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1、WANG Yao SDUTEnglish StylisticsChapter 8 The English of Public Speech1Contentso8.1 Scope of Public Speecho8.2 A Sample Text for Analysiso8.3 General Features of Public Speecho8.4 Stylistic Features of Public Speech28.1 Scope of Public SpeechoPublic speech covers a fairly large range. So far as the f
2、ield is concerned, 1) there are speeches like the business manager explaining next years budget, the teacher lecturing in a classroom; 2) there are speeches on questions of fact, value and policy; 3) there are speeches on special occasions: speeches of introduction, of presentation etc.3oSo far as t
3、he functional tenor is concerned, there are informative speeches like 1); there are persuasive speeches like 2); and emotive speeches like 3). oSo far as the personal tenor is concerned, the 1) kind of speeches can be formal or less formal or informal; the 2) kind is mostly formal, and the 3) kind v
4、aries in degree of formality. 8.1 Scope of Public Speech4oSo far as the mode is concerned, there are impromptu speeches (speeches made on the spot), extemporaneous speeches (speeches with a set of brief notes or an outline to jog the memory), speeches from reciting, and speeches from a manuscript; b
5、ut many of the speeches are written to be spoken before an audience.8.1 Scope of Public Speech58.1 Scope of Public SpeechoOf all aspects of public speaking, persuasion is the most complex and difficult. Its job is to change the audiences. Its goal may be to defend, to refute, to sell, or to inspire.
6、 oSo under the heading of public speech, we shall mainly discuss persuasive speeches.68.2 A Sample Text for AnalysisoWinston Churchill on May 13, 1940 in the House of Commons78.3 General Features of Public SpeechoMost persuasive speeches are the speaking of what is written to be spoken to an audienc
7、e, usually on a formal occasion. So they present features of formal written language while exhibiting characteristics of the spoken.88.3 General Features of Public SpeechoPublic speeches are similar to daily conversation. nThe addresser has to tailor his/her message to the addressee and adapt to the
8、 addressees feedback, and both public speeches and daily conversation make full use of prosodic and paralinguistic features for expression. oPublic speaking is also different from daily conversation nIt concentrates on one topic with highly structured format and more formal language, and makes a mor
9、e effective way of delivery.98.3 General Features of Public SpeechoPublic speaking shows the characteristics of the written modenIts highly logical organization of thoughts, closely-knit structure and formal language. oIt differs from the written mode nThe latter does not have to and cannot adapt to
10、 readers immediate feedback or rely on skillful vocal delivery.108.4 Stylistic Features of Public Speecho8.4.1 Grammatical Featureso8.4.2 Lexical Featureso8.4.3 Phonological Featureso8.4.4 Semantic Features118.4.1 Grammatical Featureso8.4.1.1 Variation in sentence lengthoIts sentences vary much in l
11、ength. nThe longest sentence can has 74 words and the shortest 4 words. oSuch sharp variation in length reflects the emotional state of mind of the speaker and his/her effort to evoke an active response from the audience. 128.4.1 Grammatical Featureso8.4.1.2 Various sentence typesoAs public speeches
12、 are intended to inform, to persuade, and to appeal, most sentences are statements; occasional questions are used. oPresident Nixon on Feb 21 1972 made his historic visit to ChinanWhat legacy shall we leave our children? Are they destined to die for the hatreds which have plagued the old world, or a
13、re they destined to live because we had the vision to build a new world?13o8.4.1.2 Various sentence typesoCommands can be many, often introduce by let, as is shown in Martin Luther Kings “I Have a Dream”.nGo back to Mississippi. Go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go b
14、ack to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.14o8.4.1.2 Various sentence typesoVocatives of a general type such as “my fellow citizens”, “my friends”, are used to add
15、 a touch of intimacy to the addresser-addressee relationship.15o8.4.1.3 More complex-looking group structuresoNominal groups can be complex-looking with postmodification to be accurate and easy to processnof phrase, relative clause (relative pronoun not omitted) (p.126)oVerbal groupsnlack of contrac
16、tions, passive structures168.4.2 Lexical Featureso8.4.2.1 Using accurate and clear wordoIn order to be accurate and clear in meaning, successful speakers tend to choose concrete, familiar wordsoEven when abstract or unfamiliar words, such as technical terms, are unavoidable, the speaker is supposed
17、to keep them to a minimum and clearly define them. oThere are generally no words vague in meaning.178.4.2 Lexical Featureso8.4.2.1 Using accurate and clear wordoOne of the most interesting features of “I Have a Dream” speech is Kings use of language to make the abstract principles of Liberty and Equ
18、ality clear and compelling. Throughout the speech, King relies on familiar and concrete words.oE.g. P.12718o8.4.2.2 Adaptation of wording to particular audienceoThe speaker inclines his/her language toward the less formal, less rigid ways of speaking, making reference to him/herself, introducing hum
19、or, asking for direct response, or using some colloquial items or idioms, even some dialect words.na Black speakerna woman speakernUS President Bush in his campaign at Texas8.4.2 Lexical Features19o8.4.2.3 Less use of phrasal verbsoThis is sharply contrasted with casual speech in which phrasal verbs
20、 can be found everywhere8.4.2 Lexical Features208.4.3 Phonological Features oIn a sense, the success of an address depends largely on how the speaker controls his/her voice. oThe aspects of voice to control are volume, pitch, speed, pause, rhythm and articulation218.4.3 Phonological Featureso8.4.3.1
21、 Appropriate volume and pitch variation oA speaker will adjust his/her volume to the setting and the size of the audience. oAlso a speaker will not speak in an absolute monotone with no variation whatever in pitch. But he/she must also guard against falling into repetitious pitch patterns.228.4.3 Ph
22、onological Featureso8.4.3.2 Varying tempo and rightly timed pause oThere is no uniform speed for effective speech making. nA fast speed is used when the speaker is warmed up to a topic while a slow tempo is needed when the speaker begins to talk of a new idea. nA fast tempo can create a feeling of j
23、oy, fear, anger or surprise while a slow rate is better for creating feelings of sadness or disgust.oPause in public speech is useful. It can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and lend dramatic impact to a statement. The crucial factor is timing pause for a right length
24、 of time238.4.3 Phonological Featureso8.4.3.3 Rhythmic effect oSpeakers often seek to exploit the rhythm of language by their choice and arrangement of words. By catching up their audience in an arresting string of sounds, they can enhance the impact of their words - and therefore their ideas. oE.g.
25、 Winston Churchill (p.129)248.4.3 Phonological Featureso8.4.3.4 Distinct articulation oPublic speech is directed toward an audience sometimes very large, so the speaker has to guard against sloppy articulation and enunciate each word clearly and accurately. nAssimilations like “lemme” (let me) “gonn
26、a” (going to), “didja” (did you), “otta” (ought to) should not occur in such a variety, while elision like “Im”, “well” etc can sometimes occur.258.4.3 Phonological Featureso8.4.3.5 Full use of non-verbal communication oThe speaker is supposed to dress appropriately to the occasion and appear in a c
27、alm and confident postures, so as to evoke favorable first impression. oGestures should appear natural and spontaneous, help to clarify or reinforce ideas and be suited to the audience and occasion. oEyes are “the window of the soul”, so we look to them to help gauge the truthfulness, intelligence,
28、attitudes, and feelings of a speaker. 26o8.4.4.1 Effective ways of organizationoPersuasive speeches often fall into problem-solution order: first the speaker shows the extent and seriousness of the problem, then he/she explains his/her solution and shows its practicality. But most persuasive speeche
29、s have five steps:n1) attentionn2) needn3) satisfactionn4) visualizationn5) action8.4.4 Semantic Features27oMost striking connectives in public speakingo1) the use of pairs of transitional phrases stating both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one he/she is coming up to:nIn addition to helping
30、 people in need, working as a hospital volunteer also provides you with valuable job experience.nNow that we leave explored the ancient origins of astrology, let us turn to its modern popularity.nSo much for the present, what about the future?8.4.4 Semantic Features28oMost striking connectives in pu
31、blic speakingo2) The use of internal previews and summariesoThe former lets the audience know what the speaker will take up next, whereas the latter reminds them of what they have just heard.n(transition) Now that we have seen how serious the problem of missing children is, lets look at some solutio
32、ns. (internal preview) I will focus on three in particular.8.4.4 Semantic Features29oMost striking connectives in public speakingo3) The use of signpostsoThe use of signposts to help the audience keep track of where the speaker is in the speech, or focus their attention on key ideas. Numbers (the fi
33、rst, the second, etc), questions (why does the problem continue to fester?) or simple phrases (the most important thing is) are frequent signpost which can make the speech more unified and coherent.8.4.4 Semantic Features308.4.4 Semantic Featureso8.4.4.2 effective way of delivery (p.132)oThe parallel structureoAntithesis oRepetitionoSynonymous wordsoAlliterationoFigurative use of language31AssignmentsoWhat are the general features of English public speech?oWhat are the stylistic features of English public speech?32
