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1、科技文献阅读与翻译Scientific Literature Reading & TranslationScientific Literature Reading & Translation主讲人：许宁云博士副教授公共邮箱：Course Objectives:1) The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation, help them better understand the basic features and
2、 language requirements of various documentation, and further develop their ability of information acquisition. 2) Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation, so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropriately from English
3、to Chinese and vice versa. ContentsThe course consists of 15 units, covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges, etc.Course AssessmentFinal grade will be given on the basis of : 1) each students attendance and the participation in classroom activities;2) the u
4、nit assignments3) the final examination of reading comprehension and translation practice.Recommended/Optional Textbooks1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000. 2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译) ，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.Unit I General Description of Literature Reading and TranslationTopicalHig
5、hlightsuDefinition of LiteratureuClassification of LiteratureuLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureuSpecial Attention: The Translation of Documentation Definition of LiteratureA set of works on a particular sub
6、ject; printed material, esp. giving information; the body of writings on a particular subject (scientific literature)Classification of Literature1.Textbooks2.Monographs3.Papers4.Encyclopedias5.Periodicals6.SpecialDocumentationLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureuStylisticallyuGrammatically u
7、MorphologicallyuNon-verbal Translation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literature1. Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?TranslationTranslationistheinterpretationofthemeaningofatextinonelanguage(the“sourcetext”)andtheproduction,inanotherlanguage,ofanequivale
8、nttext(the“targettext”,or“translation”)thatcommunicatesthesamemessage.Eugene A. Nida(1914- ) 尤金 奈达Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language (接受语，译语）the closest natural equivalent of the source language（原语、源语）, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. Dynamic-Equiv
9、alence Theorybaptism of repentancerepent and be baptizedAlexander Fraser TytlerA translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the origi
10、nal composition. 以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation (1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则。2. Principles or Criteria of Translation严复复：信、达、雅信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance. The “three character guide” is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measu
11、re the professional level of translating.不爱红妆爱武装facethepowderandnottopowdertheface. 3. Literal Translation and Free TranslationLiteral Translation : phonetic, morphological, syntactic武装到牙齿armed to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁热打铁strike while the iron is hot血浓于水Blood is thicker than water鳄鱼的眼泪crocodilest
12、ears芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant FreeTranslationas timid as a hare 胆小如鼠wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪猪as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛牛talk horse 吹牛牛drink like a fish 牛牛饮Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green
13、in my eye?“literal” doesnt mean “word-for-word”街道街道妇女女应动员起来打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. 她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹公爹She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. 句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿“free” doesnt mean “casual”Itisatruthuniver
14、sallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.Spring,thesweetspringistheyearspleasantking.T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若Literal Translation or Free Translation?Donttakethelow-fatlabelasalicensetoeat.不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。Whatprinciplesshouldatranslator
15、abidebyinapplyingliteralandfreetranslation?4. Translation TechniquesDiction (选词用字）Amplification（增益）Omission （省略）Repetition （重复）Conversion （转换）Rearrangement （词序调整）Negation（正说反译、反说正译）Division（长句拆译）Special Attention: The Translation of DocumentationTreatthetranslationofeachkindofdocumentaryworksdiscrim
16、inatingly.StandardsStrictwording,stylisticformalityPatentdocumentsStereotypedexpression,formalpatternsTrademarksNovelty,uniquenessCopyrightworksRigidgrammarLegaldocuments,contract,agreementsStrictgrammar,syntaxProposals,reportsThematter-of-factattitudeGeneralknowledgeandknowledgeofthesubjectmatterPr
17、acticeItwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,it was the epoch of incredulity, it was theseason of Light, it was the season ofDarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthe winter of despair, we had everythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus,w
18、ewereallgoingdirecttoHeaven,wewereallgoingdirecttheother. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold ahand,lendanear,pataback,lightupaface,tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise achild, caress a sweetheart, toast a bride,welcomeastranger,waveagoodbye,shoutabravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease apa
19、in,boostamorale,stopaworryandstartatradition.Asanimportantmeansforpreservingknowledge, various literatures have becomeprecious resources for the mankind, which havegreatly contributed to the social progress ofhumanrace.Professionalliteratureshavebeenregardedasintangibleassetsofthewholeworldbecauseth
20、eyare,ononehand,thesummary,generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisof previousexperiencesorstudies, and ontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhanded down from generation to generation. Inthis sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures arerecordsofpreviousresearchfindingsand
21、academic achievements, and crystallization ofhumancivilization.As an important means for preservingknowledge,variousliteratureshavebecomepreciousresourcesforthemankind,whichhave greatly contributed to the socialprogressofhumanrace.Professional literatures have been regarded asintangibleassetsofthewh
22、oleworldbecausetheyare, on one hand, the summary, generalization,anddevelopmentoftheachievementobtainedonthebasisofpreviousexperiencesorstudies,andontheotherhand,theyhavebeenaccumulatedandhandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration.Inthissense,therefore,allkindsofliteraturesarerecords of previous research
23、findings andacademic achievements, and crystallization ofhumancivilization.Unit 2 StandardsLinguistic features of “standard”1)FormattedStructure2)FormalWording3)LegalTerm“shall”4)FrequentUseofAbbreviations5)MixedwithDrawingsandTablesStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailedtechnicalguidelines
24、used as a means of establishing uniformity in anarea of hardware or software development. Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophy is developed by a single company and, throughsuccessandimitation,becomessowidelyusedth
25、atdeviationfrom the norm causes compatibility problems or limitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsasHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteranintensivestudyofexisti
26、ngmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandards are later ratified or approved by a recognizedorganization and are adopted over time by consensus asproducts based on the standards become increasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous, includ
27、ing the ASCII character set, the RS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.Reflections and Practice1.Topicsforgroupdiscussion1)Whatdoesthepassagetellusabout?2)Whatisthedefactostandardsetting?2.Fillineachspacewithoneproperword.Standard, in relation compu
28、ters, is a set of detailedtechnicalguidelinesusedasaofestablishinguniformityin an area of hardware or software development. Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedinoftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalprocess,occurswhenaproductorphilosophy is developed by a single company and, throughsuccessandimi
29、tation,becomeswidelyusedthatdeviationfrom the norm causes compatibility problems or limitsmarketability.ThistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedbysuchproductsHayesmodemsandIBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocesswhichspecificationsaredraftedbyacooperativegrouporcommitteeafteran
30、intensivestudyofexistingmethods,approaches,andtechnologicaltrendsanddevelopments.Theproposedstandardsarelaterratifiedorbyarecognizedorganizationandareadoptedovertimebyconsensusproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincreasinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous,includingtheASCII
31、characterset,theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,and ANSI-standard programming languages, such as C andFORTRAN.Translation SkillsDiction用字遣词maritalstatus;immigrationstatus;cognitivestatus;socialstatusTensionisbuildingup.形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Wo
32、rd1)DeductionStopoutn.(U.S.)Astudentwhointerruptshiseducationtopursuesomeotheractivityforabriefperiod.辍学学生ChallengeToquestionthelawfulnessorrightnessof(sth.Orsb.)对表示怀疑，质疑；对提出异议2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3)ExtensionBottleneckItismorethantransienteverydayness.远非一时的柴米油盐问题。日常状态-柴米油盐4）Subs
33、titutionTo kill sb. as an example杀一儆百5）ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态Athrowawaysociety一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会6)CombinationSosubtle and careful anobserver一位如此精细的观察者Agrim and tragic Christmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7）PictographicTranslationH-beam工字梁O-ring环形圈U-steel槽钢V-belt三角皮带8）TransliterationWallStreetPentiumCloneTranslate
34、the PassageStandard,inrelationtocomputers,isasetofdetailed technical guidelines used as ameansofestablishinguniformityinanareaofhardwareorsoftwaredevelopment.对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。Computerstandardshavetraditionallydevelopedineitheroftwoways.Thefirst,ahighlyinformalproces
35、s,occurswhenaproductorphilosophyisdeveloped by a single company and, throughsuccess and imitation, becomes so widely usedthatdeviationfromthenormcausescompatibilityproblemsorlimitsmarketability.从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为
36、都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。Thistypeofdefactostandardsettingistypifiedby such products as Hayes modems and IBMPCs.Thesecondtypeofstandardsettingisafarmoreformalprocessinwhichspecificationsaredrafted by a cooperative group or committeeafter an intensive study of existing methods,approaches, and technologica
37、l trends anddevelopments.这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。The proposed standards are later ratified orapproved by a recognized organization and areadoptedovertimebyconsensusasproductsbasedonthestandardsbecomeincr
38、easinglyprevalentinthemarket.Standardsofthismoreformaltypearenumerous, including the ASCII character set, theRS-232-Cstandard,theSCSIinterface,andANSI-standardprogramminglanguages,suchasCandFORTRAN.随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，包括ASCII字符集，RS-232-C标准、SCSI接口，以及诸
39、如C语言和FORTRAN语言之类的ANSI-标准编程语言。Unit 3 Patents Questions 1.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?2.Whyshouldpatentedarticlesbemarkedwithpatentnumber?3.Whatdoes“patentpending”mean?4.Whatcanbefoundinanissuedpatent?Translation Skill: Amplification=additionAmatterofprinciple:Add/subtractmeaning1. Supplying om
40、itted words to convey the original meaning（1）Mattercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomatter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（2）Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepoorestthegreatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。2. Supplying necessary connectives（1）Heated,waterwillchangeintovapor.水如受热，就会气化。（2）Howevercarefullyboil
41、ercasingsandsteampipesaresealed,someheatescapesandislost.尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。3. Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns （1）Note that the words“velocity”and “speed”require explanation.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。 （2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群
42、山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。4. Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear (1) Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（2）Thislackofresistanceinverycoldmetalsmaybecomeusefulinelectroniccomputers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。5. Dictated by logic(1) Airpressuredecreaseswithaltitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）Thi
43、sshowsthattheresistanceofanelectricconductorisinverselyproportionaltoitscross-sectionarea.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。6. Supplying words of generalization (1) Thethesissummedupthenewachievementsmadeinelectroniccomputers,artificialsatellitesandrockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）Theprincipalfunctionsthatm
44、aybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation,anddetection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。7. For purposes of rhetoric or coherence (1) Thiscomputerisindeedcheapandfine.这台电脑真是价廉物美。（2）Heatfromthesunstirsuptheatmosphere,generatingwinds.太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。8. Repetition (1)
45、Avoidusingthiscomputerinextremecold,heat,dustorhumidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。（2）Ihadexperiencedoxygenand/orenginetrouble.我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。Amplification used in Chinese-English Translation1. Adding necessary connectives虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,whereasconceitmak
46、esonelagbehind.2. Adding necessary pronouns交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Beforehandinginyourtranslation,youhavetoreaditoverandoveragainandseeifthereisanythinginittobecorrectedorimproved.3. Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。Threecobblerswiththeirwitscombi
47、nedequalZhugeLiangthemastermind.Translationpractice1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using the technique of amplificationHistoriesmakemenwise;poetswitty;mathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。2. Put th
48、e following passage into ChineseOurpresentinventionrelatestoacircuitarrangementforcompensatingtemperature-dependentfrequencyvariationsofanoscillatorofthecrystal-controlledtypewhichgeneratesacarrierforthetranslationofmessagesbyfrequencymodulation.本发明涉及一种补偿电路，用以补偿晶体振荡器的频率随温度而发生的变化。这种振荡器产生的载波是用调频方式发送信息
49、的。3. Put the following passage into English美洲第一批发明专利是于1642年由殖民政府发布的。1790年美国的首批专利法根据宪法第一条第八款在国会获得通过，这项法令由一个三人委员会监督实施，这三人分别为美国国务卿、陆军部长和司法总长。InAmerica,thefirstpatentsforinventionswereissuedin1642bythecolonialgovernments.ThefirstU.S.patentlawswereenactedbyCongressin1790undertheauthorityofArticle1,Sectio
50、n8,oftheConstitution.ThePatentActof1790wasadministeredbyacommissioncomposedofthesecretaryofstate,thesecretaryofwar,andtheattorneygeneraloftheU.S.Unit 4 TrademarksTrademarks originated from the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale under the pretense that they are the goods of anot
51、her person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have been counterfeited and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted gold initials of L(ouis) V(uitton)
52、.The law recognizes trademarks as property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monopoly right in that it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way it protects other forms of private
53、 property. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition to its use that it be registered with the proper government agency.The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abandoning the use of the trademark or by
54、failing to renew registration. In countries where an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long as use has not been abandoned. Loss of a trademark right also occurs when it is transformed or when it degenerates into a household term. This has happened with such well
55、-known former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others. Questions 1.Whatarethemainpointsofthispassage?2.Whyatrademarkisneeded?3.Inwhatcases,thetrademarkrightislost?Trademarks originated _ the rule that no one has the right to have products for sale _ the p
56、retense that they are the goods of another person by either direct or indirect misrepresentation. This kind of unfair competition has become widespread. Some goods that have either large or exclusive markets have been _ and sold with trademarks similar to the originals, such as the imprinted gold in
57、itials of L(ouis) V(uitton).The law recognizes trademarks _ property and grants to the trader an exclusive right to use an individual mark. Thus the trademark has the characteristic of a special monopoly right in _ it prevents its use for another persons or companys goods in the same way it protects
58、 other forms of private property. The right to a trademark has traditionally arisen out of actual use of the mark. Most countries, however, demand in addition _ its use that it _ registered with the proper government agency.The easiest way to lose the right to a trademark is by abandoning the use of
59、 the trademark or by failing to renew registration. In countries _ an unregistered trademark has been acquired by use, the right continues so long _ use has not been abandoned. Loss of a trademark right also occurs when it is _ or when it degenerates into a household term. This has happened with suc
60、h well-known former trademark names as aspirin, cellophane, dry ice, shredded wheat, thermos, and others. Translation Skill: Omission1. Omission of the PronounHeputhishandsintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.他将双手放进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。2. Omission of the ArticleAnysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisasolid,a
61、liquid,oragas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。3. Omission of the PrepositionThe difference between the two machinesconsistsinpower.这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。4. Omission of the ConjunctionIf I had known the risk, I would not havejoinedinit.早知危险，我就不参加了。Like charges repel each other whileoppositechargesattract.同性电荷相斥，异性电
62、荷相吸。5. Omission of the VerbWhen the pressure gets low, the boiling-pointbecomeslow.气压低，沸点就低。6. Omission of the Impersonal Pronoun “It”Thisformulamakesiteasytodeterminethewavelengthofsounds.这一公式简化了声音波长的测定。C-E Translation质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电也不带负电。Aprotonhaspositivechargeandanelectronanegativecharge,bu
63、taneutronhasneither.她的朋友听到她家中的困难情况后，都主动伸出援助之手。After her friends heard about her familydifficulties, they offered her an helpinghand.花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。The garden was a paradise on earth, withmore food and clothes than could beconsumedandmoremoneythancouldbespent.Translation Pra
64、ctice1.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese,usingthetechniqueofomission.(1)Thetruejoyofjoysisthejoythatjoysinthejoyofothers.与人同乐，才是真乐。(2) These developing countries cover vastterritories, encompass a large populationandaboundinnaturalresources.这些发展中国家土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。这些发展中国家地大物博，人口众多。(3)TheKODAKFichere
65、ader321Aiseasytooperate, versatile, compact and has apleasingmoderndesign.柯达321A型微胶片阅读器操作简便，功能齐全，结构紧凑，造型美观。(4) Scientific exploration, the search forknowledge has given man the practicalresultofbeingabletoshieldhimselffromthecalamitiesofnatureandthecalamitiesimposedbyotherman.人类对科学的探索，对知识的寻求，其结果是使自己
66、具有了躲避天灾人祸的能力。(5)Therewasnohasteorrestlessnessinhismannerbutapoisedfriendliness.他从容不迫，和蔼可亲。（他举止不慌不忙，十分友好。）2. Put the following passage into ChineseAnyone who uses a mark so similar to aregisteredtrademarkthatitislikelytocausecustomerconfusionisaninfringerandcanbesuedinastateorfederalcourt.Indecidingw
67、hether there is infringement, the courtcompares the conflicting trademarks as tosimilarityinsound,appearance,andmeaning,andcomparesthesimilarityofthegoodsandservices.Anyone who uses a mark so similar to aregistered trademark that it is likely tocause customer confusion is an infringerandcanbesuedina
68、stateorfederalcourt.如何人使用与注册商标类似的标记，并由此可能会混淆顾客识别力的做法叫做侵权，会受到州法院或联邦法院的起诉。Indecidingwhetherthereisinfringement,thecourtcomparestheconflictingtrademarksasto similarity in sound, appearance, andmeaning,andcomparesthesimilarityofthegoodsandservices.法院在确定是否有侵权行为时，要对相关商标从声音、外形，以及意义等方面进行比较，还要比较其商品及服务的相似性。3.
69、 Put the following passage into English.商标通常是销售商或厂家的一种有价财产，因为它一方面象征着经销公司的声望，另一方面又是产品及服务的标志。因此，当某一公司及其资产被出售时，其商标既可以出售，又可以转让他人。只要具有有效的质量监控措施，商标亦可特许他人使用。绝大多数快餐店，如肯德基炸鸡或其它一些特许经营店，只要得到总公司的许可，都可使用总公司的商标。商标通常是销售商或厂家的一种有价财产，因为它一方面象征着经销公司的声望，另一方面又是产品及服务的标志。Atrademarkisoftenavaluablepropertyofa seller or manu
70、facturer, because it is thesymbolofthecompanysgoodwillandofitsproductsandservices.因此，当某一公司及其资产被出售时，其商标既可以出售，又可以转让他人。只要具有有效的质量监控措施，商标亦可特许他人使用。Thus,atrademarkcanbesoldorassignedwhenacompanyanditsassetsaresold.Itcanalsobelicensedtootherstouseaslongasqualitycontrolprovisionsareineffect.绝大多数快餐店，如肯德基炸鸡或其它
71、一些特许经营店，只要得到总公司的许可，都可使用总公司的商标。Most fast-food outlets, such as KentuckyFriedChicken,orotherfranchisedbusinessesare licensed to use the trademark of theparentcompany.Unit 5 CopyrightsCopyright registration is a legal formality intended to make a publicrecord of the basic facts of a particular copyrigh
72、t. Except in specificsituations,registrationisnotaconditionforprotection,butthecopyrightlawprovidesseveralinducementsoradvantagestoencouragecopyrightownerstoregister.Amongthesearethefollowing:Registrationestablishesapublicrecordofthecopyrightclaim.Beforeaninfringementsuitmaybefiledincourt,registrati
73、onisnecessaryforworksof U.S. origin and for foreign works not originating in a Berne Unioncountry.Ifmadebeforeorwithin5yearsofpublication,registrationwillestablishprimafacieevidenceincourtofthevalidityofthecopyrightandofthefactsstatedinthecertificate.Ifregistrationismadewithin3monthsafterpublication
74、oftheworkorpriortoaninfringementofthework,statutorydamagesandattorneysfeeswillbeavailabletothecopyrightownerincourtactions.Otherwise,onlyanawardofactualdamagesandprofitsisavailabletothecopyrightowner.Copyright registration allows the owner of the copyright to record theregistration with the U.S. Cus
75、toms Service for protection against theimportationofinfringingcopies.Registrationmaybe madeat any time within the life of the copyright.Whenaworkhasbeenregisteredinunpublishedform,makinganotherregistrationwhentheworkbecomespublishedisunnecessary(althoughthecopyrightownermayregisterthepublishededitio
76、n,ifdesired).Questions 1.Whatsthetopicofthepassage?2.Whatarethemainpointsofthepassage?3.Whatsthepurposeofcopyrightregistration?4.Afteranunpublishedworkisregistered,isitnecessarytogetthepublishededitionregistered?5.Whatdoes“primafacie”possiblymean?6.HowdoestheU.S.preventpeoplefromcarryinginfringingco
77、piesoutofthecountry?Copyright registration is a legal formality intended to make a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright. Except _ specific situations, registration is not a condition for protection, but the copyright law provides several _ or advantages to encourage copyright o
78、wners to register. Among these are the following:Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim. Before an infringement suit may be _ in court, registration is necessary for works of U.S. origin and _ foreign works not originating in a Berne Union country.If made before or within 5
79、years of publication, registration will establish prima facie evidence in court _ the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate.If registration is _ within 3 months after publication of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and attorneys fees
80、will be _ to the copyright owner in court actions. _, only an award of actual damages and profits is available to the copyright owner. Copyright registration allows the owner of the copyright to record the registration with the U.S. Customs Service for protection _ the importation of infringing copi
81、es.Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright. When a work has been registered in unpublished _, making another registration when the work becomes published is unnecessary (although the copyright owner may register the published edition, if desired). Translation Skill: Con
82、version Familiesupstairshavetocarrypailstothehydrantdownstairsforwater.住在楼上的家家户户都得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。1. Conversion into Verbs1) Conversion of nouns into verbsThesightandsoundofourjetplanesfilledmewithspeciallonging.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。Rocketshavefoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.火箭已经用
83、来探索宇宙。2) Conversion of prepositions into verbsAforceisneededtomoveanobjectagainstinertia.为使物体克服惯性而运动，就需要一个力。3) Conversion of adjectives into verbsDoctorshavesaidthattheyarenotsuretheycansavehislife.医生说他们不敢肯定救得了他的命。2. Conversion into Nouns1) Verbs into nounsSuchmaterialsarecharacterizedbygoodinsulati
84、onandhighresistancetowear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。2) Adjectives into nounsInthefissionprocessesthefissionfragmentsareveryradioactive.在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性。3) Pronouns into nounsThespecificresistanceofironisnotsosmallasthatofcopper.铁的电阻系数不如铜的电阻系数那样小。3. Conversion into Adjectives1) Nouns into adjectivesIndep
85、endentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.学习中的独立思考是绝对必要的。Thepallorofherfaceindicatedclearlyhowshewasfeelingatthemoment.她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。2) Adverbs into adjectivesEarthquakesarecloselyrelatedtofaulting.地震与断裂运动有密切的关系。Itisdemonstratedthatgasesareperfectlyelastic.已经证实，气体具有理想的弹性。4. Conversion into Adv
86、erbs1) Adjectives into adverbsAhelicopterisfreetogoalmostanywhere.直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。2) Nouns and verbs into adverbsThenewmayorearnedsomeappreciationbyhiscourtesyincomingtovisitthecitypoor.新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。Rapidevaporationattheheating-surfacetendstomakethesteamwet.加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。C-E T
87、ranslation林则徐认为，要成功地制止鸦片买卖，就得把鸦片焚毁。LinZexubelievedthatasuccessfulbanofthetradeinopiummustbeprecededbythedestructionofthedrugitself.大会主席说：“一定要少说空话，多做工作。”Thechairmanpresidingovertheconferencesaid,“Theremustbelessemptytalkandmorehardwork.”他们不顾一切困难和挫折，坚持战斗。Theykeptonfightinginspiteofalldifficultiesandse
88、tbacks.该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。Theproductsofthisfactoryarechieflycharacterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurality.Translation Practice1. Translate the following sentences, using the technique of conversion.1)Withthepassageoftime,myadmirationforhimgrewmoreandmore.随着时间的消逝，我对他越来越敬慕。Theapplicationofelectronic
89、computermakesatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.电子计算机的运用大大地提高了劳动生产率。3)Independentobservershavecommentedfavorablyontheachievementyouhavemadeinthisdirection.有独立见解的观察者们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很高的评价。徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。XuBeihongsdrawingsofhorsesareexceptionallygood.社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力。Socialistrevolutionaimsatliberatingthe
90、productiveforces.他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量。Inhisspeechhelaidspecialstressonraisingthequalityoftheproducts.2. Put the following sentences into Chinese.Thetermworkusedincopyrightlawreferstoanyoriginalcreationofauthorshipfixedinatangiblemedium.版权法中“作品”一词指的是以固定形式存在于有形媒介的原作者的创作物。Thesebasicexclusiverightsofcopyrigh
91、townersaresubjecttoexceptionsdependingonthetypeofworkandthetypeofusemadebyothers.版权拥有者的以上种种基本专有权也有例外的情况，这往往要根据作品的种类以及他人怎样使用作品而定。3. Put the following into English.版权这种财产与众不同，因为它旨在为公众所享受。如果一个读者买一本版权受保护的书，这本书就归其所有。但是如果他将此书复制出售或散发，那便属非法。因为这种权利属出版商、作者或拥有其版权的所有人。This type of property is unusual because it
92、 isnormallyintendedforpublicuseorenjoyment.Ifanindividualbuysacopyrightedbook,itbelongstohimasanobject.Butmakingcopiesofittosellorgiveawayisillegal.Thisrightbelongstothepublisher,author,orwhoeverholdsthecopyright.Unit 6 Contracts and Agreement Foracontracttobevalid,bothpartiesmustgivetheirassent.The
93、ymustactinsuchawaythattheotherpeopleinvolvedbelievetheirintentionistomakeacontract.Thusapersonwhoisclearlynotsincereinsayingthatheorsheacceptsanofferusuallyisnotheldtoacontractbythecourts.Ontheotherhand,apersonwhosecretlyhasnointentionofmakingacontractbutwhoactsinamannerthatleadspeopletobelievehe or
94、 she had, may be held to a contract. Legally, it is the externalappearancethatdeterminewhetheroneisheldtoacontract.Thecontractofapersonwhoismentallyillorsointoxicatedasnottobecapableofafreeexerciseofwillissometimessaidtobewhollyvoid.Inrecent cases, however, such contracts have usually been regarded
95、asmerelyvoidable.Thecontractofaminor,usuallyapersonundertheageof18,isalsovoidable.Incaseofabreachofcontract,theinjuredpartymaygotocourttosuefor money damages or for specific performance if money damageswouldnotcompensateforthebreach.Specificperformanceofacontractis the right by onecontracting party
96、to have the other contradictingpartyperformthecontractaccordingtotheprecisetermsagreedupon.Questions1.Thetopicandmainpointsofthepassage.2.Whatsthebasicrequirementforacontracttobevalid?3.Whatisthedifferencebetween“whollyvoid”and“merelyvoid”?Translation Skill: RestructuringHeart-warming暖人心的EastChina华东
97、Rainorshine无论晴雨 elementaryandhighschools中小学privateandpublic公私衣食住行Food,clothing,shelterandtransportation悲喜交集HavemixedfeelingsofjoyandsorrowJoysandsorrows,partingsandreunions悲欢离合钢铁社会主义现代化强国Amodern,powerfulsocialistcountry一位杰出的美国现代作家AnoutstandingcontemporaryAmericanwriter我还从来没有签署过这样重要的合同。NeverhaveIsign
98、edsoimportantacontractyet.因此，我们并不认为，他们必须或者应当采取中国的做法。Therefore,wedonotmaintainthattheyshouldormustadopttheChineseway.WeatetoourheartscontentatherhomelastSunday.我们上星期天在她家饱餐一顿。Theydiscussedtheplananimatedlyintheclassroomyesterdayafternoon.他们昨天下午在教室里热烈讨论这一计划。ButwithoutAdolfHitler,whowaspossessedofademon
99、iacpersonality,granitewill,uncannyinstincts,acoldruthlessness,aremarkableintellect,asoaringimaginationand-untiltowardtheend,whendrunkwithpowerandsuccess,heoverreachedhimself-anamazingcapacitytosizeuppeopleandsituations,therewouldalmostcertainlyneverhavebeenaThirdReich.然而，如果没有阿道夫希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国，因
100、为阿道夫希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗岩般的意志、异乎寻常的本能、冷酷无情的心肠、非凡的智力、高超的想象力以及对人和局势惊人的判断力只是到了最后，他被权力和胜利冲昏了头脑，失去了这种判断力，从而不自量力，招致了失败。例4：Tohimthereissomethingdivineinthesympatheticindulgenceshesubstitutesfortheangrydisgustwithwhichoneofhisowncountrywomenresenthissupposedcondition.要是一个英国女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么烂醉，她就会对他又恼怒，又厌恶，而娜拉对他却是又
101、同情又宽容，他在这中间看出了一点神圣的品质。英语先表态，后摆情况，而译文按汉语逻辑习惯，先说明事情本末，再表示看法。ItisafactthattheformerU.S.S.Rhasdisintegratedintoanumberofsmall,independent,states.ItisabsurdthatsomepoliticiansareintoxicatedwithseeminglyglobalaffluencewhensomanyAfricanpeoplearestarving. They remarked now he took adifferent seat from that
102、which heusuallyoccupiedwhenhechosetoattenddivineworship.For all they knew, he could have been acreature from outer space. Some wantedhim shot as a Yankee spy, but theconsensus was first to learn more aboutthestrange-lookingcharacterdressedinatallsilkhatandalargefrockcoat,whohadseemingly dropped from
103、 the sky out ofnowhere.一般来说，合同既可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。不过，为了便于执行起见，有些合同必须采用书面形式，并需签字。这些合同包括不动产的出售和转让合同，对执行计划失败（miscarriage），拖欠债务或对他人的违约（default）作出保证、负责赔偿的合同，等等。一般来说，合同既可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。不过，为了便于执行起见，有些合同必须采用书面形式，并需签字。Ingeneral,contractsmaybeeitheroralorwritten.Certainclassesofcontracts,however,inordertobeenforce
104、able,mustbewrittenandsigned.这些合同包括不动产的出售和转让合同，对执行计划失败（miscarriage），拖欠债务或对他人的违约（default）作出保证、负责赔偿的合同，等等。Theseincludecontractsinvolvingthesaleandtransferofrealestate;contractstoguaranteeortoanswerforthemiscarriage,debt,ordefaultofanotherperson.Unit 7 Tender Documents The tender and all documents and c
105、orrespondence relating to the tender exchanged by the tenderer and the Purchaser shall be in the language of the tender as specified in the Tender Data. Supporting documents and printed literature furnished by the tenderer may be in another language provided they are accompanied by an accurate trans
106、lation of their pertinent passages in the language of the tender, in which case, for purposes of interpretation of the tender, the translation shall govern. The tenderer shall prepare the required number of copies of the tender as specified in the Tender Data, clearly marking each “ORIGINAL TENDER”
107、and “COPY OF TENDER” as appropriate. In the event of any discrepancy between them, the original shall govern. The original and all copies of the tender shall be typed or written in indelible ink and shall be signed by the tenderer or a person or persons duly authorised to sign on behalf of the tende
108、rer. The name and position held by each person signing must be typed or printed below the signature. Such authorisation shall be established by written Power of Attorney accompanying the tender. All pages of the tender, except for unamended printed literature, shall be initialled by the person or pe
109、rsons signing the tender. The tenderers shall seal the original and each copy of the tender in separate envelopes, duly marking the envelopes as “ORIGINAL TENDER” and “COPY OF TENDER”. The envelopes shall then be sealed in an outer envelope. Tenders must be received by the Purchaser at the address s
110、tipulated in paragraph 16.2 no later than the time and date specified in the Tender Data. The Purchaser may extend this deadline for the submission of tenders by amending the tender documents in accordance with paragraph 8.1, in which case all rights and obligations of the Purchaser and tenderers pr
111、eviously subject to the original deadline will thereafter be subject to the deadline as extended.Questions1.Thetopicandmainpointsofthepassage.2.In the event of any discrepancy between them, the original shall govern.What does the underlined word mean? 3. True or false: The deadline for the submissio
112、n of tenders cannot be changed. 4. True or false: All pages of the tender shall be initialled by the person or persons signing the tender. The tender and all documents and correspondence relating to the tender exchanged by the tenderer and the Purchaser _ be in the language of the tender as specifie
113、d in the Tender Data. Supporting documents and printed literature furnished by the tenderer may be in another language _ they are accompanied by an accurate translation of their pertinent passages in the language of the tender, in which case, _ purposes of interpretation of the tender, the translati
114、on shall govern. The tenderer shall prepare the required number of copies of the tender _ specified in the Tender Data, clearly marking each “ORIGINAL TENDER” and “COPY OF TENDER” as appropriate. _ the event of any discrepancy between them, the original shall govern. The _ and all copies of the tend
115、er shall be typed or written in indelible ink and shall be signed by the tenderer or a person or persons duly authorised to sign _ behalf of the tenderer. The name and position held by each person signing must be typed or printed below the signature. Such authorisation shall be established by writte
116、n Power of Attorney accompanying the tender. All pages of the tender, except _ unamended printed literature, shall be _ by the person or persons signing the tender. The tenderers shall seal the original and each copy of the tender in separate envelopes, duly marking the envelopes _ “ORIGINAL TENDER”
117、 and “COPY OF TENDER”. The envelopes shall then be sealed in an outer envelope. Tenders must be received by the Purchaser at the address stipulated in paragraph 16.2 _later than the time and date specified in the Tender Data. The Purchaser may extend this deadline for the submission of tenders by am
118、ending the tender documents _ accordance with paragraph 8.1, in which case all rights and obligations of the Purchaser and tenderers previously subject _ the original deadline will _ be subject to the deadline as extended.Translation Skill: Passive VoiceAsoilisoftenfoundinthegrounditspresencecannotb
119、edeterminedbyastudyofthesurface.Consequently,ageologicalsurveyoftheundergroundrockstructuremustbecarriedout.If it is thought that the rocks in a certain areacontainoil,a“drillingrig”isassembled.Themostobviouspartofadrillingrigiscalled“aderrick”.Itisusedtoliftsectionsofpipe,whichareloweredintothehole
120、madebythedrill.Astheholeisbeingdrilled,asteelpipeispusheddowntopreventthesides from falling in. If oil is struck, a cover isfirmlyfixedtothetopofthepipeandtheoilisallowedtoescapethroughaseriesofvalves.由于石油深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定有没有石油。因此对地下岩层结构必须进行地质探测。如果认为某地区的岩层含石油，则在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫“井架”。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入
121、由钻头打出的孔中。当孔钻成后，放入钢管以防孔壁坍塌。如钻探到石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，让石油通过一系列阀门流出。 英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中被动语态几乎随处可见,这是因为：（1）被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩更少主观色彩，科技论著注重客观事实，需要这种特性； （2）被动结构更能突出主要特征突出主要特征，说明对象，引人注目； （3）在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。 而汉语中的被动结构却不那么常见，因为从习惯上讲，汉语中的“被”、“遭”、“受”、“挨”等字眼总是给人不那么舒服的感觉，因此在英汉翻译时，往往要尽量将被尽量将被动语态化化为主主动结构构。Communica
122、tions satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.译文：全世界都将通信文：全世界都将通信卫星用于国星用于国际间的的实况况转播播具体来说，对于英语原文的被动结构，一般可采取下列的方法:1. 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。例如:例1.Theoldwomansbodywasfoundattheendofthealley.老妇人的尸体在小巷尽头发现了。例2Inthemovemostof
123、thefurniturewaslefttotheneighborsordistributedamongfriends.搬家时大部分家具要么留给了邻居，要么分给了朋友。(2) 将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语，同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentevents,allowsonetofollowthelatestdevelopmentsinscienceandpolitics,andoffersanendlessseriesofprogramswhicharebothinstruct
124、iveandentertaining.人们常说，电视使人了解时事，熟悉政治和科学领域的最新发展变化，并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。另外，下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:Itisassertedthat有人主张；Itisbelievedthat有人认为；Itisgenerallyconsideredthat大家(一般人)认为；Itiswellknownthat大家知道(众所周知)；Itwillbesaid有人会说；Itwastoldthat有人曾经说。(3) (3) 翻译成汉语的无主句。翻译成汉语的无主句。例如例如: 例例1. American prisoners ar
125、e permitted to receive Red Cross food parcels. 允允许美国俘美国俘虏领取取红十字会的食品包裹。十字会的食品包裹。例例2.When (it is) seen through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge. 用望用望远镜看，太阳接近看，太阳接近边缘的部分的部分显得略暗。得略暗。例例3.One must admit that a good deal of discontent is reflected in those statistics. 必必须承承认，这些些统计数字反映了数字反映
126、了许多不多不满情情绪。2. 译成汉语的被动式。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”,“给”,“遭”,“挨”,“为所”,“使”,“由”,“受到”等表示。例如:例1.Hispassportwasconfiscatedbythepolice.他的护照被被警方没收了。例2.Anyminutewewouldsurelybespottedbyenemyplanesflyinginandoutoftheairfield.我们随时都会被被出入机场的敌机发现。例3.Thespaceshipwillbetotallycontrolledbyanon-boardelectroniccomputer.
127、这艘宇宙飞船将完全由由机载电子计算机控制。Translation Practice1.Allbidswillbeopenedatthetimeandplacegiveninaformalnotice,wheneachbiddersactualpriceandestimatedpricewillbepubliclyannounced.开标的时间和地点以正式公布为准。届时将公布每个投标者的投标价和投标者的估计价。Translate the following into English业主在截标前28天前收到投标者提出的澄清要求后将以书面形式予以答复。该答复的书面复印件将被送至所有已获得招标文件的投
128、标者。Theemployerwillrespondinwritingtoanyrequestforclarificationwhichisreceivedmorethan28dayspriortothedeadlineforsubmissionoftenders.Writtencopiesoftheresponsewillbesenttoalltenderswhohavepickedupthetenderdocuments.Unit 8 ProposalsThestudentsshouldseetheproposalasatoolthatallowsthemtodefine,atleastwi
129、thregularprecision,theresearchworkperformed.Justasthehunteraimshisriflebeforefiring,thestudentsmustmaketheproposalbeforepreparingtheirdissertation.Inaddition,byhavingtheproposal,thestudentsacquirethepermissiontogetcrownedwithsuccessfulacademicefforts.Itisacontractbetweenthestudentandtheuniversitywhe
130、reitisdefinedasthefutureleveloftheresearch,thus,isalsoamechanismtoevaluatetheworkdone.Thefirststeptorealizeinadissertationproposalistobeacquaintedwithyoursupervisor.Inthediscussionswiththeadviser,thestudentwillfindhowdifficultitisgenerateappealingandobjectivelymeasuredtimeandeffortsrequiredtofinisht
131、heproposalpaperfordissertation.Theadvantageoftalkingwiththefacultyadvisoristhepossibilitythatitistheonewhocangivethebestandpracticalideas.Ifstudentschooseatopicproposedbytheteacher,itishighlylikelythatthestudentwillhaveadviserscontinuedsupportbecausethestudentswillbedoingtheresearchthatintereststhes
132、upervisoraswell.Onthecontrary,theideasthatinterestonlythestudentareoftennotapriorityfortheprofessorwhoattimesgivesprioritytootheractivitiesinsteadofattendingfirstthestudent.Itisveryimportantthattheproposalisproperlywordedandfreeofspellingmistakes.Youcannotexpectthereaderstounderstandadocumentifitism
133、isspelled.Furthermore,abadlywrittendocumentantagonizesthereadersagainstitscontents.Asthestudentneedshelpandadvicebyteacher,everyoneshouldkeepwordinginthebestpossiblyunderstandablemanner.Questions 1.Thetopicandmainpointsofthepassage.2.Inaddition,byhavingtheproposal,thestudentsacquirethepermissiontoge
134、tcrownedwithsuccessfulacademicefforts.Thestudentsshouldseetheproposal_atoolthatallowsthemtodefine,atleastwithregularprecision,theresearchworkperformed.Just_thehunteraimshisriflebeforefiring,thestudentsmustmaketheproposalbeforepreparingtheirdissertation.Inaddition,_havingtheproposal,thestudentsacquir
135、ethepermissiontogetcrownedwithsuccessfulacademicefforts.Itisacontractbetweenthestudentandtheuniversity_itisdefinedasthefutureleveloftheresearch,thus,isalsoamechanismtoevaluatetheworkdone.Thefirststeptorealizeinadissertationproposalis_beacquaintedwithyoursupervisor.Inthediscussionswiththeadviser,thes
136、tudentwillfind_difficultitisgenerateappealingandobjectivelymeasuredtimeand_requiredtofinishtheproposalpaperfordissertation.Theadvantageoftalkingwiththefacultyadvisoristhepossibilitythatitistheonewhocangivethebestandpracticalideas.Ifstudentschooseatopicproposedbytheteacher,itishighlylikelythatthestud
137、entwillhaveadviserscontinuedsupportbecausethestudentswillbedoingtheresearchthatintereststhesupervisoraswell._thecontrary,theideasthatinterestonlythestudentareoftennota_fortheprofessorwhoattimesgivesprioritytootheractivitiesinsteadofattendingfirstthestudent.Itisveryimportantthattheproposalisproperlyw
138、ordedandfreespellingmistakes.Youcannotexpectthereaderstounderstandadocumentitismisspelled.Furthermore,abadlywrittendocumentantagonizesthereadersitscontents.Asthestudentneedshelpandadvicebyteacher,everyoneshouldkeepwordinginthebestpossiblyunderstandablemanner.TranslationSkills:英语否定结构的翻译英语否定结构的翻译带否定意义
139、的词是比较容易译错的，有的是因为否定是隐性的；有的是因为否定的射向不同；有的是由于否定的范围和重心不易确定。 1隐形否定此类否定既无特定句型，又无否定词，其否定含义多为习惯用语或引申义，颇为费解，也最易出错，切不可望文“生译”，如：Catchmemakingthesameerroragain.我决不再犯同样的错误。Heisbraverthanwise他有勇无谋。Heiswiserthantoriskhismoneyinthatundertaking他不会蠢到投资那项事业的地步。Ihaveyettohearthestory.我还没听说过这件事情。（havenotyetdone)Shecertai
140、nlyknowsbetterthantotacklesuchaproblembyherself她很明白不能独自去解决这个问题。Itsanyonesguess.这事谁也不清楚。Hewouldbethelastmantosaysuchthings他决不会说这样的话。ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou我万万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。2否定词的射向在汉语中，往往否定什么，否定词就放在什么前面。而英语并不完全一致。英语中有这样一种情况，当用think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,anticipate,guess等动词后，后面
141、的宾语从句若是否定时，其否定词往往从从句转移到高一级的语言形式上主句的谓语动词上。He doesnt expect we need worry.他他认为我我们不必着急。不必着急。But you cannot say this of Fowlers Dictionary of Modern English Usage. It is a valuable work. I do not think anyone writes so well that he cannot learn much from it.但是，福勒的但是，福勒的现代英代英语用法辞典用法辞典却不却不是是这种情况。种情况。这是一本很
142、有价是一本很有价值的的书。我。我认为，任何人，无，任何人，无论文章写得多好，他也文章写得多好，他也会从中得到会从中得到许多益多益处。3. 否定的范围和重心否定的范围和重心(Scope and key points of negation)(Scope and key points of negation)汉语中凡处在否定词后面的，都处于否定的范围之内。而英语则有所不同，也就是说，否定词后面的，有可能都处于否定的范围之内，也有可能某些成分在否定范围之外。Buttwosystemsarenotnecessarilyidentical,orevenverysimilarbecausetheyhave
143、somepropertiesincommon.但是这两个系统并不因为有某些共同的特性就一定是完全相同的，或者是十分相似的。还有，all,every,each,both,total,whole,always等词用在否定句中表示部分否定。Hecannotdriveallofthecars.他不是每种汽车都能开。Boththeinstrumentsarenotprecisionones.这两件仪器只有一件是精密仪器。课堂练习课堂练习心脏和胃一样不能思维，都受大脑支配。（“nomorethan翻译成汉语“和一样不”）1.Theheartisnomoreintelligentthanthestomach
144、,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.与其说他输了比赛是多次被击中，不如说是自己缺乏斗志。（“notsomuchas”翻译成“与其说，不如说”）2.Itwasnotsomuchthemanyblowshereceivedasthelackoffightingspiritthatledtohislosingthegame.Idonotbelievethathewillcomeearly.我相信他不会早来。Theenginedidnotstopbecauseitburntout.这台发动机并不是因为烧坏而停止运转的。Wehaventcalledthemeetingtodiscussthisquestion.我们开会并不是为了讨论这个问题。（也可以理解为：我们没有开会讨论这个问题。）他们认为不必将这些电池重新充电。Theydonotthinkthatitisnecessarytorechargethesecells.
