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1、采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMYChapter VI1采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. Wishing to know how
2、long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date”? on it, gave it to his nurse. She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.2采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物As most words are
3、arbitrary and conventional symbols without any intrinsic connection with what they refer to, it may sometimes happen that more than one meaning is attached to a word, or two or more words may have the same form but be different in meaning. The former is known as polysemy, and the latter, homonymy.3采
4、用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物PolysemyA lexical item has a range of different meanings, that is, one single word has two or more senses at the same time.blanket: 羊毛毯；给盖羊毛毯get: 150 meaningscut: 120 meaningsA sign of the superiority of that language.“The more meanin
5、gs a word has accumulated, the more diverse aspects of intellectual and social activity it is likely to represent.”4采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物In order to express new ideas, new processes, new products, and so forth, language can do three things: form a new wo
6、rd, borrow a word from other languages, or add new meanings to established words. Of the three ways, the simplest one is to have old words take on additional meaning. That is why polysemic words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture.5采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆
7、度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Two approaches 1) Diachronic approach(历时的)From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is thought to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of a word. This first meaning is the primary meaning(原始意义). These later meanings are called derived meanings(派生意义).6采用PP管
8、及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物An ExampleFace: 12 meanings(1)the front of the head(2)a surface of a thing(3)the appearance(4)the functional surface(5)effrontery(6)the topography(1) is the primary meaning and all the rest are derived later on from the primary meaning. A
9、ll derived meanings (2-12) are related to the primary one in one way or another.78/26/2024采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物2) synchronic approach(共时的)Synchronically, polysemy is thought as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period o
10、f time. The basic meaning of a word is considered to be the core of word meaning, called the central meaning (中心意义). The derived meanings, no matter how numerous, are secondary meanings (次要意义).The interrelation or comparison between the central meaning and secondary meanings.8采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及
11、配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物In some cases, the primary meaning (diachronically) and the central meaning (synchronically) coincide. However, in some cases, a meaning that appeared after the original meaning can become the central meaning.The two approaches are supplementary to each ot
12、her in the analysis of a polysemous word.9采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Two processes of (leading to) polysemyradiationconcantenation10采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Radiation (语义辐射语义辐射)Semantically, radiation is the process in
13、 which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray.All the meanings are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.11采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物head
14、the head of the schoolsix pence per headthe head of a pageto lose ones headsix head of cattlea head of cabbageat the head of a listTwo heads are better than one.to discuss a question under five headsuse you head12采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Concantenation (连锁型)
15、Concatenation, “linking together” is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.A piece of timbertabledin
16、ing tablecouncil tableboard木板木板餐桌餐桌会议桌会议桌董事会董事会13采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. 12345Radiation describes a process where each of the derived meaning
17、s is directly connected to the primary meaning.148/26/2024采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物HomonymyGreek homonumos (homo: the same, onoma:name)refer to two or more words, which have the same form, but differ in meaning. They are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, o
18、r both.E.g.:light（光）light（轻的） bark（吠） bark（树皮）tear（眼泪）tear（撕）lead（率领）lead（铅）15采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Types of homonymsPerfect/absolute homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaningbear/be/（熊） bear/be/ （忍耐）Dont trouble tr
19、ouble until trouble troubles you. Homophones（同音异义词）Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaningmeet/mi:t/（遇见）mete/mi:t/（边界）meat/mi:t/（肉）Homographs(同形异义词)Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaningtear/t/（眼泪）tear/te/（撕裂）Of the three types, homophones constitute th
20、e largest number and are most common. 16采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Sources of homonymsA. Phonetic convergence: sea/seesteal/steelB. Semantic divergence: When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious conn
21、ection between them, polysemy will give place to homonymyC. Foreign influenceD. Shortening17采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物Differentiation of homonym from polysemysPolysemy: one word having several meanings that derive from the same historical source and between w
22、hich there is a historical or realistic relation. In dictionary, all meanings are listed under the same single polysemy. Homonym: words only identical in sound or spelling or both but having no connection in meaning and not deriving from the same historical source. In dictionary, Homonyms are listed
23、 independently.18采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物The Stylistic Value of Polysemy and HomonymyAchieving humour, irony and heightened dramatic power1) “waiter!”“Yes, sir.”“Whats this?”“Its bean soup, sir”“No matter what its been. What is it now?”2) Why is the Middle
24、Ages also called the Dark Ages? Because there were so many knights.3) Why should a man never tell his secrets in a cornfield? Because it has so many ears. 19采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配置好PP管及配件，用管件在管材垂直角切断管材，边剪边旋转，以保证切口面的圆度，保持熔接部位干净无污物（赵辛楣在追求苏小姐，他把方鸿渐视为情敌。)赵：方先生在外国学的是什么啊？方（没好气）：没学什么。苏：鸿渐，你学过哲学，是不是？赵：从我们干实际工作的人的眼光眼光看来，学哲学跟什么都不学没两样。方：那么得赶快找个眼科医生，把眼光眼光验一下；会这样看东西的眼睛，一定有毛病。钱钟书围城20
