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1、 (1561-1626)Francis Bacon General IntroductionnA representative of the Renaissance in England Philosopher, scientist and essayistnfounder of modern science in EnglandnInsisting on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation nPope: “the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankindGeneral Introductionn培
2、根本人的遗嘱：培根本人的遗嘱： 我把灵魂留给上帝，我把灵魂留给上帝， 把躯体留给一抔黄土，把躯体留给一抔黄土， 把名字留给未来的时代和异国他乡的把名字留给未来的时代和异国他乡的民族民族。n马克思的评价：马克思的评价： “the real father of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times in general”英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。Background of the WriternBeing born: the younger son of
3、Elizabeths first Lord Keeper, Bacon had a fortunate heritage and background. n12: studied at Trinity College, Cambridgen15: graduated and worked in the embassy in Francen18: returned; his father died leaving him no property; his aunts husband didnt give him any chance, either. So he entered Grays In
4、n (葛雷法学院葛雷法学院 )to study law. 26: became M.P. for his eloquence and gradually established his reputation; found Earl Essex as his patron,who is Elisabeths favorite courtier. Later: offended the Queen by strongly opposing to some new taxes; 45: defended for the Kings taxes(James I) became Lord Keeper
5、and then Lord Chancellor of England. 60: was accused of taking bribes in office,deprived of his seat in parliament , and fined ; after the imprisonments , banished from London, Bacon retired in disgrace to spend the last five years of his life in the study of science and philosophy.Personal trajecto
6、ry of Bacon Lord Keeper/ M.P. Lord of the Chancellor scen&philoBorn 12 15 23 45 60 end His Worksn The Advancement of Learning (1605) (in English) 学术的进展/治学之道n Novum Organum (1620) ( an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning) 新工具论nDe Augmentis 科学推进论nEssays (1597-1625)随笔/论说文集nThe New Atl
7、antis 新大西岛unfinished, utopian n Maxims of Law 法律的准则nReading on the Statute of Uses谈使用法则Bacons essaysnBacons Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose. nBacons essays are famous for their bre
8、vity, compactness and powerfulness. n Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays. The sentences in the first edition are charged and crowded with symmetries（对称）（对称）. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme, but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive styl
9、e. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence（抑扬顿挫的声调）（抑扬顿挫的声调）. n It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.nForceful and persuasive,
10、compact and precisenOf Studies reveals to us Bacons mature attitude towards learning.Of StudiesOf Studies Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disp
11、osition of business. ndelight: personal satisfactionnprivateness and retiring: solitude and retreatndiscourse: conversationndisposition of business: the administration and management of the affairs of the worldn读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高
12、谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。长才也，最见于处世判事之际。n For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; butthe general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come bestform those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; touse them too much for ornament, is aff
13、ectation; to make judgement wholly bytheir rules, is the humour of a scholar.nexpert men: men rich in practical experience nplots: plansnmarshalling: arrangementnsloth: lazinessnaffectation: unnatural manners or behaviornhumour: (archaic) temperament. Here it refers to peculiar character.n练达之士虽能分别处理
14、细事或一练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局一判别枝节，然纵观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。学究故态。nThey perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilitiesare like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselvesdo give forth dir
15、ections too much at large, except they be bounded in byexperience.nperfect: make perfectnpruning: cultivationntoo much at large: too general and not to the pointnexcept: unlessnbounded in: limited or restrictedn读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不
16、修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。以经验范之，则又大而无当。nCrafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them;for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, andabove them, won by observation.ncrafty men: men with practical skill ncontemn: despisensimple men: ignorant men, u
17、nlearned mennthey teach not their own use: studies do not tell you how to use themnthat: their own use; without: outsidenthat is a wisdom without them: how to use studies is a wisdom that is gained outside studies. n有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而
18、在书外，全凭观之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之察得之 Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; norto find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.ncontradict: declare wrongnconfute: prove to be wrongn读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思nSome books a
19、re to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to bechewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, andwith diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, andextracts made of them by o
20、thers;n curiously; carefully, attentivelyndeputy: person appointed to act for anothernextracts: excerptsnbut that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are,like common distilled waters, flashy thingsnthat would be: that ought to benargument
21、s: themes, subjectsnelse: or elsenflashy: brilliant but emptyn书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。 Reading maketh a
22、 full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; na full man: a man with rich knowledge nconference: conversationna ready man: a witty man, a man who is quick and witty in conversation or writingnwriting: taking notesn
23、an exact man: a man who is accurate in detailnhad need have: ought to have if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he hadneed have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.nconfer: conversenpresent wit: ready mindncunning: cleverness in deceivingnthat he dot
24、h not: what he does not (know)n读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔笔记使人准确。因此不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。nHistories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend
25、. Abeunt studia in morse.nsubtle: (archaic) subtle, able to make fine distinctionsnAbeut studia in mores: Studies turn themselves into character.n读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格nNay, there is no stand or impediment in t
26、he wit, but may be wrought out byfit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast;gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. nStond: hindrance, stoppagenin the wit: in the mind
27、nbut: but whatnwrought out: work out, got rid of, solvednlike as: asnstone and reins: testicles (or bladders) and kidneysn人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。 So if a mans wit be wandering, let him
28、study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are Cymini sectores.nbe wandering: can not concentrate on somethingndemonstrations: process of
29、 proving certain conclusions from given premises in mathematicsnnever: evernthe schoolmen: scholastic scholars, who adhere to the method or subtleties of the Medieval schoolsnCymini setores: (Latin) hair-splitters If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrat
30、e another, let him study the lawyers cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.nbeat over matters: make thorough study of mattersnreceipt: recipe 如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；题需全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特效可医。
