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1、Grammar ShirleyWhat kind of noun clauses are they?1. What it was to become was a mystery.2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet.3. His trouble is that he doesnt know anybody in London.4. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people.主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句brainstorming
2、 (2m)名词性从句名词性从句相当于一个名词作用的从句称作名词性从句，名相当于一个名词作用的从句称作名词性从句，名词性从句常在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语和词性从句常在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。如：同位语。如：1. What it was to become was a mystery.2. I dont know who will help Henry to win the bet.3. His trouble is that he doesnt know anybody in London.4. The fact that ships can go there surprises
3、many people.noun clausessubjective clause主语从句主语从句objective clause宾语从句宾语从句predicative clause表语从句表语从句appositive clause同位语从句同位语从句主语从句：主语从句：做主语用的名词性从句，引导主语从句的有连词做主语用的名词性从句，引导主语从句的有连词that ，whether， 连接代词连接代词who ，what ，which， 连接副词连接副词when，where， how， why等。等。位置：位置： 1) 位于句首位于句首 2) 位于句尾，使用位于句尾，使用it做形式主语，而把主从做
4、形式主语，而把主从放在句末放在句末(注意：形式主语只能用注意：形式主语只能用it,不能使用不能使用thisthat)常用下面几种句型：常用下面几种句型：1）It + be + 表语表语 （n./adj./done.）+that从句从句It is a fact (a shame/ pity/ good news/ impossible/likely) that/whetherIts a pity that you have to go so soon.It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not.2）It + vi. + that从句从句It
5、 seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that It seemed certain that he would win the prize.It happens that they were absent.3) It + be done + that从句从句It is known/said/hoped/believedIt has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on t
6、ime? A. this B. that C. he D. it连接词：连接词： 1） 区分区分 that 与与 whether ( if ) that 引导主从只起引导作用，无实际意义，在主引导主从只起引导作用，无实际意义，在主从中不充当任何成分，从中不充当任何成分，但不能省略但不能省略。That she left him cut him to the heart.whether(if)尽管不充当句子成分尽管不充当句子成分,但有但有”是否是否”意思意思,可加上可加上”or not”,语意不变语意不变.但但whether和和if也有不同用法也有不同用法,如放在句首引导主从如放在句首引导主从,只
7、能只能用用whether. Whether it will please them is not easy to say.e.g._ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from on aspect.A.What B. That C. This D. Which_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. If B. Whether C. That D. WhereIt It It It 作形式主语和作形式主语和作形式
8、主语和作形式主语和itititit引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较引导强调句的比较 It作作形形式式主主语语代代替替主主语语从从句句，主主要要是是为为了了平平衡句子结构衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。，主语从句的连接词没有变化。 而而it引引导导的的强强调调句句则则是是对对句句子子某某一一部部分分进进行行强强调调，无无论论强强调调的的是是什什么么成成分分，都都可可用用连连词词that。被强调部分指人时也可用被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如：例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt
9、 interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window.连接代词连接代词who(m), whose, what ,which, when, where, why, how这类连接词这类连接词,除了引导主从外除了引导主从外,在在从句中还分别起从句中还分别起pron/adv./adj.的作用的作用,在从句中分在从句中分别做主语别做主语宾语宾语表语表语状语状语 What seems easy to some pe
10、ople seems difficult to others.高考题高考题:_ caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. WhereI read about it in some book or other, does it matter _ it was?A. where B. what C. how D. which3) whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever, whenever, wherever等连接词与等连接词与what等连接等连接词的用法
11、一样词的用法一样,只是具有较强的语意只是具有较强的语意,”凡是凡是,不不管管,无论无论” , 引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。引导的主语从句一般不后置。Whatever he said wasnt true.Whoever guesses what I have in my hand may have it.= Anyone who guesses= The person who guessesHowever _ he couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer teenagers showed interes
12、t in traditional festivals. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that宾宾语语从从句句就就是是在在复复合合句句中中作作宾宾语语的的名名词词性性从从句句，通通常放在主句谓语动词常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词及物动词) 或介词之后。或介词之后。做动词的宾语做动词的宾语1)大部分宾语从句直接跟在动词后：大部分宾语从句直接跟在动词后：He doesnt know where the post office is.2) 引导宾语从句的连接词一般都可以省去引导宾语从句的连接词一般都可以省去.但是当及但是当及物
13、动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句是物动词后跟两个或两个以上的宾语从句是,只有第只有第一个一个that可以省略可以省略.The teacher said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 二二二二 宾宾宾宾 语语语语 从从从从 句句句句 The Object Clause3)如果后有宾语补足语，则要使用形式宾语如果后有宾语补足语，则要使用形式宾语 it 而而将从句放到补足语后面；将从句放到补足语后面；I thought it strange that he failed to call
14、 meHe doesnt want it to be known that he is going aboard.4)在在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词之等动词之后的宾语从句中，要注意否定前移后的宾语从句中，要注意否定前移;I dont think you are right5) 在在think，believe，imagine，suppose，guess，hope等动词以及等动词以及 Im afraid 等后，可等后，可用用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可用代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可用not代代替一个否定的宾语从句：替一个否定的宾语从句：一一Do you
15、 believe it will clear up? 一一I believe so. / I dont believe so. /I believe not.6) “doubt”后接宾从后接宾从,肯定句时由肯定句时由whether/if引导引导,否定句或疑问句由否定句或疑问句由that引引导导 I whether/if he will come. I dont that he will come. Do you that he will come?7) whether和和if 都可引导动词之后的宾从都可引导动词之后的宾从,二者可互换二者可互换.但在正式文体中但在正式文体中,从句有从句有or n
16、ot时时,只用只用whether,不用不用if.I wonder if/whether it is right. I dont care whether you like him or not.做介词的宾语做介词的宾语Did she say anything about how we should do the work?1)作介词宾语时，作介词宾语时，that很少在介词后面引导宾从，很少在介词后面引导宾从，只有在只有在except, but, besides, in等少数介词后等少数介词后才用才用; Your article is all right except that it is to
17、o long2)有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语it; e.g. Ill see to it that everything is ready3)表示表示“是否是否”的的if不能引导介词的宾语从句，不能引导介词的宾语从句，而要用而要用whether. e.g. We are talking about whether you should do it.The Predicative Clause表语从句表语从句在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。在从句中作表语的从句称作表语从句。that 引导的表语从句引导的表语从句that 仅起连接作用，无意义，不作
18、任何成分，通仅起连接作用，无意义，不作任何成分，通常不可省略。这种从句往往是对主句主语的内常不可省略。这种从句往往是对主句主语的内容起进一步解释的作用。容起进一步解释的作用。e.g. The fact is that one smoker in five will die from smoking.2. whether 引导的表语从句引导的表语从句连接词连接词whether起连接作用，起连接作用， 意为意为“是否、究竟、是否、究竟、到底到底”（注意：（注意：if不能引导表语从句不能引导表语从句) 在句中也在句中也不作任何成分。不作任何成分。e.g. The question is whethe
19、r the man will turn up in time.3. what, which, who, whom, whose引导引导的表语从句的表语从句连接代词连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。有各的词义。e.g. Tom is no longer what he used to be. The question is which of us should come first. The problem is who is r
20、eally fit for the hard job. The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.4. where, when, why, how引导的表语从句引导的表语从句 连接副词连接副词where, when, why, how在句中通在句中通常没有疑问意义，而是在句中起连接作用常没有疑问意义，而是在句中起连接作用并分别表示时间、地点、原因或方式。并分别表示时间、地点、原因或方式。e.g. Thats where I cant agree with you. This is why Sar
21、a was late for the meeting. This is how they overcome the difficulties.My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding.5. 其他连词其他连词as if, because, as, as though 引导的表语从句引导的表语从句because引导表语从句通常只用于引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because”结构中。结构中。as if/though引导的表语从句常置于连系动引导的表语从句常置于连系动词词look, seem, s
22、ound, be, become等后等后面，常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或面，常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。状态。e.g. My anger is because you havent written to me for a long time.It sounds as if/though somebody was knocking at the door. 同位语从句同位语从句 1. 概念概念: 在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。性从句。2. 功能功能: 同位语从句跟在一个同位语从句跟在一个n.后，对其进后，对其进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。一步
23、解释，说明名词的具体内容。3. 用法用法: 常跟的抽象名词有常跟的抽象名词有: fact/ feeling/ idea/ reason/ thought/ truth/ order/ suggestion/ doubt/ news/ word/ possibility/ promise/ hope/ belief e.g. The fact that ships can go there surprises many people. I have no idea when he will be back.4. 连词连词 that/whether/who/ which/ what /when /
24、where/why/ how同位语从句与先行词有时也可以分开。同位语从句与先行词有时也可以分开。e.g. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind.同位语从句与定语从句区别同位语从句与定语从句区别: :1. 同位语从句的先行词极为有限，而定语从句的先行词则不计其数，可以是名词,代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句。 2.引导词a.有些引导词如how, whether, what 可以引导同位语从句, 但不能引导定语从句。e.g. That question whether we need it has not been consid
25、ered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。 (同位语从句) b. that在同从中仅起连接作用在同从中仅起连接作用, 不充当任何成分不充当任何成分, 并并且不能省略且不能省略, 也不能用也不能用which来代替来代替. 而引导定从的而引导定从的that在从句中一般作主语或宾语在从句中一般作主语或宾语 (指物时还可以用指物时还可以用which代替代替), 并且作宾语时常常省略。并且作宾语时常常省略。 e.g.The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. (
26、同位语从句同位语从句, 是对是对order的具体解释的具体解释, that不作成分不作成分, 但不能省但不能省略略)The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组组(定语从句定语从句, 是名词是名词order的修饰语的修饰语, that在从句中作在从句中作received的的宾语宾语, 可以省略可以省略) c. 引导同位语从句的引导同位语
27、从句的wh-词，多具有疑问意词，多具有疑问意义，而引导定语从句的义，而引导定语从句的wh-词没有疑问意词没有疑问意义。义。e.g. I have no idea where he has gone. This is the school where I studied.3.3.性质上的区别性质上的区别 同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释明和解释, ,属于名词性从句的范畴属于名词性从句的范畴; ;而定语从句是而定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制从句对其先行词的修饰或限制, ,属于形容词性从属于形容词性从句的范畴句的范畴. .The ne
28、ws that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句同位语从句, 补充说明补充说明news到底是一个什么消到底是一个什么消息息) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 (定语从句定语从句, news在从句中作在从句中作told的宾语的宾语) 1.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesnt ma
29、tter _that Im talking to.(2004年广东省卷年广东省卷 )A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom 高考链接【试析试析】这个句子是一个由这个句子是一个由and连接的并列句。连接的并列句。And后后是一个含有主语从句的结构，其主句部分是是一个含有主语从句的结构，其主句部分是it doesnt matter, 主语从句则是主语从句则是who it is that Im talking to.而而在主语从句中，又有一个定语从句，修饰在主语从句中，又有一个定语从句，修饰who. Who既既是一个引导词，也在是一个
30、引导词，也在it is中作表语中作表语.如果再细一点，说如果再细一点，说who是是 (talking) to的介词宾语也可以。的介词宾语也可以。 2. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. (2003上海上海) A. that B. when C. what D. how 【试析试析】主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选主语从句中缺少做主语的成分，故选C.3. _ made the school proud was_ more than
31、90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. （2003上海春季）上海春季）A. What; because B. What ; thatC. That ; what D. That ; because 【试析试析】what 在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，在此作连接代词，引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语。并在从句中作主语。that引导主语从句时，只起引导主语从句时，只起引导作用，不作任何成分引导作用，不作任何成分.4.When you answer questions in a job interview, please re
32、member the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly_ he wants . (2002上海春季上海春季) A.what B.which C.when D.that 【试析试析】这是一个宾语从句这是一个宾语从句,wants后面缺少宾语后面缺少宾语,Always give the monkey exactly what he wants是是一句谚语一句谚语,意思是意思是永远给予他人他确实想要的东西永远给予他人他确实想要的东西。故答案为故答案为A。5.-Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats_ . (2003北京春北京春季季)A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited 【试析试析】这是由这是由what 引导的一个表语从句，在从句中引导的一个表语从句，在从句中充当主语，这句话的意思为：那是使我感到兴奋的事。充当主语，这句话的意思为：那是使我感到兴奋的事。故答案为故答案为A。
