconomyHoliday Economyinnolessinnolesst

17、han200words.Yourcompositionshouldbethan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:basedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:Outlines:1.Theaimof“HolidayEconomy”anditspositive1.Theaimof“HolidayEconomy”anditspositiveeffects;effects;2.Problemsderivedfrom“HolidayEconomy”;2.Problemsderivedfrom

18、“HolidayEconomy”;3.Mysuggestions.3.Mysuggestions.20042004年湖北省博士研究生年湖北省博士研究生Directions:InthissectionyouarerequiredtowriteanDirections:Inthissectionyouarerequiredtowriteanessayinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:essayinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:A.Title:ShouldAllCollegeCoursesbeSpecia

19、llyRelatedTitle:ShouldAllCollegeCoursesbeSpeciallyRelatedtoafutureOccupation?toafutureOccupation?B.TimeLimit:40minutesTimeLimit:40minutesC.WordLimit:180-200wordsWordLimit:180-200wordsD.YourcompositionmustbewrittenontheANSWERYourcompositionmustbewrittenontheANSWERSHEET.SHEET.20042004年武汉大学博士研究生年武汉大学博士

20、研究生Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteaDirections:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledcompositionentitledMy View on Terrorist My View on Terrorist Activities in Some CountriesActivities in Some Countriesinnolessthaninnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebased200words.You

21、rcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:onthefollowingoutlines:1)恐怖活动日益猖獗的表现恐怖活动日益猖獗的表现; ;2)分析其猖獗的原因分析其猖獗的原因; ;3)各国政府应采取的有效措施各国政府应采取的有效措施; ;4)你对我国政府所采取措施的态度或看法你对我国政府所采取措施的态度或看法. .20032003年湖北省博士研究生年湖北省博士研究生Directions:Directions:InthissectionyouarerequiredtowriteanessayinInthissectionyouarereq

22、uiredtowriteanessayinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:accordancewiththefollowingrequirements:A.A.Title:ScientificDiscovery-CurseorBlessingTitle:ScientificDiscovery-CurseorBlessingB.B.TimeLimit:40minutesTimeLimit:40minutesC.C.WordLimit:180-200words(notincludingthegivenopeningWordLimit:180-200wo

23、rds(notincludingthegivenopeningsentences)sentences)D.D.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthegivenopeningYourcompositionshouldbebasedonthegivenopeningsentencesofeachparagraph.sentencesofeachparagraph.E.E.YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheYourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWER ANSWER SHEETSHEE

24、T. .Outlines:Outlines:1)NewscientificdiscoveriesnearlyalwaysbringtoNewscientificdiscoveriesnearlyalwaysbringtomankindablessing;mankindablessing;2)YetsometimesscientificdiscoveriesmayproveacurseYetsometimesscientificdiscoveriesmayproveacurseuponhumanrace;uponhumanrace;3)Themisuseofscientificdiscoveri

25、esmustbeprevented.Themisuseofscientificdiscoveriesmustbeprevented.20032003年武汉大学博士研究生年武汉大学博士研究生Directions:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteDirections:Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitledacompositionentitledLooking Forward to Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in the N

26、ew Reform of College English in ChinaChinainnolessthan200words.Yourinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:outlines:1)有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了; ;2)有些人认为大学英语教师虽然面临挑战，但不可有些人认为大学英语教师虽然面

27、临挑战，但不可或缺或缺; ;3)我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议. .20022002年湖北省博士研究生年湖北省博士研究生Directions:Directions:“GivemeafishandIlleatforaday;teach“GivemeafishandIlleatforaday;teachmehowtofishandIlleatforalife-time.”isafamousmehowtofishandIlleatforalife-time.”isafamoussayingoftenquoted.Inthispart,youareexpect

28、edtosayingoftenquoted.Inthispart,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionbasedonthesayingaboveandthewriteacompositionbasedonthesayingaboveandthefollowingoutlinesforeachparagraph.Youshouldwritefollowingoutlinesforeachparagraph.Youshouldwritenolessthan200words.Writeyourcompositiononthenolessthan200words.Writ

29、eyourcompositionontheANSWER SHEETANSWER SHEET. .Outlines:Outlines:1)Interpretationofthesaying;Interpretationofthesaying;2)Commentsonthesaying;Commentsonthesaying;3)EmbodimentofthesayinginscientificresearchEmbodimentofthesayinginscientificresearchordailylifeordailylife2002年武汉大学博士研究生Directions:Inthisp

30、art,youareexpectedtowriteacompositionentitledPressures on Modern Maninnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:1)现代人会遇到各种各样的压力;2)压力的来源;3)如何减轻自己的压力应试方法高分作文四大策略高分作文四大策略:1.内容简单化;2.结构模式化;3.语言要包装;4.考前要强化。（三段式）提纲式模板（提纲模式）提纲式模板通常由四种基本的段落组成：说明原因的段落；阐述主题的段提纲式模板通常由四种基本的段落组成：说明原因的段

31、落；阐述主题的段落；提出解决方法的段落；对比观点的段落。当然，并不是每篇文章都有落；提出解决方法的段落；对比观点的段落。当然，并不是每篇文章都有这些段落，而是由这些段落形成不同的组合。如：这些段落，而是由这些段落形成不同的组合。如：第一种组合：第一种组合：（第一段）（第一段） 罗列现状罗列现状（第二段）（第二段） 说明原因说明原因（第三段）（第三段） 提出建议提出建议范例：范例：。第二种组合：第二种组合：（第一段）（第一段） 说明原因说明原因（第二段）（第二段） 分析原因分析原因（第三段）（第三段） 解决方法解决方法范例：范例：。第三种组合：第三种组合：（第一段）（第一段） 说明原因说明原因（

32、第二段）（第二段） 阐明观点阐明观点（第三段）（第三段） 联系实际联系实际作文模板根据各类应试作文的题材来看,按照内容大致上可以划分为几个主要的方面.在每一个领域里,题目不相同的文章都有许多共同点,文章与文章之间可以相互借鉴.模仿润色修改后,短文的篇章套路，可举一反三，照葫芦画瓢，甚至只消更换一些词语，就可轻而易举地写出其他内容的短文。例如：MyViewonFateMyViewonFateThere is no consensus of opinion among people as toThere is no consensus of opinion among people as tofa

33、cefate.facefate.Some people believe thatSome people believe thateveryoneisborntoacertainfatethathecaneveryoneisborntoacertainfatethathecannotchange,notchange,while some other people argue thatwhile some other people argue thateverymanistheeverymanisthemasterofhisownlife.masterofhisownlife.As far as

34、I am concernedAs far as I am concerned, , I agree with the latter opinion I agree with the latter opinion. .As a As a saying goessaying goes,Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture,Everyoneisthearchitectofhisownfuture,which meanswhich means onesfateisdecidedinhisownhands.onesfateisdecidedinhisownhands.

35、In fact, no oneIn fact, no oneisdestinedtoaisdestinedtoacertainfatecertainfatein his or her lifein his or her life. .Those who claim thatThose who claim thattheywereborntotheywereborntofailorbeunluckyfailorbeunluckyjust cant recognizejust cant recognizehowmuchinnerstrengthandhowmuchinnerstrengthanda

36、bilitytheyhave.abilitytheyhave.So, we mustSo, we mustdependonourselvestochangeourlivesdependonourselvestochangeourlivesandmakeussuccessfulandhappy.andmakeussuccessfulandhappy.Lets takeLets takeHelenKeller,anextraordinaryAmericanwoman,HelenKeller,anextraordinaryAmericanwoman,for for exampleexample.Wh

37、enshewasonly19monthsold,shebecameblindanddeaf.Whenshewasonly19monthsold,shebecameblindanddeaf.Insteadofacceptinghermisfortunehelplessly,sheshowedgreatInsteadofacceptinghermisfortunehelplessly,sheshowedgreatcourageandunconquerablespiritinfightingagainstherdestinedfateandcourageandunconquerablespiriti

38、nfightingagainstherdestinedfateandwasawardedthePresidentsMedalofFreedomin1964becauseofthewasawardedthePresidentsMedalofFreedomin1964becauseoftheachievementsshehadmadeforhelpingtheblind,thedeafandtheachievementsshehadmadeforhelpingtheblind,thedeafandthespeechless.speechless.This story tells us that a

39、 wise man is alwaysThis story tells us that a wise man is alwayscreatinghiscreatinghisownfateownfaterather than waiting forrather than waiting forgoodluck.goodluck.In conclusionIn conclusion, ,I believe thatI believe thateveryoneisbornequalandistheeveryoneisbornequalandisthebuilderofhisownfate.Wecan

40、havegoodfortunebuilderofhisownfate.Wecanhavegoodfortuneonly ifonly ifwetakepainswetakepainsandworkhard.Weshouldbearthefollowingsayinginmind,everymanisandworkhard.Weshouldbearthefollowingsayinginmind,everymanisthemasterofhisownfate.themasterofhisownfate.MyviewonwealthMyviewonwealthThereisnoconsensuso

41、fopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewofThereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleastotheviewof_.Somepeopleclaim_,_.Somepeopleclaim_,whilesomeotherpeoplebelieve_.whilesomeotherpeoplebelieve_.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.ThereisAsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewiththelatteropinion.Thereisanoldsaying

42、,_anoldsaying,_whichmeans_.whichmeans_.Infact,Infact,_.Thosewho_.Thosewho_justcant_justcantrealize_realize_Forexample,Forexample,_Inconclusion,IbelievethatInconclusion,Ibelievethat_o_onlyifnlyif_填空式作文（模版） 两者比较题：两者比较题： ThiscontroversydescribethedilemmaThiscontroversydescribethedilemmafacedbymanyfaced

43、bymanypeopleinthisera.Asfaraspeopleinthisera.AsfarasIamconcerned,IsupportB,Iamconcerned,IsupportB,becausebecausetherearetoomanybenefitsthatoutnumbertherearetoomanybenefitsthatoutnumberitsitsdisadvantagesnottosupportit.disadvantagesnottosupportit. TherearenumerousreasonswhyIsupportB,andIwillTherearen

44、umerousreasonswhyIsupportB,andIwillinhereexplainafewofinhereexplainafewofthemostimportantones.Thethemostimportantones.Themainreasonmainreasonisthat(1)_isthat(1)_ _.Forexample,(2)_.Forexample,(2)_ _._. AfurtherreasonwhyIsupportBisAfurtherreasonwhyIsupportBisthatthat(3)_(3)_ _._.Thereisagoodevidenceto

45、Thereisagoodevidencetoshowthat(4)_showthat(4)_ _._. A,ontheotherhand,alsohassomeA,ontheotherhand,alsohassomebenefits,suchasbenefits,suchas(5)_(5)_.Butitsad-_.Butitsad- vantagesarenomorethanitsdisadvantagesWecanseevantagesarenomorethanitsdisadvantagesWecanseethisclearlyinacasethisclearlyinacasethat(6

46、)_that(6)_ _._. FromtheabovediscussionweseethatFromtheabovediscussionweseethateventhougheventhoughthedilemmastillexits,itisnotthedilemmastillexits,itisnotdifficulttodrawthedifficulttodrawtheconclusionthat(7)_conclusionthat(7)_ _._. 支持支持B B的第的第 一个原因一个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 支持支持B B的第的第 二个原因二个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因

47、举例说明举例说明A A的优势的优势 举例说明举例说明A A的劣势的劣势 重申论点重申论点填空式作文（模版） WhichisBETTER:A,orB?DifferentpeoplehaveWhichisBETTER:A,orB?Differentpeoplehavedifferentanswersduetotheirrespectivepointofview.differentanswersduetotheirrespectivepointofview.However,IshallagreethatAisBETTERthanB,forHowever,IshallagreethatAisBETTE

48、RthanB,forthreereasonsaddressedbelow.threereasonsaddressedbelow. First,(1)_First,(1)_ _.Inorderto_.Inordertoseethispointseethispointclearly,letusseeanexample:(2)_clearly,letusseeanexample:(2)_ _._. Second,(3)_Second,(3)_ _ _.Forexample,_.Forexample,(4)_(4)_._. Third,inmodernsociety,(5)_Third,inmoder

49、nsociety,(5)_ _.Thereason_.Thereasonforthisisthat(6)_forthisisthat(6)_ _._. Inconclusion,duetotheabove-mentionedreasons,Inconclusion,duetotheabove-mentionedreasons,Ibelievethat(7)_Ibelievethat(7)_ _._. 支持支持A A的第的第 一个原因一个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 支持支持A A的第的第 二个原因二个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 支持支持A A的第的第 三个原因三个原因 详细进行说明详细进

50、行说明 总结论点总结论点填空式作文（模版） “ “是否是否” ”选择题选择题 WhetherAAAshouldorshouldnotbeIX)NEisamuchWhetherAAAshouldorshouldnotbeIX)NEisamuchdebatedprobleminthatitaffectseverybodyintheirdailydebatedprobleminthatitaffectseverybodyintheirdailylives.Carefulconsiderationleadsmetobelievethatlives.Carefulconsiderationleadsme

51、tobelievethat(1)_.(1)_. Firstofall,Ibelievethat(2)_Firstofall,Ibelievethat(2)_ _.Asmallexamplecouldgivesomelighttothispoint.It_.Asmallexamplecouldgivesomelighttothispoint.Itissaidthat(3)_issaidthat(3)_ _._. Secondly,Ibelievethat(4)_Secondly,Ibelievethat(4)_ _ _ _.Sometimes,forexample,(5)_.Sometimes,

52、forexample,(5)_ _._. Lastbutnotleast,(6)_Lastbutnotleast,(6)_ _.Asweknow,(7)_.Asweknow,(7)_ _._. Inconclusion,itismyopinionthat(8)_Inconclusion,itismyopinionthat(8)_ _._. 陈述自己的观陈述自己的观 点点 支持自己观点支持自己观点 的第一个原因的第一个原因 举例说明举例说明 支持自己观点支持自己观点 的第二个原因的第二个原因 举例说明举例说明 支持自己观点支持自己观点 的第三个原因的第三个原因 举例说明举例说明 重申观点重申观点

53、填空式作文（模版） DeterminingwhetherAAAshouldorshouldnotbeDONEDeterminingwhetherAAAshouldorshouldnotbeDONEcouldbeweighedinmanyaspects.Onbalance,myviewiscouldbeweighedinmanyaspects.Onbalance,myviewisthatAAAshouldnotbeDONEinmodemsociety.thatAAAshouldnotbeDONEinmodemsociety. First,itgoeswithoutsayingthat(1)_Fi

54、rst,itgoeswithoutsayingthat(1)_ _ _.Inordertoseethis_.Inordertoseethispointclearly,letusseeanexample:(2)_pointclearly,letusseeanexample:(2)_ _ _._. Second,(3)_Second,(3)_ _.Acaseinpointisthat(4)_.Acaseinpointisthat(4)_ _._. Finally,(5)_Finally,(5)_ _ _.Foeexample,(6)_.Foeexample,(6)_ _ _._. So,based

55、ontheabovediscussion,itisnotdifficulttoSo,basedontheabovediscussion,itisnotdifficulttogettheconclusion:(7)_gettheconclusion:(7)_ _._. 不应该做不应该做 AAAAAA的第一个的第一个 原因原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 不应该做不应该做 AAAAAA的第二个的第二个 原因原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 不应该做不应该做AAAAAA 的第三个原因的第三个原因 （6 6）举例说明）举例说明原因三原因三 （7 7）总结观点）总结观点填空式作文（模版） 概括性陈述题：概括

56、性陈述题： Thisquotationmeansthat(1Thisquotationmeansthat(1）_ _ _.Thisopinionseemsto_.Thisopinionseemstobeimmature,andIdisagreewithitforthefollowingthreebeimmature,andIdisagreewithitforthefollowingthreereasons.reasons. Firstofall,(2)_Firstofall,(2)_ _ _.Agoodexampleis_.Agoodexampleis(3)_(3)_ _._. Inthese

57、condplace,(4)_Inthesecondplace,(4)_ _ _.It_.It iswell-knownthat(5)_iswell-knownthat(5)_ _ _._. Lastbutnotleast,(6)_Lastbutnotleast,(6)_ _For_Forexample,(7)_.Inthisrespect,example,(7)_.Inthisrespect,thenthespeakersstatementdoesnotmakemuchsense,thenthespeakersstatementdoesnotmakemuchsense, Therefore,i

58、nmyopinion,thestatementAAAisratherTherefore,inmyopinion,thestatementAAAisratherinvalid.(8)_invalid.(8)_ _._. AAAAAA的含义的含义 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第一个原因第一个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第二个原因第二个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第三个原因第三个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 总结观点总结观点 Theabovestatementmeansthat(1)_Theabovestatementmeansthat(1

59、)_ _.While_.Whilethisclaimseemsplausibleintheabstract,itignoresmanythisclaimseemsplausibleintheabstract,itignoresmanypracticalproblems,practicalproblems, Thefirstproblemwiththisclaimisthat(2)_Thefirstproblemwiththisclaimisthat(2)_ _.Theworld-famous(3)_.Theworld-famous(3)_ _servesasanexcellentexample

60、.(3)_servesasanexcellentexample.(3)_ _._. Thesecondproblemwiththisclaimisthat(4)_Thesecondproblemwiththisclaimisthat(4)_ _ _.Itisbestillustratedifgiven_.Itisbestillustratedifgiventhisexample:(5)_thisexample:(5)_ _._. ThelastthingIwanttotakeaglanceatthisissueisThelastthingIwanttotakeaglanceatthisissu

61、eisthatthat(6)_(6)_.Inordertoseethispointclearly,letustoseean_.Inordertoseethispointclearly,letustoseeanexample:(7)_example:(7)_ _._. ItissometimescorrecttosayAAA,however,itistrueItissometimescorrecttosayAAA,however,itistrueonlytoalimitedextent.Inmyopinion,(7)_onlytoalimitedextent.Inmyopinion,(7)_ _

62、._. 对引言的解释对引言的解释 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第一个原因第一个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第二个原因第二个原因 举例谎明原因举例谎明原因 反对反对AAAAAA的的 第三个原因第三个原因 举例说明原因举例说明原因 总结观点总结观点作文题预测:1 1旅游文明旅游文明2 2科技创新与科技创新与” ”神六神六” ”升空升空3 3创建和谐社会创建和谐社会4.4.考研热考研热( (教育教育) )5.5.环境保护环境保护6.6.城市燃放烟花爆竹城市燃放烟花爆竹 7.20087.2008年北京奥运会年北京奥运会8 8私人轿车私人轿车9.9.信息社会与网络安全信息社会

63、与网络安全10.“10.“超女超女” ”现象现象1111地区冲突地区冲突1212择业与就业择业与就业1313全球化与民族化全球化与民族化1414老年化老年化15.15.大规模传染性疾病防治大规模传染性疾病防治2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledScience and Technologyinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.科技创新的紧迫性

64、;2.如何创造中国品牌;3.Mysuggestions.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledHarmonious Society innolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.为什么要创建和谐社会；2.如何创建和谐社会；3.和谐社会的前景.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequir

65、edtowriteacompositionentitledOutbreak of Epidemic Diseaseinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.大规模传染性疾病极其影响;2.疾病发生和扩散的原因;3.Mysuggestions.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledShould the Laying-off Fireworks Be

66、 Banned or Not?innolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.城市燃放烟花爆竹的好处；2.城市燃放烟花爆竹不利之处；3.我的看法.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledInternet Securityinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutli

67、nes:Outlines:1.Isnecessarytocensorthecontentofinternetinformation;2.Yourmainreason;3.Yoursuggestion.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledTo Be Superstar Over Nightinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.超级女生；2.

68、造成这种现象的原因；3.我的看法.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledShould Private Owned Cars Being Encouraged?innolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.Theadvantagesofprocessionofprivatecars;2.Thedisadvantagesofprocessionofpri

69、vatecars;3.Mysuggestions.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledMoney-Originated Educationinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.教育乱收费；2.教育乱收费的原因；3.我的看法.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredto

70、writeacompositionentitled2008 Beijing Olympic Gamesinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.Beijinghasbeenchosenashostfor2008OlympicGames;2.Theimportanceof2008BeijingOlympicGames;3.Mysuggestions.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowrit

71、eacompositionentitledA New Chapter in Space innolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.“神六”发射成功；2.“神六”发射成功的重要意义；3.展望未来.范文分析:私人轿车私人轿车Directions：A)Title:PrivateCarsinChinaB)Youshouldwriteanessayontheoutlinebelowinnolessthan200words.C)YouressayshouldbewrittenonAn

72、swerSheetIIOutline：1.Encourageornotencourageprivatecars2.Usespecificreasonstosupportyourpointofview3.MeasuresofencouragingorlimitingprivatecarsPrivatecars，inmostdevelopedcountries，usedtobethecounterpartofbicyclesinChina.Nevertheless，moreandmoreChinesepeoplehavecarsoftheirownnowadays.Itisanindication

73、oftheliftedlivingstandardofChinesepeople.Butinmyopinion，privateownershipofcarsshouldnotbeencouragedinChina.TherearesoundreasonsforthelimitationofprivatecarsinChina.First，itisself-evidentthattheautomobilecontributesmuchtoairpollution.InChina，especiallyinlargecitieswhoseresidentsaremorelikelytobuypriv

74、atecars，thepollutionoftheairisalreadyveryserious.Moreprivatecarswillinevitablyaggravatethepresentsituation.Second，privatecarscanbeaformidablethreattothetraffic.Totellthetruth，todaymanypeoplecanaffordacar，ifalargenumberofprivatecarsrushontothestreets，thealreadydensetrafficwillsuffermore.Lastbutnotthe

75、least，theautomobileconsumesenergy.Wealwaysproudlyclaimourcountryisrichinnaturalresources.Butinthemeantime，weneedtorememberwealsohavealargepopulation.Wedohaverichresourcesofenergy，butspeakingofenergy，wecannotsmilewithease.Therefore，IsincerelybelievethatprivatecarsshouldbediscouragedinChina.Then，bywha

76、tmeansshallwelimitprivatecars？Sincepeoplebuyprivatecarsmainlyforconvenience，myfirstsuggestionistodevelopadequatepublictransportationwhichiseffectiveandpunctual.Atthesametime，weshouldraisethepriceofgasolinetoaprohibitivelevelsoastomakecardrivingexpensiveenough.Allinall，privatecars，frommypointofview，s

77、houldbelimitedinChina.Noonecandoubttheessentialfactthatthetrafficproblemoverthelastyearshascausedwidepublicconcernallovertheworld.Expertsinincreasingnumbersarebeginningtobelievethatsuchsituationwouldproduceunfavorableeffectsoneconomicgrowthoflocalareas.Thereareseveralreasonsforthisproblem.Oneofthema

78、inreasonsisthatthenumberofvehiclesisincreasingmuchmorerapidlythanbuildingofroads.Anotherprimaryreasonisthatthereseemtobetoomanyprivatecarsandnotenoughpublicbuses.Meanwhile,thenumbersofpeople,whohaveaccesstotheirowncars,haverisensharplyintherecentyears.Moreover,manypeople,includingdriversandcyclists,

79、donotobeythetrafficrulesproperly,especiallyatbusyintersections.Andthisundoubtedlyworsensthealreadygravesituation.Thenumberofprivatecarsinurbanareasshouldbelimitedwhilethenumberofpublicbusesshouldbeincreased.Toomanycarshavecreatedalotofseriousproblemsinourworld.Besidescongestion,accidentsandfastfuelc

80、onsumption,carsareresponsibleforagoodpartofairpollutioninbigcities.Allthetime,theyarepumpinghugeamountsofwastegasesintotheatmosphere.Thesegasesareveryharmful,causingdiseaseandevendeath.Lastwinter,carfumesformedheavysmogoverBeijing,makingtheskygloomyforweeksanddeterioratingpeopleshealth.Onepossibleso

81、lutionistodesignanddevelopcleancarsandcleanfuels.InTsinghuaUniversity,campusbusesaredrivenbyelectricity.InBeijingsomeofthepublicbusesbegintorunonnaturalgas,whichdoesnotgiveoffasmuchcarbondioxideasthepetrol.Butitmaytakedecadesforthenewmodelsofcleancarstocompletelyreplacethetraditionalones.Anothersolu

82、tionistodevelopmodernpublictransportationsystemsandrestricttheuseofprivatecars.Ifthepriceofpetrolrisesconstantlyandthepublicvehiclesareefficientandconvenientenough,mostpeoplewillnotprivatecars.Andthetotalnumberofcarsinbigcitieswillreducegreatly.Onthewhole,theeliminationofairpollutionneedstheco-effor

83、tsfromthegovernment,thepublicandtheenvironments.Thisproblemwillbesolvedonlywiththehelpofscienceandtechnology.大规模传染性疾病防治大规模传染性疾病防治: :2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledThe Outbreak of Birds Fluinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollow

84、ingoutlines:Outlines:1.大规模传染性疾病极其影响;2.疾病发生和扩散的原因;3.Mysuggestions.TheTheoutbreakoutbreakofSARS,whichofSARS,whichhasnoknownhasnoknowncureforvictimsafflictedbyitcureforvictimsafflictedbyit,has,hasbroughtbroughtwidespreadpanictowidespreadpanictopeopleandhasdrasticallypeopleandhasdrasticallyalteredthepat

85、ternoftheirdailylifealteredthepatternoftheirdailylife.Thefamous.ThefamoussayingofPresidentFDRooseveltthat“theonlysayingofPresidentFDRooseveltthat“theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself”aptlythingwehavetofearisfearitself”aptlyencapsulatesthestateofmindofalargecross-encapsulatesthestateofmindofalargecro

86、ss-sectionofpeople.sectionofpeople.ThisoutbreakalsoThisoutbreakalsohighlightsatraitofhighlightsatraitof modernpeople,whichisthatwetendtomodernpeople,whichisthatwetendtooverreactinacrisissituationoverreactinacrisissituation,insteadof,insteadofremainingcalmandactrationally.Weshoulddoremainingcalmandac

87、trationally.Weshoulddosomehonestsoulsearchingandlearntheobjectsomehonestsoulsearchingandlearntheobjectlessonsfromtheoutbreak.Thiswouldenableuslessonsfromtheoutbreak.Thiswouldenableustotackleotherfuturenationalcriseswithgreatertotackleotherfuturenationalcriseswithgreatersuccessandequanimity.successan

88、dequanimity.SARShasaffectedpeoplesdailylivesinsomeimportantplaces.Whathasitshownusaboutourselves?Whatlessonscanwedrawfromitsspread?TheoutbreakofSARSurgespeopletochangetheirunhealthyhabitsorcustoms,whichmayaddfueltothefire.Mealsservedindividuallyshouldbeencouraged.Thatis,eachonehashisownportionoffood

89、insteadofsharingitfromcommonplates.Thispracticewillgreatlyreducethepossibilityofthespreadofgerms.Weshouldalsoconfinespittingorlitteringinpublicplaces.Forpetlovers,theyshouldtakemeasurestopreventinfectionsbeingtransferredbyanimals.ThegovernmentshouldlearnhowtodealwithemergenciesfromthisSARSspread.Par

90、ticipationofandcooperationwiththepeoplearevitalincurbingthecrisis.Thus,thegovernmentshouldtaketheresponsibilitytoinformthepublic.Blockinginformationwillalwaysintensify,insteadofease,panic.Thereisalsoanurgentneedtosetupanationwidepublichealthnetwork,toimprovetheresponsetopublichealthemergenciessuchas

91、theSARSepidemic.EveryoneturnspaleatthementionofSARS.Someevenhidehomewithfoodstored.However,Ithinkitisnotnecessarytobesoscared.Epidemicsarenotrareinhumanhistory.Aslongaswetreatandpreventitintherightway,wewillfinallyconquerit.Mankindsfuturedependsonourselves.All-aroundeffortisneededagainstAIDSMoremedi

92、acoverageisbeingpaidtotheHIV/AIDSsituationinChina,especiallyafteragatheringofleadingofficials,scientists,medicalworkersandactivistsinthefieldoccurredinBeijingonNovember10.Byofficialestimates,Chinahas840,000peoplecarryingHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS,andabout80,000AIDSpatients.Despitethefairlylargegroup

93、sofHIVcarriersandAIDSpatients,theepidemicismostlyconfinedtohigh-riskgroups,suchasdrugusers,prostitutesandusersofbloodproducts.Andithasyettospreadwidelyintherestofthenation.TheChineseGovernmentiswellawareofsuchperspectives,andthecentralandlocalgovernmentshaveallocated6.8billionyuan(US$822billion)toes

94、tablishandimprovediseasepreventionandcontrolmechanismsinprovinces.Eachyearaspecialfundofmorethan200millionyuan(US$24million)ischanneledintoHIV/AIDSprevention,careandtreatment.SinceApril,freemedicinetopoorAIDSpatientshasbeendeliveredinregionshithardestbythevirus.JustastheimpactsofAIDSreachessocialand

95、economicfieldsofsociety,effectivepreventionalsorequiresunitedeffortsfromvirtuallyallsectors.Keyfactorsneededincludepubliceducation,affordabledrugs,medicaltrainingforhealthcareworkersinhospitalsandthepublichealthsystem,monitoringandevaluation,carefororphans,measurestostopmother-to-childtransmission,a

96、comprehensivecareframeworkandresearchintovaccinesandacure.Noneofthesethingscanbeachievedwiththesinglehandofanyinstitutionnothealthofficials,notmedicalworkersorthegovernment.ThefightagainstHIV/AIDSrequirestheparticipationofasmanypartiesaspossible.AsformerUSPresidentBillClintonsaidasaco-chairoftheadvi

97、soryboardofInternationalAIDSTrust,theAIDSproblemis“manageableandpreventable”thoughwemustwageitonallfrontswithtenuousdetermination,utmostpatienceandtactfulskills.TheoutbreakofbirdfluinAsiaandEuropeistriggeringconcernsthattheviruscanmutateandsetoffapandemicwithhumantohumaninfections,especiallywiththew

98、interbirdmigratoryseasonnowinfullswing.soundedalarmbellssayingthatpeoplewillbecontinuouslyexposedtoflurisksthiswinterandnextspring.NationmustremainalerttobirdfluthreatThebirdfludeathtollontheChinesemainlandhasrisentofive,aftertwomorepeoplediedoftheH5N1viruslastweek.ThesituationisalsoveryseriousinTur

99、key,where18peoplehavereportedlybeeninfectedwiththevirus,ofwhomtwohavedied.Twomoredeathsareawarningthatthesituationisstillserious,andthatwemustneverslackeneffortsinmonitoringandpreventativework.DuringtheSpringFestival,millionsofChinesewereonthemove,whichcouldmakeiteasierforavirussuchasH5N1tobepassedo

100、n.Althoughwehaveestablishedbirdflumonitoringstationsacrossthecountry,moreeffortsareneededtoupgrademonitoringandpreventativemeasuresduringthisspecialperiod.Measuresshouldbetakentosterilizepassengervehiclesandwaitingroomsatrailwaystations,airportsandbusstations.Medicalteamsshouldbereadytohandlesuspect

101、edcasesamongtravellers.SincethereissomuchtodiscoverabouthowtheH5N1strainspreadsamongbirds,howhumansareinfectedandwhethertherearedifferenttypesofthevirus,ourvigilancemustbemaintained.Itispossiblesomeofthesemigratingbirdsmaycarrybirdfluandthereforeposeathreattootherbirdsandhumansalike.Wemusthavecontin

102、gencyplansfordealingwithpossibleoutbreaksamongdomesticfowl.Itisgoodnewsthatthetestingofvaccinesagainstavianinfluenzaisinthepipeline.Thosethathavebeeninjectedwiththevaccinesonatrialbasishavenotsufferedanynegativeeffects.Thetrialsarecontinuing,butitwilltaketimebeforethevaccinesareusedonaclinicalbasis.

103、ExperiencefromfightingSARShasshownthattransparencyininformation,efficientmonitoringandpreventativemeasuresandeffectivequarantineofthoseinfectedwillhelppreventapandemic.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledThe successful launch of Shenzhou-VIinnolessthan2

104、00words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.“神六”发射成功；2.“神六”发射成功的重要意义；3.展望未来.NewchapterinspacehistoryTheShenzhou-VI,or“DivineShip,”hascarriedthefirstChineseintoorbitandthecountryintotheprestigiousspaceclubpioneeredfourdecadesagobytheformerSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Asthei

105、nventoroftheancientrocket,theChinesenationhadcherishedaspacedreamforcenturies.Thelaunchofitsfirstsatellite,theDongfanghong,in1970usheredinChinasspaceage.Now,theShenzhou-VImarksanothergiantstrideinChinasspacetrek.Astheworldslargestdevelopingcountry,Chinaismorethanproudofmakingitsowncontributiontohuma

106、nbeingsouterspaceexploration.Byreignitingpeoplesinterestintheuniverse,Chinaslatestaccomplishmentappearsespeciallyimportantforrejuvenatingtheworldsspaceprogrammes,whichhaveunfortunatelybeenboggeddownbyaccidentsinrecentyears.Theblast-offofChinasfirstmannedspacecraftwilldefinitelybreathenewenergyintoth

107、ecountryspursuitofspacetechnologiesfortheoverallwelfareofitspeople.Justimaginewhatnewseedvarietieswithhigheryieldsandbetterqualities,whicharedevelopedinspace,wouldmeantoacountrywith1.3billionpeople.Itishopedthatwiderapplicationsofspacetechnologywillturnouttobeanimportantdrivingforceinthecountrysecon

108、omicandsocialdevelopment.Expensiveastheyare,mannedmissionsareworthit.Inadditiontoofferingatremendousboosttoacountrystechnologicalcapabilitiesandcreatingaplenitudeofotherpossibilities,theyareahugemoralebooster.ThesuccessfullaunchofShenzhou-VIhasclearlyshowcasedthevalueofdevotion,co-operationandpursui

109、toftheunknown.AndtheupbeatspiritthefirstChineseastronautdemonstratedinthefaceoftheunknownwillinspirethenationtotakeonchallengesasitcontinuestoevolve.ChinasmannedstartreksignalsabrighterfutureTheultimategoaloftheprogrammeistoexploreouterspaceandmakegooduseofitsrichresources.Theuniverseisabundantwithe

110、nergyandresources,whilemankind,onitswaytoself-improvementanddevelopment,mustconstantlyseeknewchannelstoacquiremoreresources.Sincethe1970smanycountrieshaveconductedexperimentsinspaceandachievedmajorbreakthroughsintheresearchofkeyspacetechnologies.Acomprehensivesatellitesystem,offeringservicesinfields

111、liketelecommunications,navigation,meteorologyandouterspaceexploration,hasbeenestablished.Since1975,Chinahassuccessfullylaunched17recoverablesatellites.AsthosesatellitesorbitedtheEarth,avarietyofexperimentsinspaceengineering,agriculture,lifesciencesandspacematerialsweresmoothlyconducted.Astheworldsmo

112、stpopulousnationwithapopulationof1.2billion,Chinareliesheavilyonitsagriculturalsector.Asearlyas1987,Chinasrecoverablesatellitesstartedtocarryplantseedsintoorbitinabidtobreednewseedvarietieswithhigheryieldsandbetterquality.Outerspaceisanidealindustrialbase,astheuniverseisverycleanandalmostwithoutgrav

113、ity.TheUnitedStatesandRussiahavebothsetupworkshopsinspacestations.Productslikesemiconductors,opticalglass,potteryandavarietyofalloyshavebeenproducedinspace.Inordertobeabletosharespaceresourceswithothercountriesassoonaspossible,Chinahasvigorouslydevelopeditsmannedspaceprogramme.Sendingamanintospaceis

114、justthe“firststep”forChinasambitiousprogramme.Fromthesecondmannedspaceflightthatbroughtthecountrysaerospaceindustryagiantstepclosertotheforefrontofcontemporarytechnologies,wesawthegovernmentshigh-techstrategiesaswellasourscientificandtechnologicaltalentshardworkpayingoff.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directio

115、ns:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledScience and Technologyinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.科技创新的紧迫性;2.如何创造中国品牌;3.Mysuggestions.HowcanChineseBrandsgoglobal?HowcanChinesenationalbrandsgetestablishedintheinternationalmarket-place?Noon

116、ewoulddoubttheimportanceofvaluablebrandsandtheimpressionsuchbrandsmakeonthebuyingpublic.Thatiswhyconsumersarepreparedtopaymoremoneyforproductsthathaveareliablename.Whenthedifferenceinqualityamongvariousproductsorservicesbecomeslessdifferentiated,whatdistinguishesaproductfromothersisthebrand.HowcanCh

117、inesebrandsfindtheirwayintotheinternationalmarket?First,controloverChinesefirmsbyforeignbrandsmustberemoved.Abrandstrategycouldbedeemedananti-controlstrategy.SinceoriginalequipmentmanufacturingformagreatbarriersbetweenforeignconsumersandChinesemanufacturers,Chinesemanufacturershavenobrandfortheirown

118、productsandthuscanaccumulatenobrandloyaltyeveniftheproductstheyproducedarewidelysold.Second,Chinesemanufacturersneedtodevelopthekeytechnologyfortheirbrandandownthepropertyrightstothattechnology.AgoodexampleistheCDMA(code-divisionmultiple-access)technologyusedformobilephones.ThepatentfeeschargedtoChi

119、nesemanufacturershavebeenaheavyburdenandaddedtothecostofCDMAphonehandsets,thuslimitingthegrowthofCDMAuseinChina.Withoutaself-ownedbrand,Chinesemanufacturerswillneedtocopytechnologyfromothermanufacturersandthereforetheywillnothavethemomentumtotaketheleadintechnologyinnovation.Third,Chinesemanufacture

120、rsneedtohavetheirownbrandstrategy.Withouttheirownbrandsandwithoutpromotionofthosebrands,Chinesemanufacturerswillhavenoideawhatconsumersinothercountriesreallywant.Therefore,theywillbeunawareofhowtopromotetheirproductsinthoseoverseasmarkets.Inconclusion,turningabrandstrategyintorealityistotallydiffere

121、ntfromthinkingaboutastrategy.Yet,whenChinesemanufacturersstarttothinkaboutstrategy,theyhavealreadymadethefirstveryimportantstepforwardtoachievethegoalofestablishinganinternationalbrand.TimeforinnovationAtatimewhentheglobaleconomyisdrivenbytechnologicalimprovement,anationscompetitiveedgelargelydepend

122、sonitsabilitytobeinnovativeandthenumberofitsself-ownedintellectualpropertyrights(IPR).InChina,acountrythathasincreasinglybecomethefocusofattentioninworldwideIPR(intellectualpropertyrights)disputessinceitsWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)entry,thedomesticcompaniesshouldbetterintegratetheirIPRstrategieswith

123、theiroverallbusinessoperations.AsChinafurtheropensitsmarkettoforeigninvestorstechnological,especiallypatent,barriersarechallenginglocalcompanies,despitethefacttheyaremakingprofitsfromtheglobalizedmarket,StatisticsindicatealargepartofChineseexportwasaffectedlastyearbytechnologicaltradebarriers.Asares

124、ult,thosefirmslostalotofmoney.Thatfigureisexpectedtosurgeoverthecomingfewyears,asChinahonoursitsWTOcommitments.e.g.leviedpatentfeesonChineseDVDplayermanufacturers.Theissuesofpatentbarriersbasicallyresultfromthelackofcoretechnologieswithself-ownedIPRsamongChineseenterprises,andthefundamentalsolutionl

125、iesinself-innovation.TheChineseGovernmenthasbeenmakingeffortstoimprovethelegalframeworkconcerningIPRprotection,butonlyeffortsfromthemacroperspectivearefarfromenough.Companies,themselves,aresupposedtomaketheirownIPRstrategies,andtreatIPRsastheircoreassetsinmanagementandoperation.Applyingforpatentsabr

126、oadisakeyapproachtoexpandingtheoverseasmarketandremovingpatentbarriers.However,manydomesticcompaniesstillmistakethepatentaspurelyatechnologicalissue,andtheyonlyapplyforthecorepatent.Buttheyknowlittleaboutrunningthepatentbusiness,especiallyaboutapplyingforaperipherypatentandbuildingapatentsystem.That

127、iswhyChinesecompaniesapplyforfewerpatentscomparedwiththeirforeigncounterparts.Actually,patentdisputesaresomewhatunavoidablenowadays,andcompaniesshouldalsobewell-informedaboutthegamerulesforIPRprotectionincasetheybecomeinvolvedinsuchdisputes.Weshouldbeawarethatthegameweareintodayisnotfair,andwehaveto

128、becomefamiliarwiththoserulessetbyothersdecadesago.Chinabegantoestablishitspatentlegalsystemin1985.Chinalaggedbehinddevelopedcountriesformorethanacentury.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions: In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled Build up a Harmonious Society in n

129、o less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines:Outlines:1. 为什么要创建和谐社会；为什么要创建和谐社会；2. 如何创建和谐社会；如何创建和谐社会；3. 和谐社会的前景和谐社会的前景.Closingthegapbetweenhavesandhave-notsAnewreportisurgingtheChineseGovernmenttofocusongivingmigrantworkersandfarmersafairchancesincethegapbetweenth

130、ehavesandhave-notshasalreadybecomeathreattowardthecountryssocialharmony.Thegovernmentshouldtakeactionstoensurethepunctualpaymentofsalaries,provisionofshelter,accesstoeducationforchildren,socialsecurityentitlementsandunionmembership.Achievingdevelopmentwithgreaterequityandensuringthatallpeople,includ

131、ingthedisadvantagedgroups,haveequalopportunitiesandadecentlifefreefrompovertyshouldbethefuturefocusofChinasfuturedevelopmentplans,Chinahasbeentryingtofindabalancebetweenefficiencyandequalityinincomedistribution.Asthecountryseconomytookoff,however,prioritywasgiventoefficiency,andahugenumberoffarmers,

132、migrantsandevensomeurbanlabourersatthelowerrungsofthesocialladderhavebeeneconomicallyaffected.EvenintherelativelydevelopedPearlRiverDeltainSouthChinasGuangdongProvince,amigrantworkerearnsonlyaround700yuan(US$85)permonth.InChineseruralareas,about30millionpeoplestillliveinpovertyand60millionlivecloset

133、othenationalpovertylinewithanannualincomeof637yuan(US$79).itsofgreatimportancetopromotefairnessinincomedistributionasawaytocurbunstablefactorsthatcouldendangersocialstabilityandpublicsecurity.Weneedtolookattheproblemsandcomeupwithconstructivesuggestions.Itishightimeforthegovernmenttotargetbalancedso

134、cialdevelopmentasamajorpolicytargetasChinaistryingtoquadrupleitseconomyby2020.Inequityisevidentandconcretehelpshouldbeimmediatelygrantedtothoseinthelowerlevelofthesocialladder,Landlessfarmersneedhelp.Weshouldpaygreatattentiontofarmerswhohadlostlandtorealestatedevelopment,industrialzonesandotheruses.

135、Officialstatisticsindicatedthatatleast40millionfarmershavelosttheirlanduponwhichtheirbasiclivingdepends.Thecountryshouldstartfromlaw-makingandthelegalsystemtoensurebasiclivingnecessities,socialsecuritybenefitsandamplecompensationforthosefarmers.Thecentralgovernmentalsomadepubliccompensationstandards

136、,whichwerepromisedtopayfarmersatmost30timesthevalueoftheaverageannualoutputofthearablelandoverthepreviousthreeyears.Chinashouldmakealargerattempttosolvethelingeringproblemsoffarmerswhoselandwasinadequatelyorrandomlycompensatedinthepast.Toachieveequalityforthehave-nots,Chinashouldalsosetupasocialsecu

137、ritynetworkforallofitspeople,nomatterwheretheyliveandwhattheirsocialstatusis.Incities,thegovernmenthasbeentryingtobringurbanresidentsundersocialsecurityumbrellasincludingtheunemployed,work-related,medicalandpensioninsurances.However,mostfarmers-turned-workershavebeenexcludedfromthebenefits.Thepoorly

138、functioningmedicalcaresystemandtheinsufficientsocialsecuritysystemarethefirstthingstobeblamed.Consequently,migrantworkersandfarmersusetheshabbyclinics,althoughriskingtheirhealth,becausetheycannotaffordmedicaltreatmentatbighospitals.Withlessmoneyintheirpockets,low-incomegroupscannotchoosedecentmedica

139、lservices.Manychildrendropoutfromschool.Withoutagoodeducation,theywillfinditalmostimpossibletogetdecentjobsinthefuture,andtheirdisadvantagedsocialstatuswillbepassedonfromgenerationtogeneration,BuildingaharmonioussocietyistodaythecatchphraseofChinaspoliticallife,andissettostaythatwayformanyyearstocom

140、e.Theroadtowardsthatgoal,however,islongandarduous,forwehavetoovercomethewideningrural-urbandisparities,soaringwealthgapbetweentherichandthepoorandunemployment.Thelistcouldgoon.Insteadoffixingoneproblematatime,canwefindastonethatcankillmorethanonebirdatthesametime?Perhaps.PresidentHuJintaosconception

141、ofaharmonioussocietyisonethatfeaturesdemocracy,theruleoflaw,equity,justice,sincerity,amityandvitality.Equityandjusticemeanaplatformwherethepeoplecanworktotheirfullabilityandcompeteforsocialandeconomicstatusonequalterms.PartyshiftsfocustosocialharmonyInwhatdomesticmediahailedasarevolutionaryre-orient

142、ation,theblueprintthefifthplenarysessionofthe16thCommunistPartyCentralCommitteeputforwardyesterdayforthecountrys11thFive-YearPlan(2006-10)prescribedamissiontopursuebalancebetweensustainedeconomicgrowthandsocialharmony.Now,wearetheworldsthirdlargesttradingbodyandoneofthelargesteconomicentities.Awe-in

143、spiringaccountbookfiguresgiveoutsiderstheimpressionthatwearealreadyoneoftherichnations,thoughdozensofmillionsofourcompatriotsstillhavetostruggleonadailybasistomakeendsmeet.ButunderneaththemisleadingcoverofGDPfigures,weareincreasinglydoggedbythewideningincomegapbetweentherichandpoor,aswellasthedivide

144、betweenurbanandruralareas.Atthebeginningofeconomicreforms,DengXiaopingputforwardtheground-breakingguidingprinciple:Letsomeareasandpeoplegetrichfirst,andtoultimatelyachievecommonprosperity.Ournewimperativeistopreventsocietysunderdogsfromlaggingevenfurtherbehind.Ifleftunattended,incomedisparitieshavet

145、hepotentialtoderailthecountryscourseofdevelopment.TheCommunistPartysproposalssymbolizeastrategicturntowardsbalancedgrowth,equalopportunitiesandsocialjustice.Thephilosophicalchangeisrepresentedintheideasofadjustingthepatternofnationalincomedistributionandrestructuringpublicfinances.Economicgrowthisan

146、indispensableelement,andsometimesprecondition,ofsocialprogress.Butitisnotthewholeofdevelopment.Manyofourcurrentheadacheshavetheirrootsinoursingle-mindedpursuitofrapidgrowth.CHINESEPresidentHuJintaohastoldofficialsthataharmonioussocietyhastobeatthetopontheirlistofthingstodo.Humadetheremarkatahigh-lev

147、elPartyseminaronSaturdayinBeijing.ByharmonioussocietyHumeantdemocracy,theruleoflaw,equality,justice,sincerity,andvitality.Thistypeofsocietywillmakebetteruseoftalentandcreativityandallowmorepeopletosharet.TaxpolicyisimportantforChina.Chinahastofigureouthowtosharethecostsofbuildingupthecountrysinfrast

148、ructureinawaythatassurestheeconomicgrowthtrajectorydoesntstallout.Goodtaxpolicywillbenefitall.Badpolicycancreatetremendousdisadvantagestoall.Isupportheaviertaxationontherich,thetycoons,esp.asameasuretoeffectivelycontroltheenlarginggapofthehaves&have-notsinChina.Thericharethefirstgroupofpeoplewhogarn

149、eredwindfallsfromDengxiaopingsbrilliantreformpolicyoflettingsomegettingbetter-offFirst.now,28yearslater,itistherichsturntomaketheircontributionstotheunprivileged,theunderdeveloped,thepoor.Theproceedsfromthehikedratesshouldgotostatecoffers,tobeusedforthepoorswelfare,forruraleducation,forthejobtrainin

150、g,forthehandicappedpersonsfacilities.asanimportantindicatorofsocietalharmony.Buteachsurveyrevealsaworrisomefactthatasizableportion,10percentatthelowest,ofrespondentswerenotcontentwiththeirlivesornothopefulaboutthefuture.Theseinclude,butarenotlimitedto,risinghousingprices,tightandinstablejobmarket,ba

151、ck-breakingschoolingexpensesandmedicalbills.Themostcommonone,however,isalowsenseofsecurity.Overseas,ChineseleadersandscholarstrottheglobeassuringpeopleChinaisnotathreat,anditneverwillbeone.ThewordharmoniousworldisaveryrecentChineseinvitationfortheworldtoshareitsphilosophyofco-existence.Harmony,inthe

152、ireyes,isneedednotonlybetweensocialstrataandbetweenpeopleandtheenvironment,butalsobetweenandamongcountries.Athome,thehigh-profileshiftinitsfocustoruraldevelopmentoffershopesthattheurban-ruraldividemayforthefirsttimeindecadesbekeptfromwidening.StartingonNewYearDay,agriculturaltax,inexistencefor2,600y

153、ears,willbecancelledacrossChina.Medicalservices,basiceducation,andotherpublicfacilitiesinthecountrysideareabouttoreceivegovernmentfinancialsubsidiesonascaleneverseenbefore.2008年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitled2008 Olympic Gamesinnolessthan200words.Yourco

154、mpositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.Beijinghasbeenchosenashostfor2008OlympicGames;2.Theimportanceof2008BeijingOlympicGames;3.Mysuggestions.WhattheBeijing2008SummerOlympicswillbringtous?TheOlympicGamesoffersawayformantosurpasshimself,andtheessenceoftheGamesliesinthespiritofcompeti

155、tionandsenseofhonour.WehavealotofsloganstheGreenOlympics,theHumanistOlympics,andtheHigh-TechnologyOlympics.Theeventdefinitelyconformstothecorevaluesofmankind,andexpressesourChinesedeterminationtomergewiththerestoftheworld.The2008SummerOlympicGamesinBeijingissuchagoodchanceforustointroduceChinesefood

156、tothewholeworld.Chinaisoneofthecountriesintheworldknownforitsrichculinaryculture,butitseemsmanyforeignepicureansonlyknowthetipoftheChinesecuisineiceberg.WearedutyboundtomakeChinesefooddeliciousinanylanguage.TheOlympicsGameswillbeagoodopportunitytopromotethespiritofteamworkamongchildren.Istronglyfeel

157、thatinrecentyearschildrenhavebecomemoreandmoreindividual-consciouswhilelackingteamspiritintheirschoollives.Teachersaretryingtodesignvariousgamesandactivitiesinmiddleschooltofosteraspiritofunitedtoachieveagoal,asitisvitalforonessuccesswhenheorshegrowsup.Butnoneofthegameswedesignedcancomparewithpowero

158、ftheOlympicGames.Bythen,thechildrennowinmiddleschoolwillbethemainforceofvolunteersandthustheycanfeelhowimportanttheunitedspiritisinsuchabiginternationalevent.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledCoping with ageing societyinnolessthan200words.Yourcomposi

159、tionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.Chinaisenteringanageingsociety；2.Theeffectsitbringtooursociety；3.Mysuggestions.ChinahascrossedthethresholdofageingsocietybytheUnitedNationscriteria.The2000demographiccensusstatisticsshowedthatpeopleaged60andolderalreadyaccountedfor10percentofthegene

160、ralpopulationandthoseaged65andabovemadeup7percentofthepopulace.Expertspredictthatthegroupofpeopleaged65andabovewouldmakeup20percentofthetotalpopulationby2035.Thissignifiesanumberofproblems.First,theChinesesocietywouldenteraperiodofpopulationliabilityby2015.Duringtheperiod,theproportionofelderlypeopl

161、ewillriseupandposechallengestosocialandeconomicdevelopment.Duringthisperiod,labourresourcesarerelativelyabundantontheconditionthattheportionofageingpeoplehasnotyetbecomelargeenough.Chinascomparativeadvantageslieinlabour-intensivemanufacturing.Weshouldfirstofalltakeintoconsiderationourlimitedresource

162、sandenvironmentalproblemsbeforewediscusstowhatanextentthefamilyplanningpolicyshouldbeeased,Theageingproblemisalsoexercisingpressureonotheraspectsofsociety.Moreover,theolderpeopleget,themoreexpensivetheirmedicalbillsbecome.Inviewofthis,establishmentofaneffectivehealthcaresystemandbringingdownthemedic

163、alcostswillhelpuscopewiththeageingproblem.ProvideaBetterLifeforSeniorCitizensNowwehaveagrowingpopulationofseniorcitizens.Toensurehappylivesforthemhasbecomeafocusofattention.Ourtraditionalrespectoftheagedneedsupdating.Theydeserverespect,understanding,companion,entertainmentandsoon.Therearemanythingst

164、obedonetohonorseniorcitizens.Incities,seniorcitizensshouldenjoysomeprivileges,suchasspecialseatsonbuses,reducedfaresforentertainmentandtraveling,andotherbenefits.Weshoulddoeverythingtosolvetheirpracticalproblems,towarmtheirhearts,andtomakethemhappy.Inaddition,weshouldfindsomewaystoprovideaffordablem

165、edicalhealthcare,whichisofvitalimportancetothem.Besides,thereshouldberecreationhallsandcare-centersfortheaged.Mostimportantofall,thestateshouldensureadecentpensionforthem,peasantsinparticular.Inthevastcountryside,mostagedpeoplearefinanciallysupportedbytheirsons,whoselifeisaperpetualstruggleagainstpo

166、verty.Whatcantheydoiftheyarechildless?Seniorcitizens,parentsinparticular,needourloveanddeservethebestcare.Respectingseniorcitizensbearsvitalimportancetothefamily-planningpolicyinChina.Ifwedoourbesttohonorourparentsandtheaged,ourchildrenwillfollowourexample.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,

167、youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledThe Ban-lifting of Letting off Fireworksinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.城市燃放烟花爆竹的好处；2.城市燃放烟花爆竹不利之处；3.我的看法.Festivefirecrackersbringdelight,despairThereturnoffireworkstotraditionalLunarNewYearcelebrationsbrough

168、tmuchjoytorevellers,butalsosorrowtosomepartsofthenation.InBeijing,wherea12-yearbanonfireworkshadjustbeenlifted,explosionsinjured112people,theStateAdministrationofWorkSafety(SAWS)said.Seventeenpeoplesufferedseriouseyeinjuries,andanother26wereadmittedtohospitalwithvarioustypesofwounds.AccordingtotheBe

169、ijingNewsDaily,thecitysenvironmentalprotectionbureaucollected458tonsofwastefireworksonJanuary29,thefirstdayoftheLunarNewYear.InSouthwestChinasChongqingMunicipality,firefightersrushedtoextinguish191firescausedbyfireworksonLunarNewYearsEve.About3,000firefightersgaveupthechancetospendtheholidaywiththei

170、rfamiliestoremainonduty.Manypeoplebelievefireworkscanscareoffevilspiritsandattractthegodofwealthtotheirdoorsteps.ExpertssaidtheliftingofthebanwouldhelppreservetraditionalChineseculture.Butotherssaidthereturnoffireworkswouldleadtomoreseriouspollution,fires,injuriesanddeaths.Althoughthereweredisagreem

171、ents,thegovernmentsinmorethan100Chinesecitiesliftedthebanonfireworkslastyear.Beijingalsoliftedthebanafterasurveyfoundthat70percentofresidentsfeltfireworksmadetheholidayperiodmorefestive.Withtheaimofensuringsafety,about3,000policeandcommunityofficershavebeensenttopatroloff-limitsareassuchasschools,re

172、tirementhomesandhistoricrelics. When the capital, and most other major cities in China, instituted the interdiction in 1994 to prevent noise and injuries caused by the letting-off of fireworks and firecrackers, I thought it was peremptory robbery of common urban residents, especially childrens, plea

173、sure in celebrating the New Year. The unspoken resentment lingered for many years. However, when the authorities decided to abrogate the ruling, I began to develop a contradictory attitude, worrying about possible injuries and deafening noises. Three reasons: First, fireworks are no longer what they

174、 were 12 years ago. They have become more violent. Though fireworks were banned in cities, wealthy people kept firing them in suburbs and fireworks plants have been producing more powerful varieties to meet these peoples appetite for a more boisterous and dazzling display of wealth. Second, the lift

175、 of the ban in comparatively more affluent cities across the country has suddenly brought about a market promising opulent profits. Fireworks plants, including illegally set-up small ones, have been racing against time to churn out millions of tons of fireworks since last year when they got wind of

176、the annulment of the moratorium. God knows what kind of quality the products will be! Third,after12yearsofsuppression,commonpeopleszealforlettingofffireworksandfirecrackerswillmostprobablybeventedinanextremelyvehementoutbreak.Ireallyworrythatthesituationwillgetoutofcontrol.Thegovernmenthasrealizedth

177、epossibledangers.Precautionarymeasureshavebeentaken.Fireworksareavailableonlyinspeciallyauthorizedshops.Vulnerableplacessuchasgasstations,kindergartens,hospitalsandtransporthubshavebeensetofflimits.Alonglistofdontshasbeenannouncedonwaysoflettingofffireworksandpenaltieshavebeensetdownindetail.Hospita

178、lsandfirebrigadeshavebeenorderedtostandbyforemergencies.Iwonderhowmanypublicsecurityandmarketsupervisionofficerswillbeneededtoexecutetheprecautionsandpenaltiesamidthepublicsfirst-everrelease,after12years,oftheirpassionforaclamorous,incandescentcelebrationoftheSpringFestival.Thedilemmais:Itisverylike

179、lythatmanymembersofthepublic,especiallyteenagersthatareveryexcitedtohavefunwithwhattheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,ignoretherulesandgowild,whichwillmakeitverydifficulttomonitorandexecutetheprecautions;however,oncetherulesareset,theyhavetobeexecutedseriously,otherwiselawsandruleslosetheirauthenticity.

180、Isthegovernmentdeterminedenoughtoexecutetherulestotheletter?Thegovernmenthastoifithopestomaintaintheseriousnessoflawsandrules.Tostrictlyexecutetheabove-mentionedrules,however,needsnumerouslawenforcers.WillthegovernmenthavethehearttoasksomanyofficerstosacrificetheirjoytoengageinintenseworkduringtheCh

181、inesenationsmosttreasuredholidays?Thedilemmaisreallyatoughchallenge.Thegovernmenthastofacethetest.Thisistheresultofthestupidpolicyitadopted12yearsago.Ifmoreconsiderablydraftedmeasureswereadoptedtoadvisethepublicontheproperwaysofplayingwithfireworksatthattimeratherthanissuingtheicy-wordedban,therewou

182、ldntbesuchadilemma.Andthefestiveatmospherewouldntbemarkedbysomanysecuritymeasures.Thisisalessontobelearned.Alldecisionshavetobemadewithextremecautionifitinvolvesthebroadmasses.Careful,patientworkisneeded.Asimplebaniseasilymadebutitisalsoademonstrationofinability.manyChineseareexpectingtocelebratethe

183、comingSpringFestivalinaverytraditionalwaybylettingofffireworkstobringgoodluck.Therewerestrongreasonsbothforandagainsttheban.Thoseopposedtoitsaiditwasatraditionthathasbeenfollowedformanyyearsandaddedtothefestiveseason.Thoseforitpointedtothenoise,riskofpersonalinjury,pollutionandfires.Chinesetradition

184、callsforthelightingoffirecrackersonmidnightLunarNewYearsEveaswellasthefirst,fifthand15thdaysofthefirstlunarmonth.Soundsoffirecrackersarebelievedtoscareawayamonstercallednianandarethereforeasymbolofgoodluck.Beijingbannedfirecrackersin1993forpollutionandsafetyreasons.However,asfirecrackersaresignifica

185、ntinthecelebrationoftheLunarNewYear,themostimportantfestivalforChinesepeople,thebanwaschallengedinrecentyears.Withoutfirecrackers,SpringFestivalisnotatraditionalone,saidLiXiaoxia,aBeijingresident.ManycomplainedthataLunarNewYearinwhichfireworksarebannedistooquietandlackingintradition.Iwasreallyworrie

186、dthatourchildrenandgrandchildrencouldonlyknowthroughhistorythetraditionoflightingfirecrackersduringSpringFestivalifwecontinuetheban.Infact,IenviedthoseChineseatChinatownsintheUnitedStateswhenIsawthemsettingofffireworksontelevision.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbytheBeijingMunicipalSocialAffairsInvestig

187、ationCentre,86percentofthelocalresidentsfavouredliftingtheban.2008年武汉大学博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledSupergirlsinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:Outlines:1.超级女生；2.造成这种现象的原因；3.我的看法.DecipherSuperGirlssecretThesecondseas

188、onofSuperGirls,aTVpopstarcontest,cametoacloseonFridaynight,but,aftergeneratingmassiveratingsandsimilarlyhugeearnings,organizerscouldbeforgivenfornotpayingtoomuchattentiontowhoactuallywon.TheHunanSatelliteTelevisionshowsratingshavereportedlyovertakenthebenchmarkCCTVSpringFestivalEvegalaperformancethe

189、firsttimealocalchannelhasachievedsuchafeat.ByFridayafternoon,somanypeoplewerebabblingaboutthephenomenonthat,onSalone,theyleftatrailof2.4millionpostings.Punditshavebeenfuriouslyreadingtealeavestodecipherthesecretformulafortherunawayhit.YuGuoming,amediaexpertattheRenminUniversityofChina,seesthecrazeas

190、partofthefreemarkettrendinChinasmediaindustry.Bydividingthecontestintomultiplesteps,hewrites,theshowisabletoaccumulatewordofmouthandloyaltyasiftheaudiencewerewatchingaserialdrama.Audienceparticipationhasbeencitedasthemostcrucialfactorinitssuccess.Aswinnersweredeterminedbycellphoneshortmessagingvotes

191、-witheachphonenumberabletovoteamaximumof15times-theshowblazedatrailforculturaldemocracy,saidZhuDake,arenownedcriticofculturalmatters.Itslikeagiganticgamethathassweptsomanypeopleintoaeuphoriaofvotingandselecting,whichistestamentofasocietyopeningup,Zhuargued.ExpertslikeYuandZhuviewtheshowasatriumphoft

192、hemasspublicbreakingloosefromtheelitistaestheticsthathadbeenstranglingthecountrysentertainmentbusiness.Itdeviatesfromthenorm,andthereforehascreatedsuchpowerfulreactionsfromthepublic,Yuaverred.Criticismoftheshowhascomefromvariousquarters.Ifanything,theshowreflectsthesuperficialityofoursociety,comment

193、edLiYidong,aphotographerinSuzhou.Themaddeningpursuitofquickshort-termprofit,beitrealestatebubblesorpopculturesensations,ispropelledbybehind-the-scenesmanipulationandstate-of-the-artpompandcircumstance.Butamorefundamentalquestionis:Howcomeanimitationofademocraticsystemendsupselectingthesingerwhohasth

194、eleastabilitytocarryatune?LiYuchun,theandrogynousgirlwiththeweakestvoiceofthetopfive,hasbeenleadinginpopularvotesbyahugemarginthroughouttheseason.Justificationsforherappealabound:Somesayherappearancefitstheubiquitouscartoonimagesbelovedbytheyoungergeneration.Otherssaythatsincetheshowdoesnotincludema

195、lecontestants,womenvotersarenaturallydrawntothemostmale-lookingofthecrowd.Feministstakehervictoryasasignthatmenarenolongerinapositiontodictatehowwomenshoulddressandlook.LiYinhe,Chinastopexpertongenderissues,maintainsthatmanysingers,suchasBoyGeorgeandMichaelJackson,usethetransgenderappealtolurebothma

196、leandfemalefans.Everydemographicgrouphastherighttotoutitsownstandardofbeauty,butnotimposeitonothers.Oftenitsmenwhomonopolizeaesthetics,butthatcouldactuallyhurtwomen.Inthisjubilationtocreatepopidols,itseemstheonlypeoplewhowillbehurtaretheso-calledelitistswhodoggedlyadheretotheoldwaysofidolmaking.2008

197、年湖北省博士研究生（作文预测）：Directions:Inthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitledMy View on Examinationsinnolessthan200words.Yourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlines:OUTLINE:1.Functionsofexaminations2.Differentopinionsonthem3.MycommentsExaminationsareanindispensablepartofstudentslearning.Tes

198、tingstudentsbyexaminationshaslongbeenregardedasareliablewaytoaccessstudentscompetence.Therefore,studentsareencouragedtoworkhardsoastodowellwhentested.Teachers,ontheotherhand,relyontestresultstochecktheachievementsofbothstudentslearningandtheirteaching.Differentpeoplehavequitedifferentopinionsonexami

199、nations.Somebelievethatstudentsshouldtrytheirbesttostriveforthehighestscores,whichareaproofoftheirabilitiesandskillsacquired.Intheireyes,academicachievementsarethesolecriterionforjudgingthequalityofastudentswork.Clearly,theytendtooverestimatethefunctionsofexaminations.Others,however,arguethatthosewh

200、ogetgoodmarksinschoolarenotnecessarilyqualifiedforaspecificacademicfieldtheywillpursueinthefuture.Inaddition,theycontendthatthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminationsistheworseformofcompetitioninschools.Teachersandparentsshouldencouragepupilstoconcentrateonwhattheydowell.Andschoolshaveanimportantduty

201、dotrytofitachildsinteresttohispossiblefutureemployment.Somoreandmorepeoplearenowbeginningtodoubtthereliabilityofexaminations.AsfarasImconcerned,examinationsareaneffectiveformofassessmentifproperlyused.Ialsobelievethattestsworkmosteffectivelyonlywhengravitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined.Buto

202、nnoaccountshouldweoverestimatethefunctionsofexaminationsbecausetherearesomeotherfactorsthatdeterminethelevelofastudentscompetence. Tourism and Civilization: Peoples ForumThefunctionoftourismindustrymustnotbeascribedonlytoexpandingdomesticneedsandconsumption.Travelcanhelpincreasepeoplesknowledge,wide

203、ntheirfieldofvisionandcultivatetheirdemeanoranddisposition.AlthoughpeoplecangettoknowwhatishappeningintheworldbyreadingandlogginginnetasancientChinesefolksayinggoesalearntpersoncanknowthenewsintheworldwithoutsteppingouthisdoor.However,travelisathingthatcantbereplaced.Itisonlybytravelthatyoucangettok

204、nowavividpictureandunderstandwhatalonghistoryandvastterritoryreallymeans.Whenenjoyingthemarveloussceneryandbeingproudofalong-standinghistory,wecangetridofallkindsofworriesandvexationsandhaveabroadermind.Thisistheinherentmotivationbywhichpeoplepaymoneytobuytravelandfatigue.Travelitselfisakindofspirit

205、ualneedandculturalpursuit.So,theuncivilizedphenomenaduringtravelareparticularlyincompatible.Spiritualcivilizationmustbeheldhighinscenicareasinwhichtouriststhemselvesshouldtakeuptheirresponsibilitiestoo.Thequalityoftouristsdiffersgreatlyincivilizedmannersduetotheirdifferentexperiencesinlifeandeducati

206、onbackgrounds.Thesayingofwiththedevelopmentofmaterialcivilization,thespiritualcivilizationwillgoupitselfhasntsofarbeenverifiedinthetravelcraze.Someuncivilizedbehaviorsinsociety,remnantsoffeudalsuperstition,decadentwaysoflifeandhabitsofdefyingtrifles,willoccuramongsometouristsnowandthen.Wemustntcheri

207、shahighhopethattravelwillhelpenhancethecivilizedmannersofthepeopleonceandforall.However,agoodenvironmentcanhelpcorrecttheuncivilizedwaysoftouristsandtheblacksheepwillhavetocontrolthemselves,forexample,apersonusedtospittingwillhavetothinktwicebeforedoingitwhenenteringaveryclean,star-scaledhotel.Togoo

208、utfortravelandgetnurturedinthenature,weshouldpurifyoursoulstoo.Usually,itisararechancetovisitoneplace,andnobodyshouldmakeamesseverywhereors/hellbereviledlikeaweaselleavinganawfulstenchbehindit.复旦大学复旦大学复旦大学复旦大学: :“Ambition make a man”“Ambition make a man” “MeansJustifiesEnd”“MeansJustifiesEnd”华东师范大学博

209、士入学考试英语华东师范大学博士入学考试英语20072007作文题目作文题目: :“Isalittlelearningdangerous”“Isalittlelearningdangerous”0606年中科院上海分院博士英语考试作文年中科院上海分院博士英语考试作文: :AA卷作文题目：卷作文题目：Moneyisnoteverything.Moneyisnoteverything.B B卷作文题目：卷作文题目：Diplomaisnoteverything.Diplomaisnoteverything.PartFive:WritingWriteashortcompositionofabout250

210、to300wordsonthetopicgivenbelow:(25%)Topic:Whatisthemosturgentissuefacingtheworldpeopleinthe21century?Stateyourreasons. OurworldtodayOurworldtodayisfacedwithisfacedwithmanymajorthreats.Themostdangerousmanymajorthreats.Themostdangerousthreatofalliswar.Everyoneintheworldfearsthreatofalliswar.Everyonein

211、theworldfears theoutbreaktheoutbreakofawar,ofawar,especiallyanotherworldwarinwhichnuclearweaponsmaybeused.Withespeciallyanotherworldwarinwhichnuclearweaponsmaybeused.Withtheuseofnuclearweaponsthereisthepossibilityofthedestructionofourtheuseofnuclearweaponsthereisthepossibilityofthedestructionofouren

212、tireplanet.Eachwaraparticularreason,butthereareanumberofstepsentireplanet.Eachwaraparticularreason,butthereareanumberofstepscountriescantaketopreventitsoutbreak.countriescantaketopreventitsoutbreak. Onemainreasonforwarisadifferenceinideology.Forexample,Onemainreasonforwarisadifferenceinideology.Fore

213、xample,nationshavenationshaveengagedinengagedinstrugglesoverthemeritsofcommunistandstrugglesoverthemeritsofcommunistandcapitalistsystemsofgovernment.Thefrequentlyaidedothercountriesincapitalistsystemsofgovernment.Thefrequentlyaidedothercountriesinwarsinorderwarsinordertotoppletotopplegovernmentsthat

214、havenotagreewiththeirgovernmentsthathavenotagreewiththeirprinciples.principles. LandownershipisalsoareasonthatcountriesLandownershipisalsoareasonthatcountriesdeclarewarsondeclarewarsontheirtheirneighbors.Frequently,theseneighbors.Frequently,theseconflictsconflictsareeconomicinnature.Forexample,areec

215、onomicinnature.Forexample,ifoilisfoundonlandinonecountryandthatlandcanbeifoilisfoundonlandinonecountryandthatlandcanbeclaimedclaimedbybyanothercountryforhistoricalreasons,thatcountrymaydeclarewarinanothercountryforhistoricalreasons,thatcountrymaydeclarewarinordertorecoverthelandcontainingoil.Alandlo

216、ckedcountryneedingordertorecoverthelandcontainingoil.Alandlockedcountryneedingaccesstotheseamayclaimtheterritorybetweenitselfandthesea.Whenaccesstotheseamayclaimtheterritorybetweenitselfandthesea.Whenaborderbetweentwocountriesliesinanimportantfoodgrowingareasuchaborderbetweentwocountriesliesinanimpo

217、rtantfoodgrowingareasuchas,forexample,aborderformedbyrivers,as,forexample,aborderformedbyrivers,disputesdisputesoverthewaterrightsoverthewaterrightsandthefertilelandcanturnintowar.andthefertilelandcanturnintowar. TopreventthedestructionofourearthinanuclearTopreventthedestructionofourearthinanuclearc

218、atastrophecatastrophe, ,countriesshouldtrytosolvetheirdifferencesthroughinternationalcountriesshouldtrytosolvetheirdifferencesthroughinternationalorganizationssuchastheUnitedNations.AllcountriesneedtoeducateorganizationssuchastheUnitedNations.Allcountriesneedtoeducatetheircitizenstotheircitizenstobe

219、moretolerantofbemoretolerantofotherideologies.otherideologies.AfterallAfterall,noideologyis,noideologyisworthtotalworthtotalannihilationannihilationoftheplanet.Inaddition,thecountriesthatareoftheplanet.Inaddition,thecountriesthatarebetteroffbetteroffneedtogivemoreassistancetothosecountriesthatsuffer

220、severeneedtogivemoreassistancetothosecountriesthatsuffersevereeconomictroubles,sothatthosecountrieswillnottrytosolvetheireconomictroubles,sothatthosecountrieswillnottrytosolvetheirproblemsthroughviolence.Inconclusion,therearesolutionstotheworldsproblemsthroughviolence.Inconclusion,therearesolutionst

221、otheworldsproblems,andtheyshouldbeputintopracticenowproblems,andtheyshouldbeputintopracticenowbeforeitistoolatebeforeitistoolate. 2004人大DirectionsWriteanessayinnolessthan250wordswithfiletitle“MyUnderstandingofGlobalization.YouressayshouldbewrittenontheanswerSheet.PatentstrategiesChinesecompaniesaref

222、acingincreasingpressurefromintellectualproperty(IP)disputeswithforeignenterprisesovercoretechnologies,evenwithinthecontextofthedomesticmarket.Counterfeitproducts,piracy,brandingandadvancedomainregistrationarealsoaproblem.Itisimportantforcompaniestocloselywatchwhattheircompetitorsaredoing.Ifotherente

223、rpriseshavenotappliedforpatentsinaspecificfieldthatyourcompanyhasdevelopedtechnologiesfor,youshouldapplyforasmanyfundamentalpatentsrelatingtothattechnologyaspossible,sothatcompetitorsrelevanttechnologies,oncecreated,willfallunderyourfundamentalpatents.Competitorswillthenhavetopaypatentutilityfeestoy

224、ourcompany,evenwhentheyusetheirowntechnologies.Fundamentalpatentsalsoonlyrequireminimaltechnologyandcapital.Patentscannotbedisplayedinproducts,whichmeansapplicantsonlyneedtocomeupwithmoreinventiveideas.OverallstrategycoretechnologiesKeytechnologiesWhennewproductsarewidelypromotedinthemarketandmanyco

225、rporatelogosarerecognizabletoconsumers,companiesshouldemphasizecompetitionbasedonbranding.BrandregistrationshouldbeintegratedintooverallIPprotectionsystems,alongwithpatents,copyrightsandbusinesssecrecy.Thiswiderapproachcanhelpcompaniesminimizepotentiallosses. IPR strategy needs further strengthening

226、 Chinahasrecordedsurgingnumbersofpatentapplicationsandtrademarkregistrationsin2005.Asall-aroundeffortsbeingmadetoenforcetheprotectionofIntellectualPropertyRightsinChina,theIPRstrategy,asitiscalled,isworkingtowardstheimplementationofmoreinnovation.Chinahasmadesignificanteffortstoimplementitscommitmen

227、ttoIPRprotectioninaccordancewiththeWorldTradeOrganizationagreementmadefouryearsago.ItsbeenwidelyrecognizedthatChinastakensomeeffectivemeasurestofightagainstpiracyoverthepastyear.Lawenforcementofficialshavecrackeddownonmanymanufacturingringsforpiratedgoods.Therehasalsobeenanationalcampaigntodeterpeop

228、lefromtheinfringementoftrademarksandpatents.Insomeareas,achannelforimmediatereportageofIPRinfringementhasbeenestablished.AlthoughChinahasrecordedsurgingnumbersofpatentapplications,thequalityofthepatentsremainsaproblem,asthecountrystilllackscorepatentsinsomehightechnologyareas.In2004,halfofthepatenta

229、pplicationsinChinawerefromforeigncompanies,mostoftheminhigh-techsectorsandindustriescloselyrelatedtoChinesemarkets.Bycontrast,onlylessthanonepercentofallChinesecompanieshaveappliedforapatent,andthosethatdoapplymostlyforutilitiesordesignpatents;onlyafewareforinvention.Inthemidstoffacingmoreintensecom

230、petitionfromcompaniesoutsideofthecountry,thosewhousetheIPRweaponbetterwillgainabetteradvantage,whilethosewhoignoreIPRwillfailinthemarket.ChinahashadtofacechecksonIPRprotectionbytheWorldTradeOrganizationforeightyearssinceitsentryintotheorganization.ButChinasIPRstrategyisnotonlyduetopressurefromtheout

231、side,itisanecessarypartofChinaslargergoaloftechnologyandinnovation.2000清华大学 PartIVPartIVWritingWriting(15%)(15%)( (请将作文用英文写在答题纸上请将作文用英文写在答题纸上) )Directions:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteacompositiononDirections:Inthissection,youareaskedtowriteacompositiononthetitleofTwoImportantPossibleChanges.Whic

232、hMayOccurInthetitleofTwoImportantPossibleChanges.WhichMayOccurInHigherEducationinChinainthe2lstCenturywithnolessthan150HigherEducationinChinainthe2lstCenturywithnolessthan150Englishwords.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingEnglishwords.YourcompositionshouldbebasedonthefollowingoutlinegiveninCh

233、inese.outlinegiveninChinese.1.211.21世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。世纪高等教育在社会发展中将起到更为重要的作用。2.2.在在2121世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）世纪高等教育将会发生许多变化（举两例说明）3.3.你对这些变化的认识及看法。你对这些变化的认识及看法。ValueofKnowledgeIntheInformationAge,publicawarenessofthevalueofknowledgecriticallyaffectstheeconomicgrowthofanation.Theschematicdiagramc

234、learlyshowshowthevalueofknowledgeevolvedinChinainthepast50years.Theschematicdiagrammainlyconsistsofthreeparts.From1950to1966,thecurvewasroughlyastraightlineslightlyabovezero,showingthatChinawasapoorly-educatednationthen.In1966,thecurvedrasticallydroppedbelowzero,movingdownhopelesslyinthenext11years.

235、ThisperiodcoincidedwiththeCultureRevolution.Oursocietywentmadthen,bookswereburned,schoolswereclosedandallkindsofacademicactivitieswerebanned.Knowledgeinflicteditsmastersnothingbutdisasters.LifewasanightmareforChineseintellectuals,includingfamousscholarsaswellascommonpeoplewhoreceivedhighereducationo

236、rwhoseprofessionhadanythingtodowithknowledge.Itwasatimewhenignorancewasavirtueandknowledgewasacrime.Peopletrieddesperatelytobeawayfromknowledge.Asaresult,Chinalaggedfartherbehindtherapidprogressingworld.ThiswasthedarkesttimeinthehistoryofNewChina.Thecurvereturnedtoitsoriginalnon-zeropositionaround19

237、78andmovedupbutslowly.From1984on,ithasbeenshootingup.Theopen-uppolicyencouragespeopletostudyandtochanneltheirknowledgetothemarketeconomy.MillionsofChinesearebetteringoffbymeansoftheirknowledgeandmoreChineseenjoythefruitsofknowledgeandsaygoodbyeforgoodtopovertythathauntedthemforgenerations.Asourworld

238、israpidlyadvancingtowardstheInformationAge,increasingnumberofpeoplerealizethatknowledgeispowerandcreativityiseverything.OnlywhenChinabecomesabettereducatednation,canChinabeagreatnationwithinternationalprestige.2004年中国科学院ARTVIWRITING(40minutes,15points)ARTVIWRITING(40minutes,15points)Directions:Write

239、anessayofnolessthan200Directions:Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsonthetopicgivenbelow.Usetheproperwordsonthetopicgivenbelow.UsetheproperspaceonyourAnswerSheetII.spaceonyourAnswerSheetII.SomepeoplethinkthatmaterialwealthisasignSomepeoplethinkthatmaterialwealthisasignofsuccessinChinatoday.Doyouagreeor

240、ofsuccessinChinatoday.Doyouagreeordisagree?Stateyouropinionandgivegooddisagree?Stateyouropinionandgivegoodreasons.reasons.应试步骤首先在写作中应合理分配时间。一般可利用1015分钟审题，列素材；2025分钟作文；5分钟修改。然后应遵循通常的写作步骤来完成短文。其中包括：1审题与构思(brainstorm)2扩展段落3检查与修改通常文章的基本结构文章的开头；文章的主体；文章的结尾文章开头的作用：）引起注意）导出主题陈述句文章开头的方法 1 1） 描述现状描述现状 presen

241、t/backgroundsituationpresent/backgroundsituation22） 解释性的段落解释性的段落 Explanation/definitionExplanation/definition33） 描述图表描述图表 describethepictures/thescenedescribethepictures/thescene44） 引述名人名言引述名人名言 quotationquotation55） 罗列数据罗列数据 figures/statisticsfigures/statistics66） 修辞疑问修辞疑问 rhetoricquestionsrhetoricquestions77） 类比类比 analogyanalogy88） 轶闻趣事（轶闻趣事（IncidentIncident）文章结尾的方法1.重申主题restatement2.总结概括summarize3建议措施suggestions4预测未来tendency5.呼应answerthequestionsputforwardinthebeginningparagraph