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1、Sex and Gender Sex Role Attitude Survey 1- d, sd1- d, sd 2. a, sa2. a, sa 3. u,d,sd3. u,d,sd 4.sa,a4.sa,a 5. d,sd,u5. d,sd,u 6.sd6.sd 7. d,ds7. d,ds 8.a,sa8.a,sa 9.d,sd9.d,sd 10. a,sa10. a,sa 11. d,sd11. d,sd 12.sa,a12.sa,a 13. sa,a,u13. sa,a,u 14.sa14.sa 15.sa,a,u15.sa,a,u 16.sa,a16.sa,a 17-19 . sd
2、,d17-19 . sd,d 20. sd20. sd 21-24. sa,a21-24. sa,a 25.sd25.sd There are no “right/wrong” answersThere are no “right/wrong” answers The higher score you have the more The higher score you have the more “open” you are to individuals taking on “open” you are to individuals taking on non- stereotypical
3、roles for their sex non- stereotypical roles for their sex (non-traditional)(non-traditional) The lower your number you have the The lower your number you have the more comfortable you are with people more comfortable you are with people assuming roles that are more sex assuming roles that are more
4、sex based (traditional)based (traditional) Many sociologists believe that one of Many sociologists believe that one of the keys to successful relationships is the keys to successful relationships is to have a mate who views these roles to have a mate who views these roles in a similar manner.in a si
5、milar manner. Sex and Gender are seen in very diverse ways from culture to Sex and Gender are seen in very diverse ways from culture to cultureculture Sex-Sex- based on biology and physical differences (males vs. females) based on biology and physical differences (males vs. females) Gender-Gender- a
6、 cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity a cultural understanding of what constitutes masculinity and femininityand femininity http:/ Biological Differences- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomesBiological Differences- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes *2 of these are sex chromosomes
7、(X and Y)*2 of these are sex chromosomes (X and Y) *Males are XY and females are XX*Males are XY and females are XX *Hermaphrodite-*Hermaphrodite- an individual born with both female and male an individual born with both female and male genitalia (referred to now as “inter-sex”genitalia (referred to
8、 now as “inter-sex” Most sociologists now agree that gender is both biological and a Most sociologists now agree that gender is both biological and a result of socializationresult of socialization Sexual OrientationSexual Orientation- preference of sexual partners- preference of sexual partners Hete
9、rosexualityHeterosexuality- attraction to the opposite sex- attraction to the opposite sex HomosexualityHomosexuality- attraction to the same sex- attraction to the same sex BisexualityBisexuality- attraction to both sexes- attraction to both sexes Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Bisexuality rang
10、e from outrage in some Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Bisexuality range from outrage in some cultures to acceptance and full participation in otherscultures to acceptance and full participation in others (Many African, Native American, and Eastern cultures it is much more (Many African, Native A
11、merican, and Eastern cultures it is much more accepted than on the Western world)accepted than on the Western world) Homophobia-Homophobia- hatred or discrimination directed toward homosexuals, hatred or discrimination directed toward homosexuals, based on exaggerated fears of homosexualsbased on ex
12、aggerated fears of homosexuals This is NOT someone who possesses moral opposition to people whose This is NOT someone who possesses moral opposition to people whose orientation is not the norm.orientation is not the norm. Triggered in the US in 1980s with discovery of AIDS- Triggered in the US in 19
13、80s with discovery of AIDS- Ryan White storyRyan White story Most sociologists see sexual orientation as both nature and nurture (both Most sociologists see sexual orientation as both nature and nurture (both biology and culture)biology and culture)Masculinity- attributes traditionally considered ap
14、propriate for malesFemininity- attributes traditionally considered appropriate for femalesAndrogyny- a blending of masculine and feminine attributesCase Study: Craig/ Kurt.Can childrens natural gender tendencies be changed? Should they? http:/ vs. Masculine TraitsTraditionally, the following traits
15、have been Traditionally, the following traits have been associated withassociated with Femininity: Submissive, dependent, emotional, Femininity: Submissive, dependent, emotional, intuitive, weak, timid, passive, sensitive, attractive intuitive, weak, timid, passive, sensitive, attractive because of
16、appearancebecause of appearance Masculinity: Dominant, independent, intelligent, Masculinity: Dominant, independent, intelligent, rational, strong, brave, active, tough, insensitive, rational, strong, brave, active, tough, insensitive, attractive because of achievementattractive because of achieveme
17、nt Which roles have changed the most? Why?Which roles have changed the most? Why?Harvards Gender Studies Department states that children are very aware of and feel pressure to conform to these stereotypes by age 4Some people insist that these traits are biological, but most research indicates that t
18、hese differences are cultural(15 minute gender clip)Margaret Mead- (1963) studies various cultures and their Margaret Mead- (1963) studies various cultures and their gender rolesgender rolesThree New Guinea tribesThree New Guinea tribesThe Arapesh- both sexes displayed characteristics that in The Ar
19、apesh- both sexes displayed characteristics that in the United States would be seen as feminine (gentle and the United States would be seen as feminine (gentle and passive)passive)The Mundugmor- both sexes displayed characteristics The Mundugmor- both sexes displayed characteristics that in the Unit
20、ed States would be seen as masculine that in the United States would be seen as masculine (very aggressive and combative)(very aggressive and combative)The Tchambuli- the women displayed traditional male The Tchambuli- the women displayed traditional male roles and the males displayed traditional fe
21、male rolesroles and the males displayed traditional female roles Interactionists Approach:Interactionists Approach: Gender differences are caused by the interactions an individual has Gender differences are caused by the interactions an individual has within the course of early socializationwithin t
22、he course of early socialization Gender IdentityGender Identity- is acknowledging ones sex and internalizing the - is acknowledging ones sex and internalizing the norms, values, and behavior that accompanies gender expectations.norms, values, and behavior that accompanies gender expectations. (start
23、s with a gender appropriate name)(starts with a gender appropriate name) Gender differences associated with socialization-Gender differences associated with socialization- CommunicationCommunication Boys-Boys- tend to define goals, exert control, express independence, and tend to define goals, exert
24、 control, express independence, and assert social statusassert social status Girls-Girls- tend to be more tentative in their communication, more tend to be more tentative in their communication, more supportive and inclusive, and are more responsive to others ideas and supportive and inclusive, and
25、are more responsive to others ideas and feelingsfeelings PlayPlay Boys-Boys-tend to play in larger groups with an emphasis in competitiontend to play in larger groups with an emphasis in competition Girls-Girls- tend to play in pairs or small groups that encourage cooperation tend to play in pairs o
26、r small groups that encourage cooperation Theories of Gender IdentityTheories of Gender IdentitySocial Learning theory- gender identity develops Social Learning theory- gender identity develops primarily through the process of imitation and is primarily through the process of imitation and is reinfo
27、rced by rewards and punishmentsreinforced by rewards and punishmentsB- Cooley- The Looking Glass Self- Individuals B- Cooley- The Looking Glass Self- Individuals project a gender image to society that is being project a gender image to society that is being reflected back to them as appropriately re
28、flected back to them as appropriately masculine or femininemasculine or feminineC. G. H. Mead- gender roles are gained through C. G. H. Mead- gender roles are gained through a process of imitative, game, and role taking a process of imitative, game, and role taking stagesstagesThe Functionalists App
29、roach-The Functionalists Approach-Gender roles are a result of a division of laborGender roles are a result of a division of labor*Biology plays a strong role in this division*Biology plays a strong role in this divisionWomen are naturally equipped to nourish infants- Women are naturally equipped to
30、 nourish infants- therefore the role of being nurturing/ at home is naturaltherefore the role of being nurturing/ at home is naturalMen can therefore take of duties outside of the homeMen can therefore take of duties outside of the home*This however, falls short of explaining why these *This however
31、, falls short of explaining why these differences are maintained in industrialized nationsdifferences are maintained in industrialized nationsBiology plays the most important role in gender Biology plays the most important role in gender differentiationdifferentiation Conflict ApproachConflict Appro
32、ach * Gender roles are just another form of social stratification* Gender roles are just another form of social stratification Fredrick Engels (1884)-Fredrick Engels (1884)- in early societies the gender roles were mostly equal- it was not in early societies the gender roles were mostly equal- it wa
33、s not until the emphasis changing into owning and exchanging goods until the emphasis changing into owning and exchanging goods that men began to gain power over womenthat men began to gain power over women Therefore, as we became more of a “Capitalist” society gender Therefore, as we became more of
34、 a “Capitalist” society gender roles changed- favoring men and exploiting womenroles changed- favoring men and exploiting women The Feminist viewThe Feminist view- society has created an idea that men are - society has created an idea that men are superior to women- this “sexist ideology” limits opp
35、ortunities and superior to women- this “sexist ideology” limits opportunities and outcomes for women- gender is not biologically based.outcomes for women- gender is not biologically based.Brain Based Research and Gender The brain has two hemispheres- the left and the rightThe brain has two hemispher
36、es- the left and the right All humans use both hemispheres unless handicapped by birth or accidentAll humans use both hemispheres unless handicapped by birth or accident Women- tend to be left side dominateWomen- tend to be left side dominatevvVerbal areas, compreh, spelling, vocab.Verbal areas, com
37、preh, spelling, vocab. Men- tend to be right side dominateMen- tend to be right side dominatevvSpatial, non-verbal areas/ 3-dimensionalSpatial, non-verbal areas/ 3-dimensional The differences seem to be more apparent in teenshormonal?The differences seem to be more apparent in teenshormonal?Some res
38、earch reject this as too simplistic- individuals vary enough within each Some research reject this as too simplistic- individuals vary enough within each sex to oppose the theory.sex to oppose the theory.The “Corpus Callosum”- (a thick bundle of nerves that connects the The “Corpus Callosum”- (a thi
39、ck bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres tends to be wider in women than in med)possibly the basis hemispheres tends to be wider in women than in med)possibly the basis for womens intuitionfor womens intuitionLanguage skills- womens tend to be in the frontal lobe (emotion/moral), mens Langu
40、age skills- womens tend to be in the frontal lobe (emotion/moral), mens in the Parietal lobe (more fact based)in the Parietal lobe (more fact based)Hypothalamus- associated with sexual activity- a group of neutrons within are Hypothalamus- associated with sexual activity- a group of neutrons within
41、are larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men- why might larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men- why might this be controversial?this be controversial?Brain-Based Research and Gender* *Very extensive research is currently being conducted to analyze the relation
42、ship between a humans Very extensive research is currently being conducted to analyze the relationship between a humans sex and their brain. Until the 1980s scientist thought gender differences were all due to sex and their brain. Until the 1980s scientist thought gender differences were all due to
43、socialization- now it seems to be a blend of nature and nurturesocialization- now it seems to be a blend of nature and nurtureWhat we do know (based on Scientific American Magazine- Winter 2008)What we do know (based on Scientific American Magazine- Winter 2008)1- Males and Females brains are differ
44、ent (there are “widespread anatomical disparities”) even at 1- Males and Females brains are different (there are “widespread anatomical disparities”) even at the cellular levelthe cellular levelexample: *women have a greater density of neutrons in the location example: *women have a greater density
45、of neutrons in the location of the brain of the brain responsible for language processing and comprehensionresponsible for language processing and comprehension2- These differences are present at birth2- These differences are present at birth*it is believed this is caused by the hormone “bathe” in t
46、he fetal brain during the first *it is believed this is caused by the hormone “bathe” in the fetal brain during the first trimester (therefore prior to socialization)trimester (therefore prior to socialization)Examples:Examples:* Vervet monkeys chose primarily sex based toys- NO cultural influence*
47、Vervet monkeys chose primarily sex based toys- NO cultural influence* One day old babies: girls focus on faces- boys on objects (motion)* One day old babies: girls focus on faces- boys on objects (motion)Why: Selective evolutionary pressure?Why: Selective evolutionary pressure?Girls- toys that could
48、 teach to “nurture” youngGirls- toys that could teach to “nurture” youngBoys- Toys that can propel through space- huntingBoys- Toys that can propel through space- hunting 3- Under stress, womens and mens brains function differently3- Under stress, womens and mens brains function differently* Men pro
49、duce more serotonin during stress which allow for * Men produce more serotonin during stress which allow for more mediating emotional behavior- this could explain why more mediating emotional behavior- this could explain why anxiety disorders are more prevalent in girls than boysanxiety disorders ar
50、e more prevalent in girls than boys*male rats perform better in a high stress environment, female *male rats perform better in a high stress environment, female rats- the opposite is true.rats- the opposite is true. *Chronic stress has more of a negative effect on brain of men *Chronic stress has mo
51、re of a negative effect on brain of men than women- it is unclear why.than women- it is unclear why. 4- Memory is stored/recalled in a different manner-4- Memory is stored/recalled in a different manner-*hippocampus is larger in women than men- might relate to the way males and *hippocampus is large
52、r in women than men- might relate to the way males and females navigatefemales navigate*Men- estimate distance by time/space/orientation/maps*Men- estimate distance by time/space/orientation/maps*Women- landmarks*Women- landmarks(similar sex differences exist in rats)(similar sex differences exist i
53、n rats)*Men and Woman recall “emotionally arousing” incidences differently*Men and Woman recall “emotionally arousing” incidences differently* When watching disturbing films- the right side of the brain was active in * When watching disturbing films- the right side of the brain was active in men/ me
54、n/ the left in womenthe left in women*The result- men remember more details- women recall the theme/emotive context*The result- men remember more details- women recall the theme/emotive context*The differences exist even when the pictures are shown at and the brain reacts within *The differences exi
55、st even when the pictures are shown at and the brain reacts within 300 milliseconds- thus not giving the person time to consciously react.300 milliseconds- thus not giving the person time to consciously react. 5- Learning environment- 5- Learning environment- *When tested with rats, female rats bene
56、fited from having social *When tested with rats, female rats benefited from having social interactions/rich “objects” in cages it produced more activities in dendrites in brain- interactions/rich “objects” in cages it produced more activities in dendrites in brain- with male rats the opposite was tr
57、ue. What does this support in education?with male rats the opposite was true. What does this support in education?6- Mental disorders have sex based differences6- Mental disorders have sex based differences*male rats perform better in a high stress environment, female rats- *male rats perform better
58、 in a high stress environment, female rats- the the opposite is true.opposite is true.*serotonin production is 52% higher in men than women- which *serotonin production is 52% higher in men than women- which may explain why women are more prone to depression may explain why women are more prone to d
59、epression *addiction: women are more vulnerable to the effects of stimulants (such as *addiction: women are more vulnerable to the effects of stimulants (such as cocaine/ meth.) and progress to an addictive phase quicker because of cocaine/ meth.) and progress to an addictive phase quicker because o
60、f dopamine- a chemical involved in the feelings of pleasure associated with drug dopamine- a chemical involved in the feelings of pleasure associated with drug use- in women estrogen boosts the release of dopamine in the brain in regions use- in women estrogen boosts the release of dopamine in the b
61、rain in regions important for regulating drug seeking behavior.important for regulating drug seeking behavior.Other interesting differences*Males tend to be more comfortable with public *Males tend to be more comfortable with public communication- females more private conversations with communicatio
62、n- females more private conversations with few friendsfew friends*After age 12, girls tend to smile more and use more eye *After age 12, girls tend to smile more and use more eye contactcontact*When interrupting conversations*When interrupting conversations Men- interject new ideasMen- interject new
63、 ideas Women- clarify the point and/or offer supportWomen- clarify the point and/or offer support* Self esteem for girls in adolescence is lower than boys* Self esteem for girls in adolescence is lower than boys*Girls who “go steady” before 13 have the lowest-*Girls who “go steady” before 13 have th
64、e lowest-why?why?*Women tend to listen with both ears- men one.*Women tend to listen with both ears- men one.Can you change your identification?(Gender or Sex)Biologically yes/noBiologically yes/no “trans”= change“trans”= change Transvestite: a person who dresses and acts in a style or Transvestite:
65、 a person who dresses and acts in a style or manner traditionally associated with the opposite sexmanner traditionally associated with the opposite sex Transgender- a person who wishes to appear as, be Transgender- a person who wishes to appear as, be considered as, or is considering or has had a se
66、xual considered as, or is considering or has had a sexual reassignment procedurereassignment procedure “transsexual”- this term has pretty much been replaced with “transsexual”- this term has pretty much been replaced with the broader term of “transgender”- but in the past it was the broader term of “transgender”- but in the past it was used to refer to people having undergone a sex-change used to refer to people having undergone a sex-change procedure.procedure.
