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1、1Nervous system2 The nervous system and the endocrine 分泌system coordinate and control the body. Together they regulate our responses to the environment and maintain homeostasis内环境稳定. Whereas the endocrine system functions by means of hormones, the nervous system functions by means of electric impuls
2、es电脉冲. For study purposes, the nervous system may be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord脊髓, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord.-stasis: 稳定，停止31. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3、 autonomic nervous system自主神经系统: which controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands sympathetic nervous system交感神经系统 parasympathetic nervous system副交感神经系统 somatic nervous system躯体神经系统: control the skeletal muscle sensory nerve fibers感觉神经纤维 :sense internal and external changes and transmit thes
4、e signals to CNS motor nerve fibers运动神经纤维 : carry signals to skeletal muscles to produce action4 The sympathetic nervous system motivates our response to stress, the so-called “fight-or-flight” response. It increases heart rate and respiration rate, stimulates the adrenal gland, and delivers more bl
5、ood to skeletal muscles骨骼肌. The parasympathetic system returns the body to a steady state and stimulates maintenance activities, such as digestion of food. Most organs are controlled by both systems and, in general, the two systems have opposite effects on a given organ.52.Nervous tissue树突轴突突触6neuro
6、ns: transmit nerve messages 神经细胞，神经元glial cells: surround neurons and serve as supportive, nutritive facilities 胶质细胞3.Structure of a common neuron dendrites(树突): receive stimuli or message from other cells, and transmit the message to the cell bodycell body（细胞体）: contains nucleus, mitochondria线粒体 an
7、d other organellesaxon(轴突)：conduct message away from the cell bodySynapse(突触)即轴突的末端：the connection between a nerve cell axon and target cells靶细胞, which may be other nerve cells, muscle cells, or gland cells. At the synapse the axon releases neurotransmitter that relay the transmission of nerve impul
8、se73. Direction of nerve message transmission84.Structure of synaptic cleft突触囊泡神经递质受体突触间隙Bind 结合Stimulate 激活9 5. Receptor, agonist激动剂 (stimulator) and antagonist拮抗剂 (blocker) Receptor is a molecule (usually a protein) that spans a cell membrane and “receive” extracellular signals and transmits them
9、into the cell. Membrane-bound receptors have at least two or three domains 结构域: an extracellular domain 胞外结构域 that receives the signal; a membrane-spanning domain 跨膜结构域 that is hydrophobic 疏水的 in character and a cytoplasmic domain 胞质结构域 that transmit the signal into the cell. Agonist is a molecule t
10、hat can bind with and stimulate the receptor, thus mimicking the function of naturally occurring neurotransmitter. Antagonist is a molecule that can bind with receptor but without stimulation, it can inhibit the function of naturally occurring neurotransmitter by competitive binding.10Important morp
11、hemes重要词素n n para= beside, alongside 旁边，副n n thyroid甲状腺 & parathyroid甲状旁腺 parathyroids are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone. Humans have four parathyroid glands, which are usually located behind the thyroid gland 11n n paracrine旁分泌: release hormones that can act on
12、 adjacent cells or surrounding tissues rather than into the bloodstream血液循环n n endocrine:secrete regulatory substances that are released directly into the circulation n n exocrine外分泌: secreting outwardly through a duct管道 to the surface of an organ or tissue 如：唾液腺salivary gland 泪腺 汗腺n n autocrine自分泌:
13、 secretes a hormone, or chemical messenger that affect on the same cell type相同类型的细胞12n nSomat/oSomat/o= body= body microsomiamicrosomia侏儒症侏儒症: :abnormal smallness of the abnormal smallness of the whole body, as in dwarfism whole body, as in dwarfism somatotropin somatotropin人体生长激素人体生长激素: hormone tha
14、t can : hormone that can promote body growth troph promote body growth troph 营养营养 atroph atroph 萎缩萎缩tropin tropin 激素激素n n neur/oneur/o=nerve=nerve neurotransmitter neurotransmitter neuron neuron neurocyteneurocyte neurocytoma neurocytoma 神经细胞瘤神经细胞瘤 13n n synsyn= together, with= together, with synaps
15、esynapse synthesis synthesis syndrome syndrome n n auto= self, auto= self, automatic automobileautomobile auto- auto-analyseranalyser autoantibodyautoantibody自身抗体自身抗体 & autoimmune & autoimmune diseasedisease自身免疫疾病自身免疫疾病: : Antibodies are normally produced in response to a foreign Antibodies are norm
16、ally produced in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body, typically a protein or substance within the body, typically a pathogenpathogen病原体病原体( (infectiousinfectious organismorganism). Normally, the immune system is able to ). Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and i
17、gnore the bodys own cells.recognize and ignore the bodys own cells. Sometimes, however, the immune system ceases to recognize Sometimes, however, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the bodys normal constituents as self, leading to one or more of the bodys normal constituents as sel
18、f, leading to production of production of autoantibodiesautoantibodies. These . These autoantibodiesautoantibodies attack the bodys attack the bodys own cells, tissues, and/or organs, causing inflammation and damageown cells, tissues, and/or organs, causing inflammation and damage 合成自身的，自动的综合症突触汽车自动
19、分析仪14brainn nCerebr/oCerebr/o : : cerebrum 大脑 cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血 cerebralgia （疼痛）头疼 cerebrovascular 脑血管的n cran/o:cranium 头颅，头盖骨 epicranium 头皮 hemicrania 偏头痛，半无脑畸形n phren/o: mind, intelligence 精神，智力精神，智力 bradybradyphreniaphrenia（慢）智力迟钝（慢）智力迟钝 tachytachyphrenia phrenia （快）精神亢进（快）精神亢进 oligooligoph
20、renphrenia ia（寡）弱智，智力发育不全（寡）弱智，智力发育不全 a aphreniaphrenia（without)without)痴呆痴呆 schizophrenia schizophrenia 大脑大脑n nEncephal/oEncephal/o: : brain encephalitis 脑炎脑炎 encephaloma 脑瘤 encephalorrhagia 脑出血 15n n myel/o: bone marrow, spinal cord髓质（骨髓、脊髓） osteomyelitis 骨髓炎 poliomyelitis （灰)脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症 16Mental
21、disordern n schizoschizophreniaphrenia（分裂，分开）精神分裂症（分裂，分开）精神分裂症: : a a psychiatricpsychiatric diagnosis that describes a diagnosis that describes a mental mental disorderdisorder characterized by abnormalities in the characterized by abnormalities in the perception or expression of reality. It most p
22、erception or expression of reality. It most commonly manifests as auditory commonly manifests as auditory hallucinationshallucinations（幻听）（幻听）, , paranoidparanoid妄想妄想, , or or disorganized speech disorganized speech and thinkingand thinking n n depressiondepressionn n maniamania躁狂症躁狂症: : a severe me
23、dical condition a severe medical condition characterized by extremely elevated characterized by extremely elevated moodmood, energy, , energy, unusual thought patterns . unusual thought patterns . 17n n psych/o, ment/o, -phrenia = mind 精神Psychology心理学: The science dealing with the study of mental pr
24、ocesses and behaviorPsychiatry精神病学: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders.Dementia（去除，脱去）痴呆 = AmentiaHebephrenia:青春期精神分裂症18n n -mania=excited state, obsession 狂、癖Megalomania（巨大的）自大狂: exaggerated self-importanceNecromania 恋尸狂:An abnormal attraction to dead bodies =necrophilism
