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1、DefinitionAnacademicessay,alsocalledaresearcharticle,differsfromanordinaryessayinthatitconsistsofthereviewofpreviousstudiesonaparticulartopicandonesownresearch.Inmostcasesitisakindofdocumentedreportfromthewritersfirst-handacquisition,synthesisandinterpretationofinformation,dataandfindings.Atypicalac
2、ademicessayincludesfiveparts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusionandreference.2 Two types of research paperTwo types of research paperTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssayTherearetwomajorkindsofacademicpaper:primaryresearchpaperandsecondaryresearchpaper.Aprimaryresearchpape
3、risthestudyofasubjectthroughfirsthandinvestigation,involvingpresentingoriginalideasandinformationonyourown.Inmostcasesyouneedtoconductasurveyoranexperimenttoobtainnewfindings.Henceitissometimescalledsurvey-or-experiment-basedresearch.Asecondaryresearchpaper,however,involvesgatheringandanalyzingthere
4、searchfindingsfromotherpeoplesresearch.Toillustrateyourargument,youneedtoborrowanduseevidenceandfindingsavailableonthetopicinthelibraryorontheInternet.Henceitissometimescalledlibrary-or-lnternet-basedresearch.There are two major kinds of academic paper:lprimary research paper: thestudyofasubjectthro
5、ughfirsthandinvestigation,involvingpresentingoriginalideasandinformationonyourown- survey-or-experiment-based researchlsecondary research paper:involvinggatheringandanalyzingtheresearchfindingsfromotherpeoplesresearch- library-or-Internet-based researchUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay2 Two types of re
6、search paperElements of an introductionHow to make the statement of purposeTask 1Task 2 Task 3Task 4 3 Writing an introductionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayTheintroductionsectionisthestartofaresearcharticleanditsmainpurposeistogiveaclearpictureofwhatthearticleisaboutandwhattheattitudeoftheauthoris.A
7、nintroductionusuallyincludesthefollowingelements:Elements of an introduction:l1)Introducethetopicorproblemwithwhichtheresearchessayisconcerned.l2)Giveacleardefinitionofthetopicandoftherelatedkeyterms.l3)Providetherelevantbackgroundinformation/contextofthetopic.l4) Reviewthepreviousrelatedstudiesandp
8、ointouttheirlimitationifnecessary.l5) Statethepurpose/objectiveoftheessay.l6) Introducethetheoreticalperspectivestheessaymightuse.l7) Justifyyourchoiceofthetopicorgivethereasonsforyourresearch.l8) Explainhowtheessaywillbeorganized(theoutlineoftheessay).Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an intr
9、oductionOfcoursenotallresearchpapersmustcontainalltheseelements.Aprimaryresearchessay,forexample,differsfromasecondaryresearchoneinthattheliteraturereviewofthelattershouldbegeneralasyouwillgivemoredetailsinthebodysectionwherepreviousfindingswillbeusedtosupportyourarguments.However,theintroductionsec
10、tionusuallygoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itstartswiththeinformationofthetopicinthebroadcontextandthennarrowsdowntotheinformationmorespecificallyrelatedtotheproposedresearch.Thelengthoftheintroductionsectionvariesaccordingtothelengthofthepaperandrequirementsofdifferentjournals(orconferences).Statin
11、gthepurposeofwritingtheessayisimportant.Itsfunctionistomakesurethereadersknowwhatyouaretryingtoachievebywritingthisessay.Thisincludesestablishingthetopicandexplainingwhatyouwilldowiththetopic,forexample:How to make the statement of purpose:Purpose + Action Verb + TopicUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3
12、 Writing an introductionAWiththeworldeconomicdevelopment,thedemandforenergyhasincreasedrapidly,addinggreatlytothegreenhousegasesandthepollutionproblemsmainlycausedbyfossilfuels.BAccordingtoWikipedia,renewableenergyisenergywhichcomesfromnaturalresourcessuchassunlight,wind,rain,tides,andgeothermalheat
13、,whicharerenewable.CSincethesigningoftheKyotoTreaty,moreeffortshavebeenmadetolookforalternativeenergysources.DDevelopingrenewableenergysourcesisthesolutiontotheseproblems.EDevelopingrenewableenergysourcecannotonlygreatlyhelpcutdowntheamountoftoxins,theby-productsoftheconsumptionofenergy,butalsoprese
14、rvemostofthenaturalresourcesthatpeopleuseasresourcesofenergy.FTheessaywillfirstdemonstratethesignificanceofdevelopingrenewableenergysources,andthenanalyzetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachpossiblerenewableenergysource.GThepurposeoftheessayistoexaminepotentialrenewableenergysources.Functions The Sen
15、tence NumberIntroduction to the topicBackground informationJustificationDefinition of key termsWriters purposeThesis statementOutline of structure The whole introduction: Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionParagraph 1:thetopicandbackgroundareviewofthepreviousstudylimitationorprob
16、lemsParagraph 2:reasonsandrationalforthestudyParagraph 3:purposeandstructureUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introductionParagraph 1:SentencedefinitionSentencebackgroundParagraph 2: SentencestopicSentencesreviewofthepaststudiesParagraph 3:reviewofthepaststudiesParagraph 4:Sentencelimitatio
17、nSentencepurposeUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduction1 Function:Establishthespecifictopic2 Function:Introducethepresentmethodology3 Function:Statethepurposeand/ortheprincipalactivities4 Function:OfferabriefstructureofthewholepaperUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay3 Writing an introduct
18、ion1Function:Overthepastdecade,oneofthemostimportantadvancesin.hasbeenthedevelopmentof.Thereisaconcernover.isofparticularinterestwithrespectto.havebecomeincreasinglyinterestedin.Thereisanextensivescientificandindustrialinterestin.Recently,.hasreceived/attractedmuch/particularattention.Recentlythereh
19、asbeengrowinginterestin.Recently,investigationsof.areincreasing.Thedevelopmentof.hasledto.Thepossibilityof.hasgeneratedwideinterestin.hasbecomeafavoritetopicforanalysisof.hasbeenapopulartopic.areextremelyactiveareasofresearch.2Function:Thispaperpresentsasystematicandunifiedapproachtomodeling.,basedo
20、n.modelisderivedbyproperlycombining.,andapplying.,theory.Inthispapertheauthorsproposeanovelmethodtoanalyze.Weuse.,toexamine.approachisappliedinordertodemonstrate.methodisemployed.ismeasuredthrough.3Function:Aspartofastudy,thepurposeofwhichistoaidtheexploitationofwehaveinvestigated.Thepurpose/aim/obj
21、ectiveofthispaper/investigation/studyisto.Theaimofthispaperistoapply.,togivedetailedinformationon.Ourpurposeistoexplore.Inthispaper,weaddresstheproblemof/reporton/givepreliminaryresultsfor.Themainpurposeofthestudyis.Themeasurementerrorfor.,wasanalyzed.Thecalculationshavebeenperformedon.Thisstudyfocu
22、seson/examines.4Function:Thispaperisorganizedasfollows:Wefirstdescribe.Wethendiscuss.Weshowthat.Asecondaryaim.Inaddition,weaddressthepossibilitythat.Finally,weshowthat.Afurtherreasonfor.Wefirstconsider.,andarguethat.Wethenpropose.bylistingresearchquestionsorhypotheses.byannouncingprinciplefindings.S
23、pecially,wetesttwohypotheses.DefinitionSteps to write the body section of the secondary research essay Text 18 Physical Effects of Marijuana UseOrganizationsCommon types of organizationTask 2 Task 34 Writing the body of a secondary research essayUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThebodysectionisthemajor
24、partofanessay.Itsstructurevariesfromessaytoessay.Thestructureofasecondaryresearchessaywillbesimplerasyoudonothavetoconductanexperimentorsurveyofyourownorcarryoutanempiricalstudy.WhatyoudoistouserecentfindingsanddataavailableontheInternettoillustrateyourideas.Hencethestepsare:Steps to write the body
25、section of the secondary research essay:l1)Evaluateallsourcematerialsyouhavegathered;l2)Designthestructureororganizationofyouessayaccordingtoresearchquestions,suchascauseandeffect,orcomparisonandcontrast;l3)Arrangetheargumentsinalogicalorderaccordingtothechosenstructure;l4)Selectandorganizesourcemat
26、erialstoillustratetheideasofthetopicsentencesrespectively.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayAlthoughsecondaryresearchistouseinformationandfindingsavailabletoillustrateyourideas,itdoesnotmeanyouressaylackscreativeideas.Descriptionandintroductionofprevious
27、findingsareonlypartoftheessay,andyouressayentailsyourpointofviewbasedonthedescriptionandanalysisofpreviousstudies.Inordertodevelopaposition,youneedtothinkcriticallyabouttheideasandfindingsofthesourcematerialsyouhavegathered,selectthemostappropriateevidencetosupportyourpointofviewand,mostimportantly,
28、addyoucontribution.Forexample,offeringanewclassification(anewapproach)oraneweffect(oranewcause,anewadvantage)isthecontributionyoumaymaketothestudyofacertainsubject.Whenwritingasecondaryresearchessay,youshouldespeciallybewareoffallingintoatrapofplagiarismasthequotingandparaphrasearemorefrequentinsuch
29、typeofessay.Rememberthatasecondaryresearchessaydoesnotmeanthatyousimplypiecetogetherthefindingsofpreviousstudieswithoutyourownthings.OrganizationsBodystructuresvaryfrompapertopaperasasecondaryresearchpapergenerallylacksanempiricalstudywhichentailsthemethodandstatisticanalysis.Thefollowingaresomeofth
30、ecommontypesoforganization.A.EffectanalysisThestructureofeffectanalysismaybeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofacertainphenomenonsuchasglobalwarming,nuclearradiation,theuseofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsandsoon.Common types of organization:A. Effect analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of t
31、he secondary research essayB.CauseanalysisToanalyzethecausesforaphenomenonsuchasearthquakes,climatechanges,sleepdeprivationandbreastcancer,youmayusethebodystructureofcausalanalysis.Common types of organization:B. Cause analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary researc
32、h essayC.Pro-and-conanalysisThestructuremaybeusedtoweighbothadvantagesanddisadvantagesofatechnologysuchasGMfood,nanotechnology,artificialintelligence,syntheticalbiology,Web3.0andsoon.Common types of organization:C. Pro-and-con analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary
33、 research essayCommon types of organization:D. Comparison analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayD.ComparisonanalysisTocompareandcontrasttwosubjectssuchascomputersandhumanbrains,ororganicfoodandtraditionalfood,youmayeitherusethesubject-to-subjectbodys
34、tructureorthepoint-to-pointbodystructure.Common types of organization:D. Comparison analysisUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayAshortessaymightuseasingletypeoftheaboveorganizations.Alongessay,however,maycombineseveraltypesaccordingtothepurposeoftheessay.W
35、hateverorganizationisused,athesisstatement-themainideaofyouressay,andseveraltopicsentenceswhichsupportthethesisfromdifferentanglesareessentialtoensurethecoherenceandlogicofyouressay.Thefollowingistheoutlineofasecondaryresearchessay.Title:BuildingaCityUnderground-fromanEcologicalPerspectiveThesis:The
36、reareadvantagestobuildingacityundergroundandhavingtheoutermostmileoftheearthscrusthoneycombedwithpassagesandstructures,likeagiganticanthill.Body:Argument(topicsentence)1Theecologicalstructurecouldbestabilizedasthesurfaceoftheearthwouldbeprotectedfromtoofrequentandintensehumanactivities.Argument(topi
37、csentence)2Weatherwouldnolongerbeimportant,sincerain,snow,sleetandfogwouldnottroubletheundergroundworld.Argument(topicsentence)3Therewouldbenolocaltime,andthealternationofdayandnightcouldbeavoided.Conclusion:(Referbacktothethesisstatement)1 Function:Describethecauses2 Function:Analyzetheeffects3 Fun
38、ction: CompareandcontrastUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay4 Writing the body of the secondary research essayTASK3Readthefollowingsentencepatternsandidentifytheirrespectivefunctionslndlicatedinthebox.AnalyzetheeffectsDescribethecausesCompareandcontrast1Function:Thereareprobablyavarietyofcausesforthismar
39、kedgrowth/change.Theexplanationforthephenomenoninvolvesmanyfactors.Thecausesfor.,arecomplicated/varied.Thechange/increaseischieflyattributed/ascribed/owedto.Thechangemainlystems/arises/resultsfrom.Onemaytracethisproblembackto.Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthechange/phenomenon.Amultitudeoffactors,in
40、dividualandsocial(inheritedandenvironmental)influence.Thesefactors,coupledwiththechange/growthof.leadto.Oneofthemostpopularexplanationsfor.,is.ispartlyresponsibleforthedecision.Thegrowthisnotthesolereasonfor.Thechangedoesnotinitselfexplain/accountfor2Function:Itmaygiverise/leadtoahostofproblems.Itma
41、yhaveaprofoundinfluence.Itwillexertanumberofundesirableeffectson.Itmayproduce/bringaboutamarked/drasticchangein.Thiswillentail/bringsomeseriousconsequences.Thereareanumberofnegative/undesirableeffectson/consequencesof.Theeffect/influence/consequencehasnotbeenconfined/limitedto.Theimmediateresultitpr
42、oducesis.Theeffect,bothphysicalandpsychological,ononeshealthisprofound.Negativeimpacts,includingeconomicandsocial,cannotbeignored.3Function:Thebiggestadvantageisthat.Ithasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Intermsofcost,itoutweighsthebenefitwegainfrom.TheadvantagesofBcarrymoreweightthanthoseofA.Theeffec
43、tofcomparisonisheightenedbyanotheradvantageBenjoys.AsadvantagesmeansnothingwhenBsadvantagesaretakenintoconsideration.Whentheadvantagesanddisadvantagesarecarefullycompared,thefindingisself-evident/moststriking.AlthoughAenjoystheenormousadvantageofitcantcompetewithBin.Bycontrast/Onthecontrary,.Despite
44、theseadvantages,italsohasitsowndisadvantagesLikeanythingelse,italsobringsproblems.Methods sectionQuestions an experiment or survey should answer Points one should make clear to readersTask 1Results sectionContents of results sectionTask 2 Task 35 Writing the body of a primary research essayUnit 5Wri
45、ting an AcademicEssayAsprimaryresearchessayinvolvesempiricalstudiesbasedonacertainexperimentorsurvey,itshouldpresentevidencewithdataandanalysisinaformatthatcanbereplicatedbyothers.Hencethebodypartwillbecomposedoftwosections:MethodsandResults.MethodssectionThemethodssection,whichisadetailedbreakdowno
46、ftheexperimentorsurvey,usuallyanswersthesequestions:Questions an experiment or survey should answer:l1)Whatareyourresearchquestions?l2)Howisyourresearchcarriedout?l3)Howisyourdatacollected?l4)Howareyourresultsobtained?Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayPoints
47、 one should make clear to readers:l1)subjectsoftheexperiment;l2)thematerials;l3)theprocedure;l4)thecriteria;l5)thesurvey;l6)statisticalanalysis.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayThereforeyoumustmakeallthefollowingcleartothereaders:1)subjectsoftheexperiment(H
48、owweretheychosen?);2.)thematerials(Whatequipmentortoolswereused?Whereandinwhatconditionwastheexperimentconducted?);3)theprocedure(Howdidyoudesignyourstudyandwhatstepsdidyoufollowwhenthedatawerecollected?);4)thecriteria(Whatcriteriaareusedforselectingsubjects?);5)thesurvey(Howthequestionnaireisdesign
49、edandadministered?Howarethesamplesorrespondentschosen?Andhowtheinterviewisconducted-bytelephoneordoortodoor?)6)statisticalanalysis(Howwerestatisticsanalyzed?).Thesignificanceis:knowinghowthedataarecollectedhelpsthereadersevaluatethevalidityandreliabilityofyourresultsandyourconclusion.Oneruleforaprop
50、erlywrittenmethodsectionisthat:Enoughinformationmustbegivensothattheexperimentcouldbereproducedbyacompetentcolleague(Day,1988).Contents of results section:l1)anoverviewoftheexperimentorasummaryofthefindings;l2)detailedpresentationoftherepresentativedataand/orgraphicaidsandtheirlocatingand/oranalysis
51、;l3)detailedpresentationofthefindings.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay5 Writing the body of a primary research essayResultssectionTheresultssectiondescribesthestatisticalresultsandthefindingsoftheresearch,whichdirectlyanswersyourresearchquestions.Itdealswiththefactsratherthantheopinions.Theopinionssuc
52、hasevaluationandcommentaryshouldbesavedinthediscussionsection.Theresultssectioniswritteninaconciseandwell-organizedmannerandisoftenshort.Itincludes:1)anoverviewoftheexperimentorasummaryofthefindings;2)detailedpresentationoftherepresentativedataand/orgraphicaidsandtheirlocatingand/oranalysis;3)detail
53、edpresentationofthefindings.Whengivinganoverviewoftheexperiment,youmaybrieflyexplainhowandwhydatahavebeenproduced,butshouldnotrepeatthedetailsprovidedinthemethodsection.Youcanpresentfindingsindifferentways:statingthefacts;comparingandcontrasting;analyzingcauseandeffect;illustratingwithgraphicaids,et
54、c.Statisticalresultsareusuallypresentedintexts,plusgraphicaidssuchastables,graphs,charts,drawings,photographs,etc(whichareusuallyplacedattheattachedappendixesiftheyinterruptonesreading).Thefindingsofanexperimentareusuallypresentedinthepasttense.Describinggraphicaidsandgeneralizationsconcludedfromthe
55、researchshouldusethepresenttense.Functions Task 1Task 2 6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusionUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThediscussionandtheconclusioncanbeeitherwrittenseparatelyorcombinedintoonesection.Asthefinalpartoftheessay,itcanserveanumberoffunctions:Separately,discussionsectiondiscussest
56、heissuesarisingfromfindingsandlimitationsofyourresearchwhereasconclusionsectionincludesasummaryofmainfindings,implications,recommendations,possibilitiesforfurtherresearch.Functions that the conclusion can serve:l1)tosummarizethemainideasorkeyfindingsintheessay;l2)tomakesomecommentsonthefindings;l3)t
57、ocompareyourresultswithpreviousresults;l4)toexplainunexpectedresults;l5)toexplorepossibleimplications;l6)topointoutitslimitationsoftheworkcoveredbyyouressay;l7)tomentionfurtherresearchthatmightberequired.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion1 Function:pointouttheimpl
58、ications2 Function:interpretandcommentontheresults3 Function:comparethepresentfindingswiththepreviousones4 Function:summarizethemajorfindings5 Function:pointoutthelimitations6 Function:suggestfurtherworkUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusionTASK2Readthefollowingsenten
59、cepatternsandidentifytheirrespectivefunctionsindicatedinthebox.SummarizethemajorfindingsPointoutthelimitationsPointouttheimplicationsComparethepresentfindingswiththepreviousonesInterpretandcommentontheresultsSuggestfurtherwork1Function:Thisfindinghasimportantimplicationsfor.Thepresentresultsaresigni
60、ficantinatleasttwomajorrespects.Animplicationofthisisthepossibilitythat.Oneofimplicationsthatemergefromthesefindingsis.Someoftheissuesemergingfromthisfindingrelatespecificallyto.2Function:Apossibleexplanationforthismightbethat.Itseemspossiblethattheseresultsaredueto.Thisconsistencymaybedueto.Thiscon
61、tradictoryresultmaybeattributedto.Theobservedcorrelationbetween.,mightbeexplainedbyanumberoffactors.Thereareseveralpossibleexplanationsforthisresult.However,theseresultswerenotveryencouraging.3Function:Theresultscorroboratewiththefindingsofpreviouswork.Thisstudyconfirmsthat.Thesefindingsfurthersuppo
62、rttheideaof.Theseresultsareconsistentwiththoseof.Thefindingsofthecurrentstudydonotsupport.Thisresulthasnotpreviouslybeendescribed.Incontrasttoearlierfindings,however,noevidenceof.wasdetected.Despitethedifferenceoftheseresultsfromsomepublishedstudies,theysupport.4Function:Inparticular,relationshipsam
63、ong.,arereadilyidentified.The.modelshadtheadvantagesof.whencomparedto.models.Weobserveadirectrelationbetween.,and.Fromtheinvestigationof.,itisfoundthat.Ithasbeenshownthat.,canbederivedfrom.Itisdemonstratedthatthepredictionfromthesimulationsareinagoodagreementwiththeresultfrom.,test.5Function:Themeth
64、odis,however,limitedto.However,wehaveonlyfocusedonseveralaspectsin.Theimmediategoalsofthistrialin.toimprove.,wereattainedonlytoaslightextent.Thoughtheillustrationisrestrictedto.itisconsideredasbeingwithoutlossofgenerality,because.Thelimitationsofthisstudyaredear:.Thepresentinvestigation,whichhasbeen
65、doneonrelativelyfewbutcarefullyhandledsamples,maybeconsideredanimportantprecursortosuchrigorousinvestigations.Thefindingsofthisstudyarerestrictedto.Thisstudyhasaddressedonlythequestionof.Thelackof.meansthatwecannotbecertainabout.6Function:Thesolutionto.remainwideopen.Thereismuchroomforsomeimprovemen
66、t.Muchworkneedstobedoneto.Afurtherstudywithmorefocuson.may.Moreresearch,however,onthistopicneedstobeundertakenbefore.,ismoreclearlyunderstood.Furtherstudiesonthecurrenttopicarethereforerecommended.Thisisanimportantissueforfutureresearch.Furtherresearchshouldbedonetoinvestigate.TASK3Writetheconclusio
67、nsectionofyourownessay.What an abstract should include Task 1Task 2 Task 37 Writing an abstractUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayAnabstract,composedafteryourresearchpaperisfinishedandplacedbeforethemaintext,isacondensedsummaryofthepaperskeyinformation.Themainpurposeistoenablethereaderstobeinformedoftheb
68、asiccontentandchiefresultsofyourpaperquicklyandaccurately.Aneffectiveabstractsummarizesthemainpointsoftheinvestigation,including:What an abstract should include:l1)thestatementoftheproblem;l2)thepurposeorobjectiveofthestudy;l3)themethodsorbriefdescriptionoftheexperiment;l4)theimportantdataorresultso
69、fanystatisticalanalysis;l5)thechieffindings;l6)theprincipalconclusionsorrecommendations.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay7 Writing an abstracteconomy of wordsUnit 5 Writing an Academic Essay7 Writing an abstractSample abstract 1SentencetheobjectiveSentencemethodsSentencesfindingsSample abstract 2Senten
70、cebackgroundSentencetheobjectiveSentencesmethodsSentencesfindingsTASK2ReadThefollowingsentencepatternsandidentifyCheirrespectivefunctionsindicatedinthebox.IntroducetheproblemMakerecommendationsDescribethemethodStatetheobjectiveOutlinechiefresultsStatetheprincipalprocess7 Writing an abstractUnit 5 Wr
71、iting an Academic Essay1 Function:Introducetheproblem2 Function:Statetheobjective3 Function:Describethemethod;4 Function:Statetheprincipalprocess5 Function:Outlinechiefresults6 Function:Makerecommendations1Funcfion:.isaproblemencounteredin.isstillanopenproblem.hasraisedthequestionof.hasbeenapopulart
72、opicforjournalarticles.areextremelyactiveareasofresearchbecause.2Function:Thisarticlearguesthat.Thisarticleistoevaluate.Inthispaper,itcanbearguedthat.Thispaperisanempiricalstudyof.Thispaperattemptstopointoutsomemainproblemsof.Thispaperpresents/reviews/describes/examines/discusses/considers.Thisstudy
73、focuseson/examines.Thisstudyempiricallyestimatestheimpactof.Theaim/objective/purposeofthispaper/investigationistoexamine/present/study.Thisstudyseekstoidentify.3Function:A.strategywaschoseninordertoevaluate.Experimentswerecarriedouttoexplore.Weusea.modeltoexamine.Usinga.survey,wereexamine.A.approach
74、isappliedinordertodemonstratethemaincharacteristicsof.Usingthemostefficient.,procedureInthisstudyweused.,todetermine.A.methodisemployed.ismeasuredthrough.Thispaperillustratesthiseffectby.Onthebasisof.,considerationisgivento.Thesystemisbasedon.4Function:Afterexaminingthepapersuggests.Thedifferentmeth
75、odsaredescribedandtheirapplicationto.isoutlinedwithreferenceto.Wearguethat.Weshowthat.Wepresentdatademonstratingthat.Wefirstconsiderandarguethat.Wethenpropose.Weshowthat.Inparticular,.areexamined/discussed.Someimplicationsaredrawnregarding.Focusisalsogivento.Inaddition,weaddressthepossibilitythat.We
76、alsobrieflysummarizethemaindevelopmentsof.Wecalculateanindexof.5Function:Theresultsrevealedsignificantgainsin.Theempiricalresultsconfirm./presentsomeevidencethat.Theresultsinclude.Theresult/analysisindicates/shows/suggeststhat.Theexperiments/examplessuggest/support/demonstrate.Itisshownexperimentall
77、y.Therewasnosignificantdifferencein.Wefindthat.6Function:Theauthor/Itconcludes/suggeststhat.Thispaperendswiththesuggestionthat.Werecommend/Itisrecommendedthat.Theresultscanexplainandprovideatoolforaquantitativeanalysisof.Theseresultsaresignificantfor.Assuchithasimportantimplicationsnotonlyfor.,butal
78、sofor.Furtherimprovementsarepossibleon.mayhavebeenanimportantmechanismin.mayprovidebasisfor.couldbeusedtoanalyze.7 Writing an abstractUnit 5 Writing an Academic EssayMarijuanaisadrugofcontroversyinmedicalhistory.Whetheritsultimateeffectsareharmful,harmlessorbeneficialtohumanfunctioningremainstobeinv
79、estigatedproblem.ThispaperfocusesonthestudyofthephysicaleffectsofMarijuanausesobjective.Basedonpreviousresearch,thestudydividedthephysicaleffectsofmarijuanauseintotheshort-termeffectsandlong-termones,accordingtoitsfrequency,durationandintensityofphysicalsymptomsmethod.Thestudiesindicatedthatanincrea
80、seofpulserateandchangesinbloodsugarpressuresaretworemarkablesignsofshort-termeffectstogetherwiththesymptomsofnausea,vomiting,headacheandsoon.ItwasalsofoundthatthechronicuseofmarijuanamayweakenonesimmunesystemandinterferewithDNAproductionintermsoflong-termeffectsfindings.Rules for writing a reference
81、 list 8 Writing a reference listUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayCitations-whetheryouhavecopieddirectly(quoted)orrewrittenusingyourownwords(paraphrasing)-shouldbeindicatedclearlyinthereferencelist,thepurposeofwhichistoprovidereaderswithmoredetailsofsourcesyouhaveusedintheessay.Henceeveryreferenceinthet
82、extmusthaveamatchingentryinthereferencelistwhichincludeinformationabouttheauthor,title,publisher.Therearedifferentkindsofstyles.Butwhicheveroneyouadolpt,somerulesshouldbefollowed:Rules for writing a reference list:l1)Placethereferencelistafterthelastsectionoftheessay.l2)Donotincludesourceswhichhaven
83、otbeencitedinthetextoftheessay.l3)Starteachiteminthelistattheleftmargin.Ifanitemextendstomorethanoneline,indenttheadditionallines.l4)Usethelastorfamilynameandinitials(notfullnames)forallauthors.l5)Arrangetheitemsinthealphabeticalorderofauthorsfamilynames.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay8 Writing a ref
84、erence listThefollowingareexamplesofReferencesaCBEstyle,usedinallscientificdisciplinesrelatedtoexperimentalandobservationalscience(includingbutnotlimitedtophysicalsciences,mathematics,andlifesciences).TheorderoftheCBEN-Ysystemis:AhoA,Year.Titleofwork.Edition.Placeofpublication:pbblishername.Numberof
85、Pagesp.1)JournalarticlesBjorkqvist,K.1994.Sexdifferencesinphysical,verbalandindirectaggression.SexRoles,33,177-188Berkowitz,R.I.,Wadden,T.A.,Tershakovec,A.M.,&Cronquist,J.L.2003.Behaviortherapyforthetreatmentofadolescentobesity.JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation,289,1805-1812.2)Bookswithauthor(s
86、)Black,J.2003.ADictionaryofEconomics(2nded.).Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.Dell,R.M.,andD.A.J.Rand.2001.Understandingbatteries.Cambridge,UK:TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry.3)Bookswitheditor(s)Blendon,R.J.,Benson,J.M.,Brodie,M.,Morin,R.,AItman,D.E.,Gitterman,D.,etal.1999.Bridgingthegapbetweenthepublicsandt
87、heeconomistsviewsoftheeconomy.InRobertF.GarnettJr.(ed.),WhatDoEconomistsKnow?NewEconomicsofKnowledge(pp.86-100).London:Routledge.4)NewspaperarticlesHilts,P.J.2002.Petitionasksforremovalofdietdrugfrommarket.TheNewYorkTimes,p.A26.Availablefrom:http:/ to make your writing more formalTask 3Task 4Task 5T
88、ask 6 Text 19 Research Reports for Business and Technical WritingHedgingCommon hedging expressionsTask 8Task 99 Academic writing styleUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssayThestyleofacademicwritingisquitedifferentfromthatofanEnglishcompositionorthatofanoralpresentation.Asitsobjectiveistoinformratherthanente
89、rtain,anacademicessayischaracterizedbyobjectivityandpreciseness.Toachievethem,formalityandhedgingaretwoimportantelementsofanobjectiveandprecisepaper.How to make your writing more formal:l1)Longandformalwordsandcomplexgrammaticalstructuresarepreferred.l2)Avoidusingthesecondpersonpronouns.l3)Eliminate
90、contractions.l4)Avoidrun-onsentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleRewritethefollowingsetencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets23.4Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style67910Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleTASK4Rewritethefollowingsen
91、tencesaccordingtotheinstructioninthebrackets.1Wemaybreakthesesectionsdownintoavarietyofsubsectionsandarrangetheminavarietyofways.(Usepassivesentence.)2Weshouldplacetheemphasisonthediscussionofthereportforthisreadership.(Usepassivesentence.)3Thissubsectionisrhetoricallyusefulbecauseitmakesyoumorecred
92、iblebyindicatingthatthedatapresentedisbasedonthefactthatyouhaveknownthoroughlywhathasbeendoneinthefield.(Avoidthepronounyouandtheabstractnounispreferable.)4Areasonableapproachtotheactualwritingprocessincludingeditingtomakeitaccurateanddearwillhelpyoutoproduceeffectivereportsefficientl(Avoidthepronou
93、nyouandtheabstractnounispreferable.)5Ifweinvestigatetherelativeeffectivenessofvariousswimmingstrokes,wehavetodetailthenumberofswimmerstested.(Usenominalphrases.)6Thefinalsectionistodiscusstheresultsobtainedandstateanyconclusionswhichmaybedrawnfromthoseresults.(Usenominalphrases.)7Weshouldexplainthes
94、ignificance-social,economic,medical,psychological,educational,etc.-ofthequestion.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)8Wedonotobjecttowritingthatispleasingandinteresting.(Beginthesentencewithanimpersonalnoun.)9WhatstheeffectofregularconsumptionoffastfoodonthehealthoftheAmericanteenagers?(Avoidcont
95、ractionsuchasweve;shouldnt,whats;theres.)10Thereslittleemphasisonalivelystyle.(Avoidcontractionsuchasweve;shouldnt;whats,theres.)HedgingChancesarethatinyourpapertheremaybeinformationorevidencethatyouhavenotfoundanexceptiontotheconclusionthatyouhavedrawn.Inthiscaseyouneedtousecautiouslanguagetoavoidt
96、hepossibilityofpeoplesayingthatyouarewrong.Thecautiouslanguageiscalledhedging.Forexample:inOurresultsseemtosuggestthatlessindustrializedcountriesturnoutmoregreenhousegasemissions,thewordsseemandsuggestarehedgingexpressions,theuseofwhichcanreducetheriskofoppositionbecauseyoustateyouropinionscautiousl
97、y.Thecommonhedgingexpressionsareasfollows:Common hedging expressions:l1)Certainintroductoryverbsandphrasesl2)Certainmodallexicalverbsl3)Certainmodalauxiliaryverbsl4)Certainadverbsoffrequencyanddegreel5)Certainmodaladverbsandadjectivesl6)Certainmodalnounsl7)Certainit-clausesl8)Certainif-clausesUnit 5
98、Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style1Theremight benodifficultyinexplaininghowthestructurecontributestohighsurvival;butthedifficultyisinthinkingofaseriesofstepsbywhichit could havearisen.2Itispossibletoseethatinourstudyshort-termbiochemicaleffectsalsoanimportantconsideration.3Thisstudy se
99、emstoprovetheeffectsofshort-termfooddeprivationontwocognitiveabilities4Thereisexperimentalworktoshowthataweekortendaysmaynotbelongenoughandafortnighttothreeweeksisprobablythebesttheoreticalperiod.Identify the hedging expressions in the following sentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic wri
100、ting style5Conceivably,thatsmokingdoesnotproduceanyimpairmentofcellularimmunity.6Ofcourse itispossiblethat eachsysteminthisseriesofback-upsmightfailoneaftertheother,buttheprobabilityforthatisexceedinglysmall.7Insummary,GMtechnologycould causethetransferofaknownallergenintonewcrops.8Itissuggested tha
101、tMarsrockareunlikelybemeltedevenathightemperatures.Identify the hedging expressions in the following sentences.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing style12.34Rewrite the following sentences by using hedging expressions given in brackets.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing st
102、yle56Rewrite the following sentences by using hedging expressions given in brackets.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay9 Academic writing styleTask9rewritethefollowingsentencesbyusinghedgingexpressionsgiveninbrackets1Inspiteofitslimitations,thestudyhasanumberofimportantstrengths.(appear)2Itisprovedthatan
103、imalsbecomeoldbecause,iftheydidnot,therewerenosuccessivereplacementofindividualsandhencenoevolution.(suggest,could)3Theeffectofthesesmallparticlesistocooltheclimateandtopartiallyoffsetthewarmingofincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases.(likely)4Veryhighradiationdoseswilldestroybodyfunctionsandlead
104、todeathwithin60days.(might)5Theeffectsofroutinereleasesofradioactivityfromnuclearplantsdependonhowthespentfuelishandled.(somewhat)6AlthoughtheyalsobegantoeattheGMsoya,theeffectwasmediatedbythetwofirstfactors.(suppose,could)Check globallyTask 1Check grammaticallyTask 210 ProofreadingUnit 5Writing an
105、AcademicEssayProofreadingisthefinalstepofwritinganacademicessay.Itisaboutsearchingyourwritingforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalerrorstomakesurethatyourpaperisfreefromanyerrorsbeforesubmittingyourpapertoyourteacherorajournal.Herearethesuggestions.l1)Thetitleandabstractl2)Theintroductionsectionl3)Thecon
106、clusionsectionl4)Thebodysectionl5)Topicsentencesl6)Citationl7)ReferenceUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreading1)Thetitleandabstracta)Isthetitleproperornot?b)Canthereaderpredictthetopicandthemainideaofyouressay?c)Istheabstractwell-writtenornot?d)Doesitincludethepurposeofyouressay,theresearchmet
107、hodologyandthemajorfindingsorconclusions?e)Arethekeywordswell-selectedandcanthereadersfindyouressaythroughthekeywords?2)Theintroductionsectiona)Doesitaddressthetopicdirectly?b)Isthereaclearstatementofpurposeofyouressay?c)Doesitcontaintheresearchquestionsyouwanttostudy?d)Doesitincludealiteraturerevie
108、w?e)Doestheliteraturereviewprovidethereaderwithsufficientbackgroundinformationforthestudyofthetopic?f)Doyoulistpointswhichwillbecoveredinthebodysection?3)Theconcluasionsectiona)Doyoudividethebodysectionintoseveralpartswithaclearheadingforeachpart?b)Aretheseheadingslogicallylinkedandwritteninthesameg
109、rammaticalstructures?c)Istheresearchdesignclearlyandcompletelydescribedifitisprimaryresearch?d)Doesitincludesufficientinformationabouttheparticipants,instruments,data-collectionanddata-analysis?e)Aremajorarguments(forexample,effects,causesoradvantages)logicallyorganized?f)Aretheargumentswell-connect
110、edtoillustratethethesisintheintroductionsection?g)Aretheresearchquestionsyousetupinthebeginningclearlyanswered?4)Thebodysectiona)Aretheresearchquestionsfullyanswered?b)Isthereasummaryofchiefpointsillustratedinthebodysection?c)Doyourestatethepurposeoftheessaystatedintheintroduction?5)Topicsentencesa)
111、Iseachargumentexpressedbyacleartopicsentence?b)Istheparagraphlogicallyorganizedaroundthetopicsentence?c)Isthereanyirrelevantideaordetail?d)Istheideaofthetopicsentencefullydeveloped?6)Citation.a)Doyoudocumentthesourceswheneveryouborrowsomething,bothdirectquotationandparaphrasing?b)Doyouusethein-textd
112、ocumentationwhenthesourcematerialsarecopiedorparaphrased?c)Areyousurethatyourparaphrasingisrewritingsubstantiallyinsteadofchangesofafewwords?d)Areyousurethedirectquotationisusedlessandanindependentparagraphisusedtohighlightitifthequotationrunsmorethantwolines?7)Referencea)Areallthesourcesyouusedinth
113、eessaylistedinfulldetailinthereference?b)Doeseachcitationinthereferenceincludetheauthor,title,dateandplaceofpublicationandsometimespagenumbers?c)Arethecitationsarrangedinanalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames?d)Dothecitationsfollowonestyleconsistently?Task1readthefollowingcitationandreferenceinastude
114、ntspaperandanalyzetheproblemswiththemToeveryonessurprisetheuniverseisinfactexpandingfasterandfaster,whichisprovedbySatflPerlmutter,BrainSchmidtandAdamRiess.AccordingtoEinstein,theuniverseisstillandallthesameinpropertyineverydirection(AlbertEinstein,1917).ItisprovedtobewronglaterbyEdwinHubblewhenhedi
115、scoveredthattheuniverseisinfactexpanding(EdwinHubble,1929).In1946,FritzZwickydiscoveredthedarkmatterbyobservinglargegalaxy.Afterthat,theobservingthestarswiththehelpoftelescopehasbecomethenewpowerfulmethodologyofcosmology.Supernovaeisonekindofexplodingstarwhichisextremelybright.Alongwiththelightisthe
116、informationofouruniverse,suchasthedistanceoftheuniversesouterpart.MarioHamuy,theuniversityofChileledtheCalafi/Tololoproject,whichestablishedthebasisofthenewtechnologyusingthesupernovaetomeasurethespaceearlyinthe1990s(Hamuy,1993).Reference:AlbertEinstein.(1917)Thestudyoncosmologyaccordingtothetheoryo
117、fgeneralrelativity.InLiangyingXu,BaohengLi,ZhongliZhao(Eds.),CollectedWorksofEinstein(pp.351-363).TheCommercialPress(CP).20092ndedition.SaulPerlmutter,BrianP.Schmit(2004).Measuringcosmologywithsupernovae.RetrievedNovember202011,fromhttp:/arxiv.org/.MarioHamuy.(2011).ThekeyroleoftheCalafi/Tololoproje
118、ctinthediscoveryoftheacceleratingUniverse.RetrievedNovember2)/2011,fromhttp:/arxiv.org/.1 Noin-textdocumentationforthecitationofSaulPerlmutter,BrainSchmidtandAdamRiess.2 In-textparentheticdocumentationshouldusetheauthorslastnameonly.Sothecorrectuseshouldbelike(Einstein,1917),(Hubble,1929).3 Someauth
119、or(EdwinHubble,1929)ismissedinthereferencelist.4 Thecitationsarenotarrangedinanalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames.5 Thedatein(Hamuy,1993)isnotmatchedwiththereference:“MarioHamuy(2011)”.Unit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreadingl1)Sentencefragmentsl2)DanglingModifiersl3)AmbiguousPronounReferencel
120、4)ProblemsofAgreementl5)ProblemsofTensel6)ProblemsofArticlesl7)Uncountablenounsl8)Misusedwordsl9)Choppysentencesl10)Run-onsentencesUnit 5Writing an AcademicEssay10 Proofreading1)SentencefragmentsError:Therearemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wideningstreets,buildingsubwaysandsoon.Revised:Ther
121、earemanywaystoimprovecitytraffic.Forexample,wecanwidenstreets,buildsubwaysandsoon.Error:Hencecancerwillbethreatening.Becausecellsinapartofthebodyhasgrownoutofcontrol.Revised:Hencecancerwillbethreateningbecausecellsinapartofthebodyhasgrownoutofcontrol.Error:Wemustprotectourenvironment.Sincetheearthis
122、theonlyplacehumanbeingscanlivein.Revised:Wemustprotectourenvironment,sincetheearthistheonlyplacehumanbeingscanlivein.2)DanglingModifiersError:Ifcookedunhealthily,onecancatchsomedisease.Revised:Ifcookedunhealthily,healthyfoodwillcausesomedisease.Error:Comparingwithtraditionalfood,wedonotbenefitfromor
123、ganicfoodintermsofnutrition.Revised:Comparingwithtraditionalfood,organicfooddoesnotbenefitusmoreintermsofnutrition.3)AmbiguousPronounReferenceError:Someplantsalsocontaintumor-suppressorproteins.Theyhelptocurbthegrowthofcancercells.Revised:Someplantsalsocontaintumor-suppressorproteinswhichhelptocurbt
124、hegrowthofcancercells.Error:Freudstheorycontributedtothepopularityofdreaminterpretation,whichremainsunknowntousotherwise.Revised:Freudstheorycontributedtothepopularityoftheinterpretationofdreamwhichremainsunknowntousotherwise.4)ProblemsofAgreementError:Themainreasonfortheterminalcanceristhattheyared
125、iagnosedtoolate.Revised:Themainreasonfortheterminalcanceristhatitisdiagnosedtoolate.Error:Thehumanbiologicalclockactuallyfollowapatternofabout25hours.Revised:Thehumanbiologicalclockactuallyfollowsapatternofabout25hours.Error:Oneproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithnowarehowtousenaturalresourceseconomically
126、.Revised:Oneproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithnowishowtousenaturalresourceseconomically.5)ProblemsofTenseError:Butmanyoftheseexperimentssufferfrommultipleproblemssuchasthelackofcontrolgroup.Revised:Butmanyoftheseexperimentssufferedfrommultipleproblemssuchasthelackofcontrolgroup.Error:Geneticrevolutionbe
127、ginin1960sandmanymethodsformodifyingtheDNAofplantshavebeencreated.Revised:Geneticrevolutionbeganin1960sandmanymethodsformodifyingtheDNAofplantshavebeencreated.6)ProblemsofArticlesError:Iftherewerenoelectricpower,wewouldhavetodoeverythingbythehands.Revised:Iftherewerenoelectricpower,wewouldhavetodoev
128、erythingbyhand.Error:Thestudyfoundthattheairandthewaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Revised:Thestudyfoundthatairandwaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Error:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofmountainthanatbottomofit.Revised:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofamountaintha
129、natthebottomofit.Revised:Thestudyfoundthatairandwaterarenecessaryfortherapiddevelopmentofplantroots.Error:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofmountainthanatbottomofit.Revised:Theatmosphereisthinneratthetopofamountainthanatthebottomofit.7)UncountablenounsError:Manyevidenceshavebeengatheredagainstthegenet
130、icallymodifiedfood.Revised:Abundantevidencehasbeengatheredagainstthegeneticallymodifiedfood.Error:Furtherworksshouldbedonetoidentifythemanddevelopacompletesupervisionsystem.Revised:Furtherstudiesshouldbecarriedouttoidentifythemanddevelopacompletesupervisionsystem.Error:Scientistscantreachagreementsy
131、et,becausetheirrelationshipisverycomplicated.Revised:Scientistscantreachagreementyet,becausetheirrelationshipisverycomplicated.8)MisuasedwordsError:Atlast,thispaperendswiththeconclusionthattechnology,supervisionsystem,acautiousandobjectiveattitude,areallessentialtodealwiththeissue.Revised:Finallythi
132、spaperendswiththeconclusionthattechnology,supervisionsystem,acautiousandobjectiveattitude,areallessentialtodealwiththeissue.Error:Ourstudywillbedividedintotwoparts:Howtheproblemhasbeenraisedandwhatwayscanbeusedtoaddressit.Revised:Ourstudywillbedividedintotwoparts:Howtheproblemhasarisenandwhatwayscan
133、beusedtoaddressit.9)ChoppysentencesError:BroccoliisrichinvitaminCandhighinantioxidant.Itcanpreventthehumanbodyfrombeingdamagedbyoxidantenvironment.Revised:Broccoli,richinvitaminCandhighinantioxidant,canpreventthehumanbodyfrombeingdamagedbyoxidantenvironment.Error:Cloudcomputingisanewconcept.Itwasint
134、roducedinjustrecentyears.Itcanbecomparedtothesupplyofelectricityandgasortheprovisionoftelevisionandtelephone.Revised:Cloudcomputing,anewconceptintroducedinjustrecentyears,canbecomparedtothesupplyofelectricityandgasortheprovisionoftelevisionandtelephone.10)Run-onsentencesError:Geneticallymodifiedfood
135、hasbeenpartofourlife,however,whetheritisanangeloradevilisstillanopenissue.Revised:Geneticallymodifiedfoodhasbeenpartofourlife.However,whetheritisanangeloradevilisstillanopenissue.Error:TheInternetisalargesourceofinformationanditprovidesalmostanythingyouwanttoknowandsothenumberoftheusersisincreasingr
136、apidly.Revised:ThenumberoftheInternetusersisincreasingrapidlyastheInternet,alargesourceofinformation,providesalmostanythingonewantstoknow.Task2readthefollowingpartofastudentspaperandcorrectmistkesifyoufindanyE-Paper-APowerfulOpponentofTraditionalPaperAbstractThisstudyexaminedthedifferencebetweenE-pa
137、perandtraditionalwoodpaper.InordertofindwhetherE-paperwilltaketheplaceofwoodpaperinthefuture,wehaveadeepinspectionintotheworkingprinciples,functions,andapplicationsofdifferentkindofE-paper.WedemonstratehowE-paperiswidelyusednow.AtlastwepredictedthatE-paperwouldhaveabrightfutureandchangeourlifeinmany
138、areasaccordingtothehugesuccessithasachievednow.Butwehaveasuspensionaboutthesubstitutionforwoodpaper.1.IntroductionPaperisoneoftheoldestmediumforpeopletocommunicateideastoothers.Butnewtechnologieswhichmadeitnotasimportantaspastcame-paper.SowhatisE-paperindeed?Actuallyitisaconceptwhichwasexpressedasat
139、echnologydesignedtomimictheappearanceofordinaryinkonpaper.WhatIwanttoshowinmyessayisthecomparisonbetweentraditionalpaperandE-paper.AcomparisonbetweenE-paperandtraditionaldisplaytechnologywillberaisedandIwillgivetheprospectsofthispaperaccordingtothelatestinformation.2.ExpectationsforE-paperForanydisp
140、lays,thebasicfunctionisreadingability.Toordinarypaper,itisnotaproblembecauseitneednotworryabouttheresolution.ButforE-paper,thisisactuallyacorefocus.Youmaynotfeelthathowitdifferencetraditionalpaperfromyourcomputerscreen.However,whenyoucheckthedetailsofyourpictureoncomputerscreen,itisreallyblurandposs
141、iblymostofyoucannotbearit.Whythishappens?MostoftheelectronicscreensdesignednowuseLEDdisplaytechnology;massivecrystalscombinedintouniqueordersandthisshowyouthepattern.Sothequantityofthesecrystalswillmostlydecidethedefinition.Apartfromdefinition,scientificresearchshowsthattomeetthedemandsofourhumanbei
142、ngsreading,somepaaiculartargetshouldbemet,likecontrastratio,refinanceandothers.3.TheLatestTechnologiesChallengeTraditionalpaper4.ABrightFuturepfE-paperHowthenewtechnologiesareappliedandhowtheywillbeisabigquestion.Becauseitisrelatedtohowourpeopleseethisworld-readwoodpaperorscreens.Comparingwiththeold
143、woodpaper,thespecialadvantagesthatportability,hugeinformationsaving,individuationisactuallyattractive.AndcomparingwithtraditionalLEDscreen,itismorecomfortabletoread,thestableimage,wideviewingangle,highcontrastratio,high-resolutionallmakingitanexcellentdeviceforreadingenthusiasts!Soalotofnewproductsw
144、ithE-paperhavecometoourlife.5.ConclusionThoughtherearemanyweaknessfore-papernow-itisfragileandwecannotgetcolorfuldisplaywithlowprice-thetrendshowsthatitwillupdatequickinthefuture.Mostofuspossiblycannotimagineaworldwithoutwoodpaperbecausewehavebeenusedofitforthousandsofyears.Iamnowexpectingaprospectthatwecouldbringaportablelibraryandreadlikerealbookinanyplace.Ifyouwantknowhowsciencechangeourlife.Ithinkthisessaymayshowyoutheanswer.
