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1、专题二阅读理解一、考纲说明该部分主要考查考生阅读理解书面英语的能力，共 15 小题，每小题 2 分。要求考生根据所提供的 4 篇短文内容(不少于900 词)，从每小题所给的 4 个选项中选出最佳选项。该部分要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中普遍性话题的简短文章。考生应具备以下能力：(一)理解主旨要义每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么(即文章的主题)，亦会了解作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文
2、章的字里行间进行归纳和概括。(二)理解文中具体信息文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。(三)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种能力。(四)根据所读内容作出判断和推理在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行二
3、级推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展的趋势等。这种推理能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。(五)理解文章的基本结构阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。(六)理解作者的意图、观点和态度每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。 二、语篇体裁高考
4、英语阅读理解文章的文体类型主要有：记叙文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明确表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、when、where、why 与 how等六要素。记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键，根据时间我们可以找到相关的事件，抓住文章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强，阅读时要注意故事中的时间、地点、人物和发生的事件，这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息，对于准确理解文章十分重要。说明文说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行介绍，解释或阐述的文章，多见于科普
5、类文章。把握所说明事物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象。弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式，把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应用文一般语言简洁，省略句及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。论述文阅读难在这种处处都渗透作者个人观点、态度的文章。阅读论述文时应该从文体的写作结构和特点入手。文章的结构往往容易把握，主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词和关联词来组织段落、文章，因此对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关
6、重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。三、命题分析高考阅读理解的考查形式主要有四大类：细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、词义/句意猜测题。(一)细节理解题高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：一是直接细节类，有些问题可以或几乎可以直接在文章中找到答案，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到答案；二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找到对应的词或短语，但考生可以在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的设问方式有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以 when, wh
7、ere, what, which, who, howmuch/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题。2.是非题的形式。含有 true/false, wrong/right，not true/false或 except 等的判断是非的问题，选项通常是三正一误或三误一正，此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如 not，never 等。3.以 According to.开头的提问方式。4.填空题的形式。如：(1)To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised_.(2)It seems that now a countrys economy dep
8、ends much on_.(3)If you are interested in knowing about what peoples lifewill be, you may visit _.(4)The policemen were told “to look the other way” (theunderlined part in Paragraph 2) so that _.(5)Choose the best order in which the people do _.(二)推理判断题推理是指通过文章提供的信息得出文中没有明确提到的结论。因此在进行推理时必须以文中的有关内容作为
9、前提和依据。判断是指对文章提供的事实进行分析，然后得出合理的结论。因此在进行判断时必须考虑文章的全部事实和信息。阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达的信息，得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考生的识别能力。解答此类题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。切忌以片面思考得出片面结论。考生切记，推理判断题
10、必须把握住的一个原则是：正确选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文章细节的直接陈述。常见的设问方式有：What can be inferred from the text?What can we infer about/from.?What do we know about.from the first/second. paragraph?Which of the following conclusions can we draw according tothe text?Which of the following can be inferred from the passa
11、ge?What is the purpose of the last part of the text?What is the authors purpose in writing the text?What is the authors attitude toward the.?Where is the passage most likely to be taken from?Where would this passage most probably appear?The passage is most likely a part of _.It can be inferred/concl
12、uded from the passage that _.The passage suggests/implies that _.By the first sentence of the second paragraph the author means_.We can conclude that _.When the writer talks about., what he really means is that_.(三)主旨大意题主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，即考查考生的归纳概括能力。这类试题包括归纳文章标题(title)、概括文章或段落的主题以及中心思想(ma
13、in idea)。这类题在设题时常含有 title, subject, main idea, topic, theme 等词。常见的设问方式有：Which of the following can be the best title for the text?What is the best title for the text?The best title/headline for this passage is _.The text/passage could be entitled _.What might be the most suitable title for the passa
14、ge?What is Paragraph.mainly talking about?What is the text mainly about?What is the general/main idea of this passage?Which of the following expresses the main idea?The passage/text is mainly about _.Whats the topic of the article?Whats the subject discussed in the text?(四)词义/句意猜测题词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中的一种常见
15、的题型。词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。它要求考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是词组、句意猜测题。因为猜测词组、句意涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。常见的设问方式有：As used in the passage, the phrase “.
16、” suggests _.From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase/sentence“.” is/refers to _.What does the underlined phrase/word/sentence “.” inParagraph.refer to/mean?What do you think the expression “.” stands for?Which of the following words is closest in meaning to theunderlined word in the last
17、 paragraph?The word “.” is closest in meaning to _.The word “.” refers to/probably means/could best be replacedby _.The word “.” is most likely to mean _.The word “it/they” in the last sentence refers to “_”.The underlined word in the second paragraph means“_”.The underlined word “.” in Paragraph. c
18、an best be replacedby “_”.一、细节理解题1.直接信息题该类试题的选项多根据原文中的信息直接进行考查。考生可先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中寻找细节，锁定与 who, what, when, where, why 等问题有关的细节及关键词后，然后比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，从而确定最佳选项。另外，广告、公告、演出信息、航班时间表等类别的文章常涉及快速寻找信息题。在解答这类试题时，考生要抓住题干中的文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类试题的答案大都可以在文章中直接找到。凡是涉及 5W(who, what, when, where
19、, why)和 5H(howsoon, how long, how often ，how many/much, how about) 的细节题，均可采取浏览或搜寻的方式进行解答。如果需要寻找事件发生的时间，注意力应放在日期上；寻找姓名和地点时，注意力应放在以大写字母开头的单词上。考生可通过文章的结构预测所要搜寻的信息在文中可能出现的位置，以便阅读时具有一定的选择性和针对性。浏览材料时，应注意有针对性地选择出有关部分，进行仔细阅读，找出问题的答案。例(2018 年新课标卷)AWashington, D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Wash
20、ington, D.C.Duration: 3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see theworld-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington,D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and thefamous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot beforeavailabilityand the cher
21、ry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration: 3 hours (4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popularmonuments in Washington, D.C.Explore the monuments andmemorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique factsand history at each stop.Guided tour
22、 includes bike, helmet, cookiesand bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration: 3 hoursMorning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour forD.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington,D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guideswill entertai
23、n you with the most interesting stories about Presidents,Congress, memorials, and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smoothtour route (路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration: 3 hours (7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening o
24、f exploration inthe heart of Washington, D.C.Get up close to the monuments andmemorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the NationalMall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offersunique facts and history.Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottledwater.All riders are equippe
25、d with reflective vests and safety lights.1.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.解析：选A 细节理解直接信息题。根据文中“CherryBlos
26、som Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.”中的“Reserve your spotbefore availability”可知，这个骑行项目需要提前预约。故选 A。2.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A.Meet famous people.B.Go to a national park.C.Visit well-known museums.D.Enjoy interesting stories.解析：选D 细节理解直接信息题。根据文中“CapitalCity Bike Tour in Washington
27、, D.C.”中的“Knowledgeable guideswill entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents,Congress, memorials, and parks.”可知，在这个活动中，你可以享受有趣的故事。故选D。2.间接理解题该类试题的四个选项不出现在原文中的直接信息里而是借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当变换。回答时，一定以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从
28、原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。例(2018 年天津卷)CTheres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to comeinto focus: food.Recent development has made possible machinesthat print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industryisnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printe
29、r, a cook can print complicated chocolatesculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a weddingcake.Not everybody can do thatit takes years of experience, but aprinter makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly thesame ， ” freeing
30、 cooks to complete other tasks. In anotherrestaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed ，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need tobe raised by 50 pe
31、rcent to maintain current levels.Sustainability isbecoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute tothe solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids( 水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae ( 藻类) and grassto replace the familiar ingredients ( 烹 饪 原 料 ).3D printin
32、g canreduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future mightstock “food” that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space andreducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed foodhealthier.Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, sa
33、id,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food withcustomized nutritional content, like vitamins.So instead of eating apiece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eatsomething baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industryhas man
34、y challenges to overcome.Currently, most ingredients mustbe changed to a paste ( 糊状物) before a printer can use them, andthe printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredientsinteract with each other in very complex ways.On top of that, mostof the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry
35、 ingredients,because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some expertsare skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are bettersuited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-endrestaurants.1.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph3?A.It solves food shortages easily.B.
36、It quickens the transportation of food.C.It needs no space for the storage of food.D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.解析：选D细节理解间接理解题。根据文章第三段第四句 “Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids( 水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae ( 藻类) and grassto replace the familiar ingr
37、edients (烹饪原料).”可知，3D 打印机可以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。2.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing fromspreading widely?A.The printing process is complicated.B.3D food printers are too expensive.C.Food materials have to be dry.D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.解析：选C细节理解间接理解题。根据文章最后一段中的 “most
38、of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dryingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad”可知，阻止 3D 打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于 3D 打印，因为这很容易使肉和牛奶变坏。故选 C。3.数字计算题数字计算题可涉及年代、年龄、时间、金钱等方面的计算。此类试题分为直接考查和计算考查。直接考查是根据文中信息很容易地确定答案；对于计算考查，在文章中虽有相关的事实细节，但一般要经过具体的计算才能得出正确的答案。数字计算题要求
39、考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算得出正确的结论。这类计算比较简单，关键是要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准所需的数字，掌握单位换算关系，确定计算方法。在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题干，明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数据，对其进行分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。对于数据较多、项目复杂、时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。例(2018 年新课标卷)AWelcome to Holker Hall & Gard
40、ensVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy Car: Follow brown signs on A590 from J36, M6.Approximate travel times: Windermere20 minutes, Kendal25minutes, Lancaster45 minutes, Manchester1 hour and 30minutes.By Rail: The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains toCarnforth, Lancaster and Presto
41、n for connections to major cities &airports.Opening TimesSundayFriday (closed on Saturday) 11：00 a.m.4：00 p.m.,30 March2nd November.Admission ChargesHall & GardensGardensAdults：Groups：12.009.008.005.50Special EventsProducers Marker 13th AprilJoin us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.
42、Meetthe producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.Holker Garden Festival 30th MayThe event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show ofthe very best of gardening, making it one of the most popularevents in gardening.Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of thedisadvantaged. For just
43、 a small donation you can take a tour withour garden guide.Winter Market8th NovemberThis is an event for all the family.Wander among a variety ofshops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice streetentertainment.National Garden Day28th August1.How long does it probably take a tourist
44、to drive to Holkerfrom Manchester?A.20 minutes.C.45 minutes.解析：选DB.25 minutes.D.90 minutes.根据第一段“How to Get to Holker”中“By Car”里的“Approximate travel times”后面内容可知，从Manchester到Holker 要用“1 hour and 30 minutes”，即 90 分钟。故选 D。2.How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit toHall & Gardens?A.12.00
45、.C.8.00.解析：选B B.9.00. D.5.50.根据“Admission Charges”可知，团体中的一员去 Hall & Gardens 需要支付9 英镑。故选B。4.排列顺序题排列顺序类细节理解题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实，然后要求学生根据文章内容对选项中的事实进行排序。这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快速选出正确选项；或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确选项。排列顺序题常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。常见的设问方式有：Whi
46、ch of the following is the correct order of.?Which of the following shows the path of signals described inParagraph.?例(2018 年山东省泰安市高三二模)It was Groundhog Day.A winter storm had hit overnight, too.Itried to open my backdoor only to find six inches of wet, heavysnow piled up against it.I knew I had qui
47、te a job of shoveling outahead of me, so I reached over to grab my snow shovel.It looked alot more ready to work than I did.I sighed and pulled on my boots,gloves, and heavy coat.The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as Islowly shoveled off my deck.After that, I stayed my way over tomy
48、daughters house shoveling the path as I walked.It took a whileto get her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do.Nextcame the paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow.I hadgrabbed the broom to sweep them off as well.I winced when thebreeze blew the swept snow back into my face.Th
49、en I started toshovel out my driveways.My back was aching as I worked.I wishedI could be building a snowman instead of shoveling.Winter surelyhad seemed a lot more fun when I was a boy.After it was done, I examined my work.It didnt look halfbad.I smiled and looked at the woods covered in white.They
50、weresuch a special sight.I leaned on my shovel and took it all in.Then Istarted up the hill with the snow shovel in one hand and the broomin the other.Suddenly, an urge came over me and I dropped themboth.I spread my arms, fed back into the blanket of white andhappily moved my arms and legs to make
51、an angel in the snow.As you go through the seasons of this life, take joy in yourwork and take joy in your life.Remember that the course of yourdays rests in your own hands.Which is the correct order of what the author shoveled?A.his deckhis daughters drivewayhis carshis driveway.B.his carshis deckh
52、is daughters drivewayhis driveway.C.his daughters drivewayhis deckhis drivewayhis cars.D.his drivewayhis daughters drivewayhis cars-his deck.解析：选A细节理解数字计算题。根据第二段中的“The wind chill was below zero and cut into my face as I slowlyshoveled off my deck.After that, I stayed my way over to mydaughters house
53、 shoveling the path as I walked.It took a while toget her driveway clear and I knew I still had a lot to do.Next camethe paths down the hill to my own cars covered in snow.I hadgrabbed the broom to sweep them off as well.I winced when thebreeze blew the swept snow back into my face.Then I started to
54、shovel out my driveways”.可知，作者铲雪的先后顺序是：他的露天平台女儿的车道他自己的汽车他的车道。故选A。二、推理判断题1.推断隐含意义题此类试题的标志性词及短语有 infer,suggest, imply, conclude,indicate, intend, be likely to 等。阅读文章的主要目的是获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。有时读者需要根据文章提供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某事发生的可能性。做题时要注意：全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考、得出片面结论；忠实原文，切忌脱离原文、凭空臆断；切记选择表层信息类的答案，应该立足于已知
55、，推断未知。常见的设问方式有：It can be inferred/concluded from the text that _.The author implies/suggests that _.We may infer that _.Which of the following statements is implied but NOT stated?例(2017 年新课标卷)DWhen a leafy plant is under attack, it doesnt sit quietly.Backin 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ia
56、n Baldwin, reported thatyoung maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particularsmell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come fromthe injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What theplants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known asvolatile organic compou
57、nds, VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCswhen being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyonelistening? Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insectsaway.But others do double duty.They pump
58、 out perfumes designedto attract different insects who are natural enemies to theattackers.Once they arrive, the tables are turned.The attacker whowas lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemicalconversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually moreserious on
59、 the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dontknow.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending amessage to its own branches, and so, in effect, was ta
60、lking toitself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.Soinformation was exchanged, but it wasnt a true, intentional backand forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world farbusier, noisier and more intimate ( 亲密的) than the world we cansee and hear.Our senses are weak.
61、Theres a whole lot going on.What can we infer from the last paragraph?A.The world is changing faster than ever.B.People have stronger senses than before.C.The world is more complex than it seems.D.People in Darwins time were more imaginative.解析：选C推理判断推断隐含意义题。根据最后一段中的 “imagined a world far busier, no
62、isier and more intimate( 亲密的 ) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses areweak.Theres a whole lot going on”可知，这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密，我们认知能力有限，有很多事仍在继续发生，远比我们想象的要复杂。故选 C。2.推断作者观点、态度或写作目的和意图题此类试题是阅读理解中难度较大的试题，要求考生不仅理解文章的全部事实和细节，掌握全篇的主题，还要推测作者的观点、态度、写作目的或意图等。做题时，考生要注意不要把自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者描述的别
63、人的态度。当作者没有明确表达自己的态度时，要根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断。(1)观点态度题该类题指考查作者的观点和态度以及文章基调的题，例如作者对陈述的观点是赞成、反对还是中立，是肯定、否定还是不置可否，对描写和记叙的人、物或事件是喜欢还是厌恶，是同情还是冷漠，或仅仅是客观陈述。这类题除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表现的态度和观点外，有的还考查作者对具体的某个人或事物的态度或评价。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的结论中，或流露于修饰性的词语之中。常见的设问方式有：What is the authors attitude towards.?What is the authors opi
64、nion on.?The authors tone in this passage is _.常用的解题技巧有：寻找文中具有感情色彩的形容词、副词或动词，根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。常见的表示态度的词有：词类例词褒义词support(支持)，supportive(支持的)，approve(赞成)，approving(赞同的)，for(支持)，in favour of(支持)，optimistic(乐观的)，positive(积极的)，helpful(有帮助的)，admiring(赞赏的)，interested(感兴趣的)，praise(赞扬)，serious(认真的)，enthu
65、siastic(热情的)，pleasant(愉快的)，polite(礼貌的)，concerned(关切的)，humourous(幽默的)，confident(自信的)，impressive(给人深刻印象的)词类例词贬义词disgusted(厌恶的)，disgusting(令人厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的)，suspicious(怀疑的)，intolerant(无法忍受的)，disappointed(失望的)，biased(有偏见的)，doubtful(怀疑的)，pessimistic(悲观的)，depressed(沮丧的)，uninterested(冷漠的)，
66、skeptical(怀疑的)，opposed(反对的)，angry(生气的)，doubt(怀疑)中立词cognitive( 认 识 的 ) ， reflective( 反 射 的 ， 反 映 的 ) ，informative( 提 供 有 用 信 息 的 ) ， impartial( 公 正 的 ) ，factual(事实的)，objective(客观的)，neutral(中立的)(续表)作者的观点一般与文章主旨相关联，因此可以抓住论述的主线及举例的方式。多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。不要掺杂自己的观点。例1(2018 年新课标卷)DWe may think were a cu
67、lture that gets rid of our worntechnology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a newstudy shows that we keep using our old devices ( 装置) well afterthey go out of style.Thats bad news for the environmentand ourwalletsas these outdated devices consume much more energythan the newer ones
68、that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, CallieBabbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technologyin New York tracked the environmental costs for each productthroughout its lifefrom when its minerals are mined to when westop using the device.This
69、method provided a readout for howhome energy use has evolved since the early 1990s.Devices weregrouped by generation.Desktop computers, basic mobile phones,and box-set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scenein 1997.And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs enteredhomes in 2002, before
70、 tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throwout our old ones.“The living-room television is replaced and getsplanted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV inevery room of the house ， ” said one researcher.The averagenumber of electr
71、onic devices rose from four per household in 1992to 13 in 2007.Were not just keeping these old deviceswecontinue to use them.According to the analysis of Babbitts team,old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are theworst devices with their energy consumption and contribution togreenh
72、ouse gas emissions ( 排 放 ) more than doubling during the1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution (解决方案)? The teams data only wentup to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen ifconsumers replaced old products with new electronics that servemore than one function, such as a tablet
73、for word processing andTV viewing.They found that more on-demand entertainmentviewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cutenergy consumption by 44%.What does the author think of new devices?A.They are environment-friendly.B.They are no better than the old.C.They cost more to use
74、 at home.D.They go out of style quickly.解析：选A观点态度题。根据第一段第二句“Thats badnews for the environmentand our walletsas these outdateddevices consume much more energy than the newer ones that dothe same things.”可知，使用旧的电子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此可推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。例2(2018 年浙江卷)CAs cultu
75、ral symbols go, the American car is quite young.TheModel T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a centuryago, with the first rolling off the assembly line ( 装 配 线 ) onSeptember 27, 1908.Only eleven cars were produced the nextmonth.But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million oft
76、hem.Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel.Thecar shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture:the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger.Formost of the last century, the car represented what it meant to beAmericangoing forward at high speed to find
77、new worlds.Theroad novel, the road movie, these are the most typical Americanideas, born of abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-endinginterstate highway system, the largest public works project inhistory.In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chickenin every pot and a car in every ga
78、rage.” Since then, this society hasmoved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed Americafrom a farm-based society into an industrial power.The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to createa global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil hasgrown by 22 percent since 19
79、90.The problems of excessive ( 过 度 的 ) energy consumption,climate change and population growth have been described in abook by the American writer Thomas L.Friedman.He fears theworst, but hopes for the best.Friedman points out that the green economy ( 经 济 ) is achance to keep American strength.“The
80、ability to design, build andexport green technologies for producing clean water, clean air andhealthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power inthe new century.”What is Friedmans attitude towards Americas future?A.Ambiguous.C.Hopeful.B.Doubtful.D.Tolerant.解析：选C 观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的“He fear
81、s theworst, but hopes for the best.”和最后一段中的“Friedman pointsout that the green economy ( 经 济 ) is a chance to keep Americanstrength.”可知 Friedman 虽然对未来担心，但他抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色经济的想法。由此可见Friedman 对未来是充满希望的。故选 C。(2)写作意图题该类题多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议类的文章中。如果是议论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别注意总结性的文字。常见的设问方式有：The purpose of the
82、 text is _.What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?By mentioning., the author aims to show that _.询问写作意图的题目，选项里常出现的词有：explain(解释),prove( 证 明 ), persuade( 劝 说 ), advise( 劝 告 ), comment( 评 论 ),praise( 赞扬), criticize( 批评), entertain( 娱乐), demonstrate( 证明),argue(辩论), tell(讲述), analyze(分析
83、)等。不同的文章可能有不同的写作意图，但写作意图通常有以下三种：to entertain reader(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告类文章或议论文。广告是作者要推销的一种产品或一种服务：吸引更多的游客、读者或订户、观众等。议论文是为了说服读者接受或赞同某一观点。to inform readers(告知或提供给读者某些信息)：多见于科普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。弄清其写作意图，需要找准主题句，把握文章主旨。因此，考生可以根据文体类别、写作手法来推断文章的写作意图或
84、目的。例(2018 年浙江卷)AIn 1812, the year Charles Dickens was born, there were 66novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for acenturymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally. The steam-powered printing press was still in its earl
85、y stages; the literacy ( 识字 ) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fictionappeared without the names of the authors, often with somethinglike “By a lady.” Novels, for the most part, were looked upon assilly, immoral, or just plain bad.In 1870, when Dickens died, the world mourned him as itsfi
86、rst professional writer and publisher, famous and belove, who hadled an explosion in both the publication of novels and theirreadership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to TinyTimwere held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens greatnessis unchallenged.Removing him from the pantheon ( 名 人 堂 ) of
87、English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvreselling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readersattach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of timeis extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were publishedduring the Victori
88、an age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual readermight be able to name a half-dozen of them.Its partly true thatDickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks oflife.Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political andscientific progress.But its also that he rewrote the cult
89、ure ofliterature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know whatmix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such adistinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birthapproaches, it is possibleand important for our own culturetounderstand how he made himself a lasting one
90、.A.To remember a great writer.B.To introduce an English novel.C.To encourage studies on culture.D.To promote values of the Victorian age.解析：选A写作意图题。根据文中对 Charles Dickens 及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的描写，和文章最后一句“But asthe 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possibleandimportant for our own cultureto un
91、derstand how he made himselfa lasting one.”可知本文是写于 Charles Dickens 200 周年诞辰前夕，由此可知作者的写作意图是为了纪念这位伟大的作家。故选 A。What is the authors purpose in writing the text?这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处或写作类型，而判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。以下是一些常见的文章类型：(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。(2)广告：因其用词和格式特殊，容易辨认。(3)产品说明：器皿、设备等的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知
92、服用时间、次数、药量等。3.推断文章出处或读者对象web(网络)，website(网址)等关键词。(5)展览手册：会提供有关展览的各方面信息。常见的设问方式有：The passage is probably taken out of/taken from _.The passage would most likely be found in _.The passage is most likely a part of _.The text is intended for_.Where does this text probably come from?For whom the text is
93、most probably written?(4)网络：文中会出现 click here(点击此处)，online(在线)，BMany of us love July because its the month when naturesberries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colorful and sweetjewels form British Columbias fields are little powerhouses ofnutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawber
94、ries are highest in vitamin C,although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little moreprotein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质).例1(2018 年新课标卷)carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. Asf
95、or cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, theyare rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozenbananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes andlow fat “ice cream”.For this purpose, select ripe bananas forfreezing as they are much s
96、weeter.Remove the skin and place themin plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like, a squeeze offresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turningbrown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on theirripeness and the temperature of the freezer.The yellow and orange stone fru
97、its such as peaches are high in theand some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve” creamydessert, to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for achildrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas intothe top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.From
98、which is the text probably taken?A.A biology textbook.B.A health magazine.C.A research paper.D.A travel brochure.If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas解析：选B文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们可以用 a juicer 为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。 A biology textbook 生物教科 书； A healt
99、hmagazine 一本健康杂志；A research paper 一篇研究论文；A travelbrochure 一本旅游手册。故选 B。Exploit your parking spaceAn unused parking space or garage can make money.If youlive near a city center or an airport, you could make anything up to200 or 300 a week.Put an advertisement ( 广告 ) for free onLetpark or Atmyhousepark
100、.Rent (出租) a roomSpare room? Not only will a lodger ( 房客 ) earn you anincome, but also, thanks to the government-backed “rent a room”program , you wont have to pay any tax on the first 4500 youmake per year.Try advertising your room on Roomspare ofRoommate-easy.例2Dont want a full-time lodger? Then r
101、ent on a short-termbasis.If you live in the capital, renting a room out during theOlympics or other big events could bring in money.Grashpaddercan advertise your space.Live on setRenting your home out as a “film set” could earn youhundreds of pounds a day, depending on the film productioncompany and
102、 how long your home is needed.A quick search on theInternet will bring up dozens of online companies that allow you toregister your home for freebut you will be charged if your homegets picked.Make money during special eventsYou need the right kind of roof, but some energy companiespay the cost of f
103、ixing solar equipment (around 14,000), and letyou use the energy produced for nothing.In return, they get paid forunused energy fed back into the National Grid.However, you haveto sign a 25-year agreement with the supplier, which could preventyou from changing the roof.For whom the text most probabl
104、y written?A.Lodgers.C.House owners.B.Advertisers.D.Online companies.Use your roof解析：选C读者对象题。本文主要是教给有空闲房子的人如何利用自己的空闲房子赚钱的一些技巧，由此可以判断本文的写作对象是 house owners(房屋主人)。故选 C。4.推理文章的篇章结构篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，对文章所描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点的过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。一是考查对文章整体结构的把握。解题关键在于找出篇章或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表时间、方位、因果关
105、系或对比的关联词等。一般可细读文章，根据其内在的逻辑关系及内容进行判断。要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点题，要在正确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。通常最后一段或最后一句给读者充分的证据对后文进行推测；或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，未讲联系；或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。考生可根据文章的写作方法总结文章结构，常见的组织文章的写作方法有：(1)时间顺序，即按时间先后顺序说明某一事件的发展，或某一研究由过去到现在的发展情况；(2)空间顺序，二是考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。对于推测作者接下来体到局部等进行描写或说明；(3)举例论述，即用所列的事物来论证观点，通
106、常是列举一些数据、事例等；(4)对比或类比，即对比各事物之间的共同点或差异，以突出文章主题；(5)解释，即对专业术语、新事物或新现象进行阐述，降低阅读难度；(6)分析，即分析某事物或现象发生的原因；(7)描述，即抓住人物的特征、事情的关键情节发展或对重要景物进行详尽、细致的描述，以突出中心思想。即按照事物的空间结构顺序，从左到右，或从内到外，或从整解说(例子、比较、类比)结论；(2)议论文结构：论点(话题/观点)论据(事实、举例、理论)结论；(3)记叙文结构：描写故事的发生经过(时间线索)结局(惊人的、幽默的等)。常见的设问方式有：How is the text/passage organiz
107、ed?The first paragraph is used as./to.At the end of this passage, the writer might continue to write_.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?The author develops the passage mainly by _.常见的文章结构有：(1)说明文结构：下定义(介绍)描写/例(2016 年北京卷)DWhy College Is Not HomeThe college years are supposed t
108、o be a time for importantgrowth in autonomy ( 自 主 性 ) and the development of adultidentity.However, now they are becoming an extended period ofadolescence, during which many of todays students are notshouldered with adult responsibilities.parental control; guidance and support needed to come from pe
109、opleof the same age and from within.In the past two decades, however,continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, e-mail and social media, have increased significantly.Someparents go so far as to help with coursework.Instead of promotingthe idea of college as a passage f
110、rom the shelter of the family toautonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to theidea that they should provide the same environment as that of thehome.For previous generations, college was a decisive break fromneeds to be a time of exploration and experimentation.This processinvol
111、ves “trying on” new ways of thinking about oneself bothintellectually ( 在 思 维 方 面 ) and personally.While we shouldprovide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe toexpress opinions and challenge majority views.Intellectual growthand flexibility are fostered by strict debate and ques
112、tioning.Learning to deal with the social world is equally important.Because a college community (群体) differs from the family, manystudents will struggle to find a sense of belonging.If students relyTo prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, collegepattern, they are not facing the challeng
113、e of finding an identitywithin a larger and complex community.Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shapestudent behavior runs up against another characteristic of youngadults: the response to being controlled by their elders.If acceptablesocial behavior is too strictly defined ( 规
114、定 ) and controlled, theinsensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking tominimize may actually be encouraged.on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinkingparticularly when there are reasons to do so.Our generation oncejoined hands and stood firm at times of nati
115、onal emergency.What islacking today is the conflict between adolescents desire forautonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world.Therefore,there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and notplaces to experience intellectual growth.Every college discussion about community values,
116、 socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation,of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out,Which of the following shows the development of ideas in th
117、epassage?A.C.B.D.C: Conclusion I: IntroductionP: PointSp: Sub-point(次要点)解析：选 C 篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段是介绍，第三段是论点一，论述了大学应当培养学生的思维能力和个人能力；第四、五、六段是论点二，论述了大学生的社交能力的重要性，第五段提出了学校对大学生社交行为的管理与学生性格特点间的冲突的分论点，第六段提出了大学生追求自主与世界安全间的冲突的分论点，最后一段是对文章的概括总结。故选 C。三、主旨大意题1.文章主旨或段落大意题文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是文章中
118、心思想的有机组成部分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解题的关键。段落大意是指一篇文章的各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心思想的基础上进行，做到围绕中心展开。段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。寻找文章主题的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题
119、句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句)。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。解题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首尾句(包括每一段的首尾句)，重点搜索主题线索和脉络。以下阐述五种主题呈现的方式：(1)开门见山式：即主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种写作手法叫作演绎法，在英语文章中尤为常见，这种文章的主题句最容易找到，故主题思想显而易见。(2)藏头露尾式：即主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，也叫归纳写作法。这一
120、类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。(3)首尾呼应式：即在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很常见。值得注意的是，前后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。(4)抛砖引玉式：即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或是通过责问或驳论的方式导出主题。(5)藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概括，从而推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的内容
121、，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点，然后加以归纳，从而形成主题。常见的设问方式有：What is Paragraph.mainly talking about?What is the text mainly about?What is the main idea of this passage?What does this passage mainly discuss?例 1 (2018 年新课标卷)BCities usually have a good reason for being where they are,like a nearby port or river.People
122、settle in these places because theyare easy to get to and naturally suited to communications andtrade.New York City, for example, is near a large harbor at themouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grewgradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities developslowly over a lo
123、ng period of time.Boom towns grow from nothingalmost overnight.In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmappedwilderness ( 荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and twoyears later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with apopulation of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences
124、 of citieslike London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled oversnow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icyrivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snowthat could fall without warming.An avalanche ( 雪崩) once closedthe path, killing 63 people.For many
125、who made it to Dawson,however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich.About 100 of thesestayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was nevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.
126、But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had allbeen found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with nointerest in settling down, and when they heard there were new golddiscoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they hadcome.Today, people still come and goto see where the
127、Canadiangold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of DawsonCityits present population is 762.What is the text mainly about?A.The rise and fall of a city.B.The gold rush in Canada.C.Journeys into the wilderness.D.Tourism in Dawson.解析：选A主旨大意文章主旨题。文章第一段简要介绍了城市发展的原因，引出 Dawson 这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城
128、市兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕 Dawson 这个城市的发展起伏。故选 A。例2(2018 年江苏卷)BIn the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops thatboasted (享有) a special meat soup called consomme.Although themain attraction was the soup, Rozes chain shops also set a newstandard for dining out, which helped to estab
129、lish Roze as theinventor of the modern restaurant.Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructiveresearch about restaurants.Take visual hints that influence what weeat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta (意大利面 食 ) when their plates matched their food.When a dark-colored
130、cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customersrecognized it as sweeter and more tasty.Lighting matters, too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate indarkness, they couldnt tell how much theyd had: those givenextra-large shares ate more than everyone else, but were none thewiserthe
131、y didnt feel fuller, and they were just as ready fordessert.Time is money, but that principle means different things fordifferent types of restaurants.Unlike fast-food places, fine diningshops prefer customers to stay longer and spend.One way toencourage customers to stay and order that extra round:
132、 put onsome Mozart (莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music wasplaying, diners spent more.Fast music hurried diners out.Particularscents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草) stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon,or no scent.Meanwhile, things that yo
133、u might expect to discouragespending“bad” tables, crowded, high pricesdont necessarily.Diners at bad tablesnext to the kitchen door, sayspent nearly asmuch as others but soon fled.It can be concluded that restaurantkeepers need not “be overly concerned about bad tables ， ”given that theyre profitabl
134、e.As for crowds, a Hong Kong studyfound that they increased a restaurants reputation, suggesting greatfood at fair prices.And doubling a buffets price led customers tosay that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.What does the last paragraph talk about?A.Tips to attract more customers.B.Problems restaur
135、ants are faced with.C.Ways to improve restaurants reputation.D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.解析：选D主旨大意段落大意题。通读尾段可知，该段第一句“Meanwhile, things that you might expect todiscourage spendingbad tables, crowded, high pricesdontnecessarily.”为该段的主题句；结合全段内容可知，该段主要论述了人们对餐馆的常见误解。故选D。2.标题归纳题文章标题就是对文章主
136、要意思的概括，既要精练又要准确。首先，标题应具有概括性，即准确而简短，一般多为一个短语，标题的用词不应为太具体的细节描述，而要站在全文的角度进行归纳；其次，标题应具有针对性，对全文的核心或主题一针见血，所表达的内容不能超出或多于文章阐述的内容；最后，标题应具有醒目性，即新颖巧妙，能引发读者的阅读兴趣。选择文章标题时应注意以下几点：(1)要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；(2)判断选项对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，是范围过大还是过小；(3)要避免下列三种错误：概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致不能全面概括文章大意)：过度概括(多表现为标题概括的内容超出了文章大意)
137、；以事实或细节代替抽象或具体的大意。常见的设问方式有：Which of the following can be the best title for the text?What is the best title for the text?What might be the most suitable title for the passage?The best title for this text is _.例1(2018 年新课标卷)BGood Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grillingguests on the sofa eve
138、ry morning, but she is cooking up a storm inher latest roleshowing families how to prepare delicious andnutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home eachweek and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offering top tips onhow to reduce food waste, while prepari
139、ng recipes for under 5per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter saysshes been able to put a lot of what shes leant into practice in herown home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack,11.“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone frommy local Mexican takeaway rest
140、aurant ， ” she explains.“I pay5 for a portion ( 一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion,because they are flour, water, sugar and oil.Everybody can buytakeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we canmake this food ourselves.”The eight-part series ( 系 列节自 ), Save Money: Good Food,foll
141、ows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, whichgave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range ofhealth products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susannaand Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonightsEaster special they come to t
142、he aid of a family in need of somedelicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the familyslong weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tastyrecipes.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB.Balancing Our Daily DietC.Making Yourself a Perfect ChefD
143、.Cooking Well for Less解析：选D主旨大意标题归纳题。根据文章的整体内容可知，作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文中第一段的 “prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tightbudget”，第二段中的“how to reduce food waste，while preparingrecipes for under 5 per family a day” ， 第三段中的“howcheaply we can make this food ourselves”以及最后一段中的“lessexpensive but st
144、ill tasty recipes”可以推知 D 正确。例2(2018 年新课标卷)DWeve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on anairplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused ontheir smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortablesilence.Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromisedc
145、onversational intelligence.Its more likely that none of us start aconversation because its awkward and challenging, or we think itsannoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourselfamong strangers, considering that small talk is worth thetrouble.Experts say its an invaluable social practic
146、e that results inbig benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we cantforget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent forcasual conversation.Small talk is the grease ( 润 滑 剂 ) for socialcommunication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the ShynessResearch Institute a
147、t Indiana University Southeast.“Almost everygreat love story and each big business deal begins with smalltalk ，” he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learninghow to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor ofpsychology at U
148、BC, invited people on their way into a coffeeshop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with itswaiter; the other, to speak only when necessary.The results showedthat those who chatted with their server reported significantlyhigher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.
149、“Itsnot that talking to the waiter is better than talking to yourhusband，” says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral (边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel asignificantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with o
150、thers.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts withsmall talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners，” he says.What is the best title for the text?A.Conversation CountsB.Ways of Making Small TalkC.Benefits of Small TalkD.Uncomfortable Silence解析：选C标题归纳题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象(公共场合人们沉迷
151、于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟通交流)，并分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。D项意为：不舒服的沉默。故选 C。四、词义/句意猜测题1.某个单词或词组的意思此类题主要考查考生能否根据上下文理解某个单词或词组的含义；其中以根据上下文来推测生词的含义为主，也包括推测一些熟悉的词汇在文中的特定含义。(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理
152、解题中最常见的一种命题形式。考生可以根据上下文中的描述，即作者为帮助读者更深、更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写，从而来确定词语的含义。(2)根据同位关系进行猜测阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面的词义进行猜测。(3)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。如前缀 un-表示反义词；后缀-ment 表示名词；后缀-er, -or, -ist 表示同源名词等。(4)根据因果关系进
153、行猜测在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。通过因果关系猜词，首先要找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词( 如because, as, since, for, so, thus, therefore, as a result 等) 表示前因后果。(5)根据同义关系进行猜测当词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or 时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。(6)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如 but,while, however 等
154、；二是根据上下句的连接词，如 but, however,otherwise 等，就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。也可以根据与 not 搭配的或表示否定意义的词语来判断。另外，分号也可以表示转折或对比的意义。(7)利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如 such as, for example, for instance,like 等。(8)利用词义搭配关联猜词任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词是相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。例1
155、(2018 年新课标卷)CLanguages have been coming and going for thousands ofyears, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot moregoing.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small, tightly knit ( 联 系 ) groups developed their own patterns ofspeech independent of each other.Some l
156、anguage experts believethat 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten millionpeople, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling downto become farmers, and their languages too became more settledand fewer in number.In recent cen
157、turies, trade, industrialization, thedevelopment of the nation-state and the spread of universalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalizationandbettercommunications in the past few decades, all have caused manylanguages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are incre
158、asingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.Thedistribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general rule isthat mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken bymany people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by smallnumbers.Europe has only around 20
159、0 languages; the Americasabout 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200,of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.Themedian number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which meansthat half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people thanthat.Already well over 40
160、0 of the total of 6,800 languages are closeto extinction ( 消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left.Pick, atrandom, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers) ，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150).Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark):none of t
161、hese seems to have much chance of survival.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlinedin Paragraph 2?A.Complex.C.Powerful.B.Advanced.D.Modem.解析： 选C词义猜测题。根据第二段中的 “dominantlanguages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasinglytaking over”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知 dominant lang
162、uages 意为“强有力的语言”。故选 C。例2(2018 年新课标卷)DAdults understand what it feels like to be flooded withobjects.Why do we often assume that more is more when it comesto kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help myown kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.I found the pre-holi
163、days a good time to encourage youngchildren to donate less-used things, and it worked.Because of ourefforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag oftoys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holidaydue to illness.She chose to sell a few larger objects that were les
164、soften used when we promised to put the money into her schoolfund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming adoctor).For weeks, Ive been thinking of bigger, deeper questions:How do we make it a habit for them? And how do we trainourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Y
165、esterday, Isat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory onthis.I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as itwould keep his interest.I expected that one toy would keep hisattention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max.I chose a redrubber ballsimple, universally ava
166、ilable.We passed it, he tried toput it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it,throwing it.It was totally, completely enough for him.Before I knewit an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playingtogether.He had my ful
167、l attention and I had his.My little experimentto find joy in a single object worked for both of us.What do the words “more is more” in Paragraph 1 probablymean?A.The more, the better.B.Enough is enough.C.More money, more worries.D.Earn more and spend more.解析：选A 词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句“.I can helpmy own kids
168、 learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.”推断，人们通常认为越多越好。故选A。例3(2018 年浙江卷)BSteven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habitmakes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientistwho studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall offgarbage trucks as they d
169、rive down the road.What is even moreinteresting is that one of Steins jobs is defending an industrybehind the plastic shopping bags.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bagsevery year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways thata growing number of cities do not allow them
170、at checkouts ( 收银台 ).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California,includingLos Angeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds, plastic-bagmakers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that theirproducts are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers argument: many citie
171、s with bans stillallow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycledbut require more energy to produce and transport.And while plasticbags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage ofall garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that hasa
172、ppeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags.The stronger areusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use itcancels out.However, longer-lasting reusable bags often requiremore energy to make.One study found that a cotton bag must beused at least 131 times to be better for th
173、e planet than plastic.Environmentalists dont dispute (质疑) these points.They hopepaper bags will be banned someday, too and want shoppers to usethe same reusable bags for years.What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A.Bans on plastic bags.B.Effects of city development.C.Headaches caus
174、ed by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.解析：选A词义猜测题。上文介绍塑料袋在许多美国大城市被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。headwinds逆风，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Banson plastic bags。故选A。2.猜测某个句子的意思类此题通常需要考生猜测的是一个具有概括性的句子或是格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上
175、下文，准确理解作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准确推断语句的含义。做此类题目时应注意：(1)根据题干，缩小并锁定相关句段；(2)挖掘选项异同点寻找提示；(3)利用各类词义理解技巧逐一突破关键词；(4)抓住表示因果、转折、递进、并列等关系的连词，准确把握句内各分句以及该句所在段落各句间的逻辑关系。例(2018 届吉林省长春市高三四模)DIn the story of The crow and the Pitcher from Aesops Fables,a thirsty crow (乌鸦) drops stones into a narrow jar to raise th
176、e lowlevel of water inside so he can take a drink.Now scientists have evidence to back up that story.Crowsactually do understand how to make water displacement ( 移 位 )work to their advantage, experiments show.The results suggest thatthe birds are, at least in some aspects, as smart as first-graders.
177、Researchers, led by Sarah Jelbert at the University ofAuckland in New Zealand, presented six crows with tubes filledwith water.Inside the tubes, a worm or piece of meat on a piece ofwood was floating, just out of reach of the crow.In front of thetubes, the researchers arranged several rubber erasers
178、 that wouldsink, and some plastic objects that would float.The crows found outthat they could drop the erasers into the tubes in order to raise thewater level and get their snack.However, the birds handled awkwardly in experiments inwhich they could choose to drop objects in either a wide tube or an
179、arrow one to get a snack, the researchers said.Dropping objectsinto narrow tube would lift the water level by a greater amount andput the treat within reach after just two drops; while it took aroundseven drops to raise the snack to the same level in the widetube.The crows obviously didnt realize th
180、is, and most of them wentfor the wide tube first.Previous studies showed that chimps and human children cansolve similar tasks.In a 2011 study, chimps and kids found out thatthey could put water into a tube to reach a peanut that was floatingin a small amount of water at the bottom.What does the aut
181、hor mean by “the birds handled awkwardly”in Paragraph 4?A.They were unable to tell different shapes.B.They dropped objects only into narrow tubes.C.They were not aware of the snack at first sight.D.They mostly avoided the easier way to get the snack.解析：选D词义猜测题。根据第四段可知，实验中的乌鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然细管比粗管需要更少的水
182、和时间就可以把食物浮起来，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没有选择更容易浮起食物的细管。由此可知，这一句话的意思是“鸟儿大多没有选择更容易的方式得到零食”。故选D。3.猜测代词指代的内容此类题主要考查考生对在特定的上下文中某个代词所指代的内容能否正确理解。解答时，考生要认真阅读画线词所在句和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意思是解题的关键。做此类题目的方法有：(1)弄清上下文的逻辑关系(因果、让步、转折、承接、递进关系等)，这样才能比较准确地判断出题目所涉及的代词的指代意
183、义；(2)排除法：即将代词分别替换成四个选项的内容，放回原句看能否讲得通。例1(2017 年新课标卷)CSome of the worlds most famous musicians recently gatheredin Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual InternationalJazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raiseaw
184、areness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as aunifying (联合) voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations, though, in the US the jazz audiencecontinues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed toconnect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As
185、the KennedyCenters artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen theaudience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve itshistory and culture.“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the Americanappetite ， ” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter NealConan.“What Im hoping to acc
186、omplish is that my generation andyounger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not blackand white anymore.Its actually color, and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that theentertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cantbe presented toda
187、y the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has tocontinue to move, because the way the world works is not thesame，” says Moran.Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged FatsWallers music for a dance party, “just to kind of put it back in themind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert
188、music，”says Moran.“For me, its the recontextualization.In music, wheredoes the emotion (情感) lie? Are we, as humans gaining any insight( 感 悟 ) on how to talk about ourselves and how something asabstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about ouremotions and our thoughts? Sometimes w
189、e lose sight that the musichas a wider context ，” says Moran, “so I want to continue thosedialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A.Jazz becoming more accessible.B.The production of jazz growing faster.C.Jazz being less popular wi
190、th the young.D.The jazz audience becoming larger.解析：选C词义猜测题 。 根据第二段 “Despite thecelebrations, though, in the US the jazz audience continues toshrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect withyounger generations.”再结合“Its Jason Morans job to help changethat”可推测 that 指代的是前文中爵士乐在年轻一代人中失去吸引
191、力的现象。故选C。例2(2018 届河南省郑州市高三三模)C“Years ago when I was at the Grand Canyon, I rememberedsomeone coming up to the canyons edge, taking a shot with acamera and then walking away, like got itdone，barely evenglancing at the magnificent scene in front of him，” Linda Henkel,a scientist at Fairfield Universit
192、y, US told Live Science.Henkel was surprised by how obsessed ( 痴迷的 ) people arewith taking pictures these daysbefore dinner, during friendsbirthday parties, on museum tours and so on.They keep taking pictures because they think that it helpsrecord the moment, but as Henkels latest study has just fou
193、nd out,this obsession may prevent their brains remembering what actuallyhappened, reported The Guardian.In her study, Henkel led a group of college students around amuseum and asked them to simply observe 15 objects andphotograph 15 others.The next day the students memory of the tourwas tested, and
194、the results showed that they were less accurate inrecognizing the objects and they remembered fewer details aboutthem if they photographed them.“When people rely on technology to remember themcounting on the camera to record the event and thus not needing toattend to it fully themselves, it can have
195、 a negative impact on howwell they remember their experiences，” Henkel explained.But there is also an exception: if students zoomed in tophotograph part of an object, their memory actually improved, andthose who focused the lens ( 镜 头 ) on a specific area could evenrecall parts that werent in the fr
196、ame.So basically, this study is saying that constantly takingpictures can harm your memory.But shouldnt reviewing pictureswe have taken help wake up our memories? This is true, but only ifwe spend enough time doing it.“In order to remember, we have to access and interact withthe photos, rather than
197、just collect them ， ” Henkel told TheTelegraph. However, previous research has shown that most peoplenever take the time to look over their digital pictures simplybecause there are too many of them and they arent usuallyorganized well on their computers.The underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 probab
198、ly refers to“_”.A.the cameraC.the eventB.technologyD.an object解析：选C 词义猜测题。根据第五段第一句“When peoplerely on technology to remember themcounting on the camera torecord the event and thus not needing to attend to it fullythemselves”可知，本句是说如果你要用相机来记录事件，就不需要来关注它(事件)。the camera相机；technology技术；the event事件；an object 物体。故选 C。
