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1、Chapter 8Verb and Verb Phrase (4): Non-finite Verbs本章学习重点：本章学习重点：三类非限定动词的语法特征以及习惯用法：三类非限定动词的语法特征以及习惯用法：n两种不定式的用法两种不定式的用法n不定式和不定式和-ing分词的选择分词的选择n-ed分词做修饰语的用法分词做修饰语的用法8.0 IntroductionnNon-finite verbs are so-called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. 8.0 IntroductionThre
2、e types of non-finite verbs: Infinitive -ing participle-ed participle e.g. Id like to play tennis.Youd better come at once.She enjoys inviting friends to parties.I must get my suit cleaned. The most difficult point in handling non-finite verbs is whether to use the infinitive or the ing participle a
3、fter certain verbs. 8.1. infinitive8.1.1 Bare infinitiveThe bare infinitive may occur in the following syntactic environment: a. Aux + verbModal auxiliaries:You should do what you are told.Can I have a word with you?Semi-auxiliaries:Youd better talk to him in person.8.1.1 Bare infinitive a. Aux + ve
4、rbModal idioms:They cannot but accept our terms.She could not help but sweep at the sad news. I would rather do it on my own.I would rather ride this old bicycle than buy a new one and have it stolen.Refer to p192 8.1.1 Bare infinitive b. idiomatic verb construction1) verb-verb combination:The child
5、ren are making believe that they are princes and princesses.Dont let go of the rope. Im afraid well have to make do with our bicycle because our car has totally broken down.Ive heard say that Bob and Sue are getting married soon.Refer to p192 8.1.1 Bare infinitive b. idiomatic verb construction2) ve
6、rb-noun-verb combination:have / let / make sb. do sth.e.g. Ill have another man repair the car for you. Would you let me have a try? perception verbs + bare infinitivee.g. I saw him enter the building. I can hear her play the piano very morning.Perception verb + -ing: simultaneity, durativeness, and
7、 incompleteness2) verb-noun-verb combination:Help sb. do sth. Vs. Help sb. to do sth.e.g. He helped the old lady whitewash the fence. He helped the poor old lady whitewash the fence.He helped the lady who lived across the street to whitewash the fence.He helped the lady living across the street to w
8、hitewash the fence.*如果位于中间的名词或名词短语较短小如果位于中间的名词或名词短语较短小bare infinitive, 反之，反之，则用用to-infinitive8.1.1 Bare infinitive c. rather / sooner than e.g. Rather than ask for help, she decided to work it out by herself. She decided to work it out by herself rather than (to) ask for help.*从句首移至句中时，从句首移至句中时，rath
9、er than后可接后可接to-infinitive Sooner than work for others, he started his own business. (sooner than 多用于句首多用于句首)8.1.1 Bare infinitive d. do 在以下情况中，也可用在以下情况中，也可用bare infinitive,这主要是因为句这主要是因为句子的前部分中有子的前部分中有do: e.g. What Id like to do is give him a little push.All you need to do is go and propose to her.
10、e. Whywhy + bare infinitive an independent clausee.g. Why come alone? /Why not do it on your own?* other wh-words take regular to-infinitive. NOT independent clausee.g. I dont know what to do / when to come /who to consult.8.1.2 To-infinitive the infinitive marker to vs. the preposition toexamples:H
11、e used to sit up late at night. (infinitive marker)He is used to sitting up late at night. (preposition)*So, when learning a word, we need to learn both its meaning and its usage.8.1.2 To-infinitive a. verb + infinitiveHe expected to be promotedHe expected being promoted.*Some of the verbs that can
12、be directly followed by the infinitive:agree, aim, apply, arrange, attempt (pp.196-197)e.g. She promised to come and help.She promised that she would come and help.8.1.2 To-infinitive b. verb + object + infinitive* the object is usually the logical subject to the infinitive.e.g. I believed him to be
13、 honest.*verbs of this type include: advise, allow, ask, believe, (p197)Note: Verbs such as advise, allow, encourage and permit + -ing participle when the logical subject is implicit.e.g. She doesnt allow her husband to smoke in the house.She doesnt allow smoking in the house.8.1.2 To-infinitivec. v
14、erb + (object) + infinitiveAsk, cant bear, hate, help, intend, like, prefer, want, wish, etc.e.g. He hates to be called Donald Duck.He hates his friends to call him Donald Duck.I prefer to work early in the morning.I prefer my roommate not to make any noise at night. 8.1.3 other uses of infinitivelT
15、o do purpose = in order to do e.g. He is getting up early these days to prepare for the examination.lTo do result: 如用在如用在only后，表示未曾料到的不后，表示未曾料到的不愉快的愉快的结果。果。这类用法常和用法常和find, hear, be told等等动词连用用e.g. They hurried to the station only to find the train had already left.l当一个名当一个名词词组中有序数中有序数词或形容或形容词最高最高级th
16、e first, the second, the last, the next, the best, the most 时，Infinitive (not ing participle) 可做可做这个名个名词的的后置修后置修饰词:e.g. Im afraid he is the only person to consult about your illness.8.1.3 other uses of infinitiveltootoe.g. He is too young to take care of himself.lTooto结构有构有时可以和可以和enough to的否定的否定结构互构
17、互换e.g. The boy is too short to reach the top shelf. The boy is not tall enough to reach the top shelf.lIn some case, the passive infinitive = active infinitivee.g. Here is a list of the people to interview / to be interviewed. This is probably the only thing to do / to be done.8.1.3 other uses of in
18、finitivee.g. 1) He is too good a man to kill. meaning? He is too good a man for me to kill. 对我来说他是好人不能杀。对我来说他是好人不能杀。 He is too good a man to kill others. 他是个好人不会杀别人。他是个好人不会杀别人。 2) She is the next person to consult. meaning? She is the next person for me to consult. She is the next person to consult
19、me.l作作为后置修后置修饰语，当，当动词是及物是及物动词而又无主而又无主语和和宾语时，动词不定式有潜在歧不定式有潜在歧义。8.2. ing participleThe present participle (现在分词现在分词)：a noun modifier/ an adverbialThe gerund (动名词动名词)：equivalent function to a noun 8.2. ing participle8.2.1 Object to verblVerbs that can be followed by the ing participle include: admit, a
20、cknowledge, anticipate, avoid, consider, deny(p201)e.g. He admitted making the mistake.People usually enjoy being flattered.l但有些动词属于这类词的边沿词，因为它们需要特殊但有些动词属于这类词的边沿词，因为它们需要特殊的句法结构，的句法结构，Cannot + help/ resist /stand + -ing participle。mind接接-ing participle时，也用在时，也用在否定否定句句中。中。e.g. She couldnt help crying
21、when she heard the news.I dont mind working late at night, but I cant stand getting up early in the morning. 8.2. ing participle8.2.2 logical subject当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同或包括于其中当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同或包括于其中通常不通常不显示示(implicit)e.g. He admitted taking the money.Mother suggests having a barbecue party this weekend.如
22、果如果-ing participle的逻辑主语不是主句的主语则需写出的逻辑主语不是主句的主语则需写出(explicit)。e.g. He suggested her applying for a multiple entry visa.They insisted on my finishing the report before Friday. NOTE:逻辑主语可是宾格逻辑主语可是宾格(me, him, John)或所有格或所有格(my, his, Johns)。宾格形式。宾格形式less formal 8.2. ing participle8.2.2 logical subjectVerb
23、 + preposition + -ing participlee.g. Please excuse me for opening your letter by mistake.Please excuse my opening your letter by mistake.I hope youll forgive me for ringing you up so late. I hope youll forgive my ringing you up so late.Refer to pp.202-203 for more examples8.2. ing participle8.2.3 in
24、finitive or ing participleThe infinitive and the ing participle are not very different in meaning after the following verbs (p203):attempt, begin, cant bear, cease, continue, deserve, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, require, start, want, etc.However, they are di
25、fferent in meaning after the following verbs:forget, go on, leave off, mean, regret, remember, stop, etc. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlea. begin, cease, continue, startEither infinitive or ing participle can be usedInfinitive is preferred with verbs that express mental activities, such as knowin
26、g, understanding, likinge.g. I began to learn / learning English when I was twelve.But:I began to like / liking English when I was ten.They cease to love / loving each other their only daughter died.She continued to hate / hating her first husband twenty years after their divorce.The ing participles
27、 are not acceptable. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlecease to do sth. = cease doing sth.stop to do sth. stop doing sth.e.g. They stopped to talk. They stopped talking.8.2.3 infinitive or ing participleb. like, love, hate表达一般好恶时，不定式和表达一般好恶时，不定式和-ing分词都可用。分词都可用。但如用在具体场合，则一般不用但如用在具体场合，则一般不用-ing分词分词e.
28、g. I like swimming of course, but I dont like to swim today because I dont feel well.c. Deserve, need, require, want-ing 分词的主动态和不定式的被动态在语义上分词的主动态和不定式的被动态在语义上等同。等同。e.g. The car needs repairing / to be repaired.That case requires investigating / to be investigated immediately. 8.2.3 infinitive or ing
29、participled. remember, forget, go onCompare:Dont worry. Ill remember to tell her the news.I remember telling her the news. Im sure I did it.He forgot to sign his cheque. It is invalid.You must have forgotten signing the cheque, or he wouldnt be able to draw money from your account.8.2.3 infinitive o
30、r ing participlee. Mean, regret, try这些词后用不定式还是这些词后用不定式还是-ing分词取决于它们的词汇意分词取决于它们的词汇意义。义。e.g. Im sure he didnt mean to hurt you. (to intend) Success means working very hard. (represent a meaning)I regret to inform you that the committee has turned down your application. (express sympathy)I regret telli
31、ng her the news. (to express repentance后悔后悔)He tried to finish the work on his own. (to attempt)We tried growing vegetables, but failed. (to test)8.2.3 infinitive or ing participlef. advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommendVerb + object + infinitiveVerb + -ing participlee.g. My doctor advised me
32、to do some morning exercises. Doctors advise doing some morning exercises. My wife doesnt allow me to smoke in the house.My wife doesnt allow smoking in the house.8.3. ed participleSome verbs take different ed participle forms according to their different grammatical functions.Forms of some ed parti
33、ciples: p2088.3. ed participle8.3.1 ed participle as a premodifierlMost of the premodifying ed participle are derived from transitive verbs and convey the sense of passiveness or completeness.examples: A broken windowA defeated armyA developed countrya revised versionThe wanted manA finished project
34、8.3.1 ed participle as a premodifierlThe ed participle that are derived from intransitive verbs do not usually premodify nounswith a few exception. completeness, NOT passiveness examples: A retired workerAn escaped prisonerfallen leavesThe risen sunA returned student8.3.1 ed participle as a premodif
35、ierlAn adverb + A premodifying active -ed participle a compound wordexamples: Newly-arrived touristsWell-behaved pupilsA well-read librarianA widely-travelled photographer8.3.2 ed participle as a complementa. Subject complement : verb (intransitive) + -ed participle (subject complement)Syntactically
36、, verbs that can take ed participle as subject complements include: appear, be, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, etc.examples: She looked depressed. He appeared well prepared for the TV debate.They all seemed excited when they heard the news.8.3.2 ed participle as a complementb
37、. object complement : verb (transitive) + object + -ed participle (object complement)Verbs that commonly take an object with a complement are: have, get, keep, leave, make, etc.examples: We left a lot of problems unsolved during our last meeting. When are you going to have the car repaired.Im afraid
38、 we have no food left. 8.4. Dangling participle When the subject of a participle is not expressed, it is normally understood to be the subject of the main clause. e.g. Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked.Grilled on the charcoal, we liked the fish much better.当主语被认为是当主语被认为是we, one, you时，这一规则常
39、被打破。时，这一规则常被打破。e.g. Caught in a traffic jam, it is easy to lose patience.Looking ahead to the weekend, temperature will be warmer.*Be alert against the inappropriate use of dangling participle.nExercises: 1. We hear her _ the piano upstairs every evening. A. plays B. playing C. played D. play 2. _ a
40、sk for help, she decided to work it out by herself. A. Rather than B. More than C. Rather D. No sooner than 3. We do not allow _ in the room A. to smoke B. smoking C. smoke D. smoked 答案：答案：D答案：答案：A答案：答案：BnExercises: 4. I dont mind _ late at night. A. work B. working C. to worked D. worked 5. The foo
41、d _ rotten fast in such hot weather. A. gets B. is getting C. will get D. will have got 6. I will go home for a vacation as soon as I _ my exams. A. finish B. will finish C. finished D. had finished 答案：答案：B答案：答案：A答案：答案：AnExercises: 7. The bus came after I _ for about half an hour. A. had been waited
42、 B. had been waiting C. was waiting D. have waited 8. He regretted _ her the truth. A. having told B. to have told C. had told D. to tell 答案：答案：B答案：答案：AReplace the finite clauses in italics by non-finite constructions: 9. Im sure itll do you good if you admit that you made the mistake. 10. Please ad
43、vise me which I should choose. 11. I only wish I could achieve half your success. = Im sure itll do you good if you admit making the mistake. = Please advise me which to choose.= I only wish to achieve half your success.12. I felt that my mind weight was lifted after he promised. 13. I remember that I posted the letter. 14. All the windows which were broken have been repaired. = I felt my mind weight lifted after he promised.= I remember posting the letter. = All the windows broken have been repaired.
