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1、 虚拟式虚拟式be-型虚拟式 were-型虚拟式假设表示法综述用于表示命令、决定、建用于表示命令、决定、建议、等、等词语后的后的that分句分句中中用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导的分句中用于某些公式化语句中用于某些状语分句用于某些状语分句中中用于某些名词性分用于某些名词性分句中句中1.用动词的过去形式表示假设意义2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义BE-型虚型虚拟式式用于表示命令、决定、建用于表示命令、决定、建用于表示命令、决定、建用于表示命令、决定、建议议、等、等、等、等词语词语后的后的后的后的thatthat分句中分句中分句中分句中la .用在
2、,demand,suggest， decide，prefer，vote等动词后that分句中。 Conggress has decided/voted that the present law be maintained. I prefer Mary to type the letters. I prefer that Mary type the letters.lb.用在advisable，appropriate，desirable，essential，obligatory，proper,imperative等形容词之后that分句中。 It is essential the all the
3、 facts be examined first.lc .用在decision，decree，demand，instruction，resolution等名词后的that 分句中。 The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.在这一用法中be-型虚拟式能与should+不定式，to-不定式交替使用。lHe order that the books be sent at once l =He order that the books should be sent at once l =He order that th
4、e books to be sent at once 用于由if，though，whatever，lest，so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。 If he be found guilty ,John shall have the right of appeal .l上述用法现在只适用于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should或may+不定式。如： If the rumor be true，everything is possible。 If the rumor is true，everything is possible。 Whatever b
5、e his defense,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. Whatever his defense may be,we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.用于某些公式化语句中Be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止的意思。 Long live the peoples Republic of China！ Far be it from me(我极不愿) to spoil the fun 。 He will remain here if need be . 练习中修改句子 the ambassador will
6、 stay there if necessary . the ambassador will stay there if need be . It suffices to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. Suffice it to say that the open policy will remain unchanged. (只需说什么就够了) Home is home ,be it ever so homely. ?were-型虚拟式1.用于某些状语分句中（用于某些状语分句中（if，if only，as if ,as thou
7、gh,though 引导的）引导的）lIf I were you ，I should wait till next week.2.用于某些名词性分句中用于某些名词性分句中l常用于wish,would rather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句l中 表示一种臆想的情况（通常是不可能发生的） Suppose the earth were flat。l在第一、三人称单数主语后可为was 所取代 If it was to rain，the game would be put off.l但是，在但是，在If I were you 这一分句中，通常倾向用were，而不用was。在某些
8、倒装句中只用were。 Were I to do it,I should rely on you. He is my best friend,my second self ,as it were .（好像，宛如）l现代英语中，许多改用虚拟式的地方常为陈述式所取代。 Imagine you are the salesman for Francos product.假设表示法综述1.用动词的过去形式表示假设意义la)It is time （that）. It is time we went to bed.lb)I would rather/sooner(that)you/he/they. Id r
9、ather he told me the truth.lc)if only . If only I knew her address.d)he behaves as if /as though. They are staring at me as if I was /crazy.l在as if /as though结构中的动词形式通常决定说话人的意图。比较： I feel as if I was /were going to faint.(我感觉我好像要晕倒了) I feel as if I am going to faint.(我感觉我（真的）要晕倒了)l这就是说，在某些语境中，如果不表示假
10、设意义，就不必用过去式形式。如： The apple tatses as if it is sour.e)I wish (that)l1.与过去相反的主观愿望 I wish I hadnt said that .l2.与现在相反 I wish you were coming with me,Peter.l3.表示对将来的主观愿望，通常用情态助动词的过去式形式。 I wish you wouldnt smoke in public places .lI hope (that)也表希望，但并不表示假设，随后的动词形式除表示委婉口气外，很少用过去式。 I hope you are coming to
11、 our party. I hope the weather would be favourable.?2.用情态动词过去式表示假设意义la)用于条件句 If I were you,I would not miss this opptunity If you should change your mind, do let me know. ? 这里的should是什么意思、作用。表如果?if 不是这个意思了么？或仅是修饰lb)用于含蓄条件句 But for your help, I couldnt have achieved anything. Anyone who should violat
12、e the law would be punished .（同第一个should）l用于其他语境，表惊讶，意外 To think that he would marry such a nasty woman.含蓄条件句含蓄条件句l提到条件句，人们一般会想到if引导的条件句，而英语中某些假设的条件句不是通过if从句表达出来，而是包含在某些短语短语、上下文或其他方式中，其谓语也常用虚拟语气，我们称此种结构为含蓄条件句含蓄条件句。 “But without the impressionists, many of these painting styles would not exist.”这里假设的
13、条件没有通过条件从句表达出来，而是隐含在without介词短语中，故名含蓄条件句。 . It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。 （动词不定式暗示了条件） . Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident. 要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。 （-ing 分词做条件状语，暗示条件：If we had kown in time） . Given more attention, the tree could have gro
14、wn better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。 (-ed 分词做条件状语，暗示: If the tree had been given more attention) .I was too busy at that time, otherwise, I would have called you. 我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。 （副词otherwise暗示条件） 由此可知，在特定的上下文或一目了然的情况下，if条件句可以省略，或使用介词短语、副词或非谓语动词等形式来代替if条件句，这种虚拟语气表达形式叫做含蓄条件句。 It 句型！“虚义虚义”it：常用于没有具体意义的主语，
15、：常用于没有具体意义的主语，l出现于表示气候、天气温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。 It is very warm and wet in south china these days.l表示一般的笼统的情况 It was dull when Mary was away.l常见于下列结构 It looks as if the college is very small . It seems as though our planll be perfect. Its my turn.l习惯用语中 You will catch it （=will be scolded ）for breaking
16、 the glasses. Hop it (=go away ).you are in the way here.等“先行”itits illegal to drive without a license.后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现句首。To drive without a license is illegal. 分裂句分裂句：分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句。 It was a parcel that she brought .l说话人还可根据上下文和语义意图分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语。l分裂句的谓语动词be还可以采取复杂形式。 It may have been at
17、Christmas that john gave Mary a handbag.l分裂句可以强调多种状语成分。如时间、地点、方式、由because引导的原因状语等。 It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang.l单一方式副词通常不做分裂句中心成分 It was very reluctantly that she agreed to agree to help。l主语补语通常不被强调，但是宾语补语可以 It is beautiful that she is. It is chairman of the commit
18、tee that he is . It is chairman of the committee that they selected him. 假分裂句假分裂句l一般分裂句是不可以用谓语动词作中心成分用谓语动词作中心成分的，可采用假分裂句。 I gave her a book-what I did was (to) gave her a book.lWhat-分句中主动词do 以-ing分词形式出现 What he will be doing is taking a place to Beijin.lWhat-分句中主动词do是个-ed分词 What he has done is to gi
19、ve/ give /given her a birthday present.l可采用其他形式，what-分句+be+名词词组 What he gave her was a handbag .l名词词组+be+what-分句 A handbag was what he gave her.其他注意点l分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略，如： It was the President himself spoke to me. （省去从句主语who） l有时还可省去句首的it is，如： A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter!
20、 彼得爵士，你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊！ l分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首，如： Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him. 就在这时，他的生命完结了，他所逃不脱的命运降临了。 When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达了这个村子？ Why was it that he was late for school? 他是为什么上学迟到的？ l1分裂句引导词it与先行词it的区别： It is surpr
21、ising that Mary should have won the first place. 玛丽本应获得第一名，真令人吃惊！（先行词it） It is Mary that has won the first place. 是玛丽获得了第一名。（分裂句引导词it） l2虚义it与分裂句引导词it的区别： It was three oclock in the morning when his father came back.（虚义it指时间） 他父亲回来时是凌晨3点。 It was at three oclock in the morning that his father came ba
22、ck. （分裂句引导词it） 他父亲是在凌晨3点回来的。 l3分裂句中that/who- 从句与that/who引导的定语从句之区别。 比较： It is money that is most needed.（分裂句中的that-从句） 最需要的是钱。 This is the money that is most needed.（that引导定语从句） 这就是最需要的钱。 l区别方法区别方法：如将句型It is/was that结构去掉，而句子能还原成普通陈述句，则该句是分裂句，否则不是。题目中易错的lLet it be understood that both sides are willi
23、ng to reach an agrement. Be it undersood that .?lIf i _（feel)overtired，i wouldnt go on. were feelingl_(be)that as it may be,our expenditure is bound to increase. belIf it _(rain)tomorrow, the match would be postponed. were to rainlSuppose he _(see)us! were to seelI proposed he _(excuse). be excusedl
24、I move the meeting_(adjourn). be adjourned存在疑问l我们常说的“虚拟”包括：与（过去、现在）事实相反、对将来的推测两种情况，为何不能说与将来相反呢？ 这是个逻辑问题，“将来”还没有成为事实，怎能与之相反？过去我20几岁，现在我30几岁，都可以与此相反，如果我那时是40岁，如果我现在是5岁。但将来我一定能活到50、60、70吗？如果我明天就那个什么了，还相反吗？只能推测了！l若表示推测，为何不用陈述语气而用虚拟呢？陈述语气主要功能是表示事实的，也可以表示推测 I wish I was going to be the president就是用陈述语气表示对
25、将来的推测。如果说I wish I were going to be the president就是用虚拟式表示的推测了。（平时用was的概率多大？）2.用于某些名词性分句中用于某些名词性分句中l常用于wish,would rather,suppose,imagine之后的that-分句中 表示一种臆想的情况（通常是不可能发生的） Suppose the earth were flat. Suppose you didnt know where your next meal was coming from?为何不用hadnt known 句中有这些标志词时，根据什么原则选择主、从句的时态？填空
26、题中，是与现在、将来事实相反用一般过去时，与过去事实相反用过去完成时呢，还是揣摩句意根据说话人的意图具体分析而无定规律？l答：省略了主句what would you do? 或what would happen?的一个条件从句suppose相当于if, 该从句表示的是于现在事实相反的假设条件，真实的情况是you know where your next meal is coming from.所以不用过去完成 总结l高中学的语法具有概括性、全面性。大学语法要更注意细节。比如强调句。l就我自己的实际情况，我觉得目前如果能够在高中基础上更熟练把握语法知识就可以了，一般语法题目就可以应对了。从理解层面去掌握语法，还是有些难度的，必须建立在对语法具有较好地掌握基础上，这应该是第二步目标。
