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1、from:TheACSStyleGuide:AManualforAuthorsandEditors,1stedition(1986),2ndedition(1997)英语科技论文英语科技论文语法和修辞（表达）概要语法和修辞（表达）概要一点说明一点说明不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法，不同国家的英文，差异也很大。我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书（已列作该文的参考文献），我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上，一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，
2、我在改稿时的做法是，在两者均有根据（或范例）时，一般来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*”*指主谓一致。第1部分几个语法问题几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例第2部分修辞与表达修辞与表达英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三英语化学论文写作方法市原英语论文的写作方法孙娴柔实用英语科技论文写作周春晖科技英语写作冯志杰汉英科技翻译指要任胜利英语科技论文撰写与投稿英文现刊以及英文学术专著第1部分几个语法问题几个语法问题科技英语写作语法错误举例科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-VerbAgreements2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses3Dang
3、lingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs1Subject-VerbAgreements（1）在主语中含并列连词“and”时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofth
4、istechniquetois described.例 2 Description of the experimentalconditions and the results of the presentinvestigationis madeindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为description,theexperimentalconditionsandtheresults是并列的，与of构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“is made”。例3Theexperimentalconditionandtheresultofthepresentinvestigationared
5、escribedindetailinthispaper.此句中的主语为theexperimentalconditionandtheresult,为并列主语，故谓语用are described.Sometimes,twosingularsubjectsjoinedby“and”causethiserror.例4GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribedGrowthand isolationofM13viruswere described.Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesa
6、singularverb.例5The name and addressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例6Research and developmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.R&Ddepartment(2) However, when two or more subjects arejoinedby“or”,theverbtakesthenumberoftheclosestsubject.例7Applicationoruses werenoted.Usesorapplication
7、 wasnoted.例8Theappropriatemetalionconcentrationorthe rate constants wereused.Therateconstantsorappropriatemetalion concentration wasused.当两个以上主语以 or,neithernor,eitheror,notonlybutalso 等组句时，谓语动词应与其最近的名词在人称和数上保持一致。例9Either ethylene chlorohydrin or bromohydrin isis treated with strong alkali to give et
8、hylene oxide (与bromohydrin 一致).例10 Coagulation of an AgCl precipitate occurs at the equivalence point, where neither chloride nor silver ions areare in excess.(与ions一致)例11 Not only CS2 but also CuSO4 and AgCl werewere purified before the use (与CuSO4 and AgCl一致)在“thereis”，“thereare”句型中，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与
9、靠近的主语一致例12Therewasaprofessorandseveralstudentsinthelibrary.Therewereseveralstudentsandaprofessorinthelibrary.（3）Collectivenounstakeasingularverbwhenthegroupasawholeismeant;inthatcasetheyareoftenprecededbytheword“the”.Collectivenounstakeapluralverbwhenindividualsofthegroup are meant; in that case, th
10、ey are oftenprecededbytheword“a”.contentsmajorityrangecouplenumberseriesdozenpairvarietygroup例13The seriesisarrangedinorderofdecreasingsize.说明Referstothe seriesasaunit.例14A series ofcompoundsweretested.说明Referstoeachcompound.例15Thenumberofmetalamidessynthesizedwasthelargesttodate.(Referstothenumbera
11、saunit.)Anumberofmetalamidesweresynthesized.(Referstoeachamide.)例16Theseriesofcompoundswas preparedtotestthehypothesis.(Referstotheseriesasaunit.)Aseriesofcompoundswere tested.(Referstoeachcompound.)例 17 A series of low molecular weightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins( Mn500-700)has beenpreparedfromphenol
12、phthaleinandepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.Aseriesoflowmolecularweightphenolphthaleinepoxyresins( Mn500-700)hevebeenpreparedfromphenolphthaleinandepichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O ascatalystsinsteadofNaOH/H2O.an average of + 数数词词（意思为平均数量有之多）作主语，谓语动词用复数复数形式
13、Anaverageof100kindsofreagentswereinregularsupplyfromthecompanyeachyear.the average of + 数词数词意思为平均数（值）作主语，谓语动词用单数单数形式。Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvaluesanddividingthesumbythenumberofvalues.（=Theaverageofaseriesofvaluesisobtainedsimplybyaddingalltheindividualvalu
14、esanddividingthesumbythemeasurementtimes.）（4）“Data”canbeasingularorpluralnoun.例18Experimental datathatweobtainedare comparedwithpreviouslyreportedresults.说明Referstothedataasindividualresults.例19Afterthedataare distributed,wecanmeettodiscussthem.Afterthedatais distributed,wecanmeettodiscussit.说明Refer
15、stothewholecollectionofdataasoneunit.（5）Units of measurement are treated ascollectivenounsandthereforetakeasingularverb.例20Themixturewasstirred,and5mLofdiluentwere added.Themixturewasstirred,and5 mLofdiluentwasadded.例21FivegramsofNaCLwereaddedtothesolution.Five gramsofNaCL wasaddedtothesolution.例22T
16、hreeweeksareneededtocompletetheexperiment.Three weeksisneededtocompletetheexperiment.例23Noneofthesampleswas soluble.Noneofthesamplesweresoluble.说明Referstoindividuals.例24Thisgroupofworkersarewellawareoftheirresponsibilities.This groupofworkersiswellawareofitsresponsibilities.说明Referstothegroupasaunit
17、.（6）某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这样的词（如analyses, bacteria,criteria,formulae,phenomena,spectra，data等）作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。例 25 Extensive data on the thermodynamicalpropertiesoftheelementsareavailable.例26TheIRabsorptionspectraprovidesignificantinformationregardingfunctionalgroups.（7）Nounsendinginicsanddenotingasc
18、ientificdisciplineareusuallysingular.dynamicsmechanicskineticsphysicsmathematicsthermodynamicsMechanicsinvolvestheapplicationofNewtonsthreelawsofmotion.Thekineticsofelectrontransfertoandfromphotogeneratedradicalswasexaminedbylaserflashphotolysis.Thethermodynamicsisgovernedbythepositionsofthevalencea
19、ndconductionbands.（ 8） Compound subjects containing thewords “each”, “every”, and “everybody”maytakesingularverbs.例 27 Each flask and each holder wassterilizedbeforeuse.Bothcomponentsofthecompoundsubjectmustcontainthewordsinquestion.Otherwise,theverbmustbeplural.例28Eachstudentandalloftheprofessorswe
20、reinvited.（9）Sometimes,oneofthesewordsisimplicit;suchcasestakeasingularverb.例29Eachnameandaddressisenteredintothedatabase.（ 10）Indefinite pronouns themselves (oradjectives combined with the indefinitepronoun “one”) can be the subject of thesentence. Those that take a singular verb are “each”,“either
21、”, “neither”, “no one”, “every one”,“anyone”, “someone”, “everyone”, “anybody”,“somebody”,and“everybody”.例30Eachwasevaluatedforitseffectonmetabolism.例31Neitherdisruptsthecellmembrane.例32Regardingcompounds1-10,every one reactswiththecontrolagent.例33Someonemeasuresthevolumeeveryday. Thosethattakeaplur
22、alverbare“several”,“few”,“both”,“and“many”.例34Severalwereevaluatedfortheireffectsonmetabolism. 例35Fewdisruptthecellmembrane. 例36Regarding compounds 1 1 and 2 2, bothboth react with the control agent. 例37ManyMany were chosen to be part of the study. Thosethattakeeitherasingularorpluralverb,dependingo
23、ncontext,are“some”,“any”,“none”,“all”,and“most”.Thenumberofthe object of the preposition determines the number of theindefinitepronounrelatedtoit.例38Someof the moneywasstolen.例39Someof the bookswerelost.例40Notall the disksarehere;somewerelost.（ 11） When a fraction is the subject of thesentence,thenu
24、mberoftheattendant objectofthe preposition determines the number of thesubject.例41Onethirdoftheprecipitatewasdissolved.例42Onefourthfourth of the electronselectrons are excited.例43The remainderThe remainder of the compoundscompounds are yet to be described.（12）Mostof（plentyof,alotof）+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数
25、形式；Mostof（plentyof,alotof）+不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式Most of the better-known organic solvents are allsuitableforthesetests.Thereisplentyofdistilledwaterinthebottle.(其中的water是不可数名词。)Thereareplentyoftesttubesontesttable.Thereisplentyoffood.Thereareplentyofapples.Istherealotofsupportfortheidea?Therearealotof
26、touristshere.（1313）When When a a subject subject and and its its predicative predicative disagree disagree in in number, number, the the verb verb takes takes the the number of the subject.number of the subject. 例44 The The preparation preparation and and structurestructure determinationdeterminatio
27、n of these three compounds areare the topic of paper.例45The topictopic of this paper isis the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”（而非“which”）引出限制性从句。When a clause in a compound sente
28、nce isrestrictive,theclauseisnecessarytothesenseofthe sentence, the sentence would becomepointlesswithouttheclause.Restrictiveclausesarebestintroducedby“that”,not“which”.例46Itwasnecessarytofinedablockinggroupwhichwouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl. It was necessary to fined a blocking
29、groupthat wouldreactwiththeaminogroupbutnotwiththehydroxyl.A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it addsinformation but is not essential ; that is, thesentencedoesnotloseitsmeaningifthephraseorclauseisdeleted.Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off bycommas.如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，则为非限制性短语或从句
30、，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。例47Thecurrent-voltagecurves,whichareshowninFigure6,clearlydemonstratethereversibilityofallfourprocesses.例48MelvinCalvin,whowontheNobelPrizein1961,elucidatedthebiochemicalpathwaysinphotosynthesis.例49 Here, the Total signal, which is theanalogofstandardDSC,makes
31、itveryhardtofindthepolymerTg.3DanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）也称垂悬短语(Danglingphrases)Oneformofadanglingmodifierisaverbalphrasethatnotreferclearlyandlogicallytoanotherwordorphraseinthesentence.Theunderstoodsubjectisusuallythesameasinthemainclause.Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past.(=Aswewerewa
32、lking,wesaw)与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致。短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。悬垂修饰语或称悬垂短语（Danglingphrases）是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。 下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形： （1）If a modifier precedes the subject of asentence, it must modify that subject and beseparatedfromitbyacomma.Otherwise,iti
33、sadanglingmodifier.如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否则就是悬垂修饰语例50Splittingtheatom,manynewelementswerediscoveredbySeaborg.此句中的splittingtheatom为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成Splittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.或将splittingtheatom考虑为动名词短语,在其前加on或upon变成介词短语：UponSplittingtheatom,manynewelementswe
34、rediscoveredbySeaborg.UponSplittingtheatom,Seaborgdiscoveredmanynewelements.例51Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.Whenconfrontedwiththeselimitations,wediscontinuedtheexperiments.In light oftheselimitations,theexperimentswerediscontinued.例 52Understandingtheeffectofsubs
35、tituents on the parent molecules, theorthohydrogenscouldbeassignedtothehigh-frequencypeak.Understandingtheeffectofsubstituentsontheparentmolecules,we could assigntheorthohydrogenstothehigh-frequencypeak.例53Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously,thepartitionfunctioncanbeevaluated.thepartitionfunctionca
36、nbeevaluatedby usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously.Or,Usingtheproceduredescribedpreviously, we can evaluatethepartitionfunction.这种悬垂结构（例50、51、53）可修改为介词短语upon,inlightof,byusing但由于主句的主语并非介词短语中的行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构(2)Phrasesstartingwith“basedon”mustmodifyanounorpronounthatusuallyimmediatelyprecedesorfollow
37、sthephrase.Usephrasesstartingwith“on the basis of”tomodify a verb. 短语 basedon在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以“Onthebasisof”开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以Onthebasisof开头，而不是以Basedon开头。例54Basedonresonanceenhancementandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinterringseparationwerecalculated.Onthebasisofresonanceenhancem
38、entandfrequencyshifts,changesintheinterringseparationwerecalculated.例55Basedonextensivestudy,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelossofoneisozyme. (“Based on extensive study”modifiesthenoun“deficiency”,butthisnotthemeaning.)On the basis of extensive study,thisgeneticdeficiencywasattributedtothelo
39、ssofoneisozyme.(“Onthebasisofextensivestudy”modifiestheverb“wasattributed”.)例56Styleguidelinesbasedonauthoritativesourcesareincludedinthisbook.例57 Figure8showstheanalysisofadrugdeliverysystembased onamorphous,biodegradablepolymermicrospheres.（3）“Dueto”means“attributableto”;useitonlytomodifyanounorpr
40、onoundirectlyprecedingitinthesentenceorfollowingaformoftheverb“tobe”.“Dueto”意思是“attributableto”（归因于）;用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词“tobe”的某种形式之后。例58Delaysresultedduetoequipmentfailure.Delaysdue toequipmentfailurewereunavoidable.Thedelayswere due toequipmentfailure.Danglingphrases包括悬垂分词短语、悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介
41、词短语3种a.悬垂分词短语(Danglingparticiplephrases)Having reviewed the technical report,severalmistakeswerefoundinit.Havingreviewedthetechnicalreport,wefoundseveralmistakesinit.Based on the biological and geographicalcharacters, lakes in China can be dividedintofivemajorgroups.Onthebasisofthebiologicalandgeogr
42、aphicalcharacters,lakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroups.LakesinChinacanbedividedintofivemajorgroupsaccordingtotheirbiologicalandgeographicalcharacters.b.悬垂不定式短语(Danglinginfinitivephrases)Inordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,itneedstoconsidertheprotectedareaconstructionasanimportantc
43、omponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningandInordertorealizesustainabledevelopmentofsociety,weshouldconsidertheconstructionofprotectedareaasanimportantcomponentofregionaldevelopmentalplanningandc.悬垂介词短语(Danglingprepositionphrases)Afterremovingtheoutmostleaves,thematerialwasrubbedwith70%ethanolforsurfa
44、cesterilization.Thematerialswerecleansedwith70%ethanolforsurfacesterilization,aftertheiroutmostleaveswereremoved.主句和介词短语均为被动态，their是指代materials下面几种情形不是danglingmodifiers:(4)Absolute constructionsarewords,phrases,orclausesthataregrammaticallyunconnectedwiththe rest of the sentence in which they appear
45、.Theyaresometimescalled“sentencemodifiers”because they qualify the rest of the sentence.Theymayoccuranywhereinthesentence,andtheyarealwayssetoffbycommas.Theyarenotdanglingmodifiers.在句中出现的与句子的其余部分在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余部分，有时将其称作句子修饰语“sentencemodifiers”。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。例59Contra
46、rytotheexcitedstatesituation,metalbondinginteractionsinthegroundstatesareweak.例60Theconstructionswerepremature,consideringthelackofavailabledata.例61judgingfromthespectralchanges,exhaustivephotolysisofcompound4 hadoccurred.例62TheconformationsabouttheReRebond,inaddition,aredifferentforallthreecomplexe
47、s.Absoluteconstructionsoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords:独立结构常以下列各词之一开头：consideringprovidedgivenprovidingjudgingregardingconcerningfailing（5）In mathematical papers, absolute phrases beginningwiththewords“assuming”and“taking”areoftenusedassentencemodifiers.例63Assumingthatdistance disinducedbytheno
48、rm,M isasymmetricalandpositivelydefinedmatrix.例64Takingthisvalueasanupperlimit,thetwoshortestdistancesaresometimestoolongforincipienthydrogenbonds.（6）Asubordinateorellipticalclausemaybeusedasasentencemodifier.例65Thecompoundisstableinair,asweconcludedfromtheexperimentevidence.例66TheMo5sorbitals,asexp
49、ected,interactstronglywiththeligands.（7）Anintroductoryinfinitiveorinfinitivephrasemaybeasentencemodifier.例67Topreparecompound2,themethodofGarnerwasfollowed.4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbsBesurethateachsubjectinacompoundsentencehastheproperverbsandauxiliaryverbs.例68Theeluantwasaddedtothecol
50、umn,andthesamplescollectedin10-mLincrements.Theeluantwasaddedtothecolumn,andthesamples werecollectedin10-mLincrements.小结1主谓一致以and连接的两个单数主语通常，谓语动词用复数有些主语形式上是复数，实际上是单数这时谓语动词用单数 并 列 主 语 前 后 均 含 有 “each”，“every”，“everybody”之类的词，用单数谓语动词 两个主语以“or”连接，谓语与最靠近的主语 一致 集合名词 The series (to be) 视为整体，谓语 用单数 A serie
51、s of 视为分别的，谓语用复数 度量单位，单数 由分数作主语，由随之的介词宾语的数决 定主语的数 2 限制性和非限制性从句 that ,which , 3 悬垂修饰语 与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语。 由On the basis of 开头 , 不是 Based on due to 后跟名词或代名词， 或(to be) due to Sentence modifiers 独立结构 数学论文，以assuming, taking 开头 的句子 从句或省略句 不定式短语4 动词与助动词的不合理省略 如助动词“to be”的省略 LanguageThelanguagemustaidtheunders
52、tandingofyourwork.Pooruseoflanguagewilldiscourageeditorsfromacceptingyourwork.Spendtimeonperfectingthelanguage.Communicatingthescienceisasimportantasthescienceitself.AskaskilledwriterorsomeonefluentinEnglishtocheckyourmanuscriptbeforesubmission. LanguageSpare the reader the trouble of guessing what
53、you mean! ComplaintfromanEditor:“Irefusetospendtimetryingtounderstandwhattheauthoristryingtosay.Theycannotexpectustocorrectapoorlywrittenmanuscript.Iftherearemorethan6grammaticalerrorsintheabstract,thenIdonotwastemytimereadingtherest.” LanguageClarity, objectivity, accuracy, brevityUse scientific En
54、glish.Practice writing English whenever you can.Keep records in English during research.Pay attention to the following:Consistency of the sentencesLogic of expressionGrammar, spelling and punctuation should be correct Language long sentences Direct and short sentences are preferred!Avoid long senten
55、ces. The average length of sentences in scientific writing is about 12 to 17 words. The Chinese language can express more complicated meaning with fewer words than English. Change your style when writing in English. One piece of information per sentence is sufficient, avoid multiple pieces in one se
56、ntence.第2部分修辞与表达修辞与表达科技英语写作表达科技英语写作表达 的几个问题的几个问题1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他(1)时态、语态与人称(2)非谓语动词：分词短语或不定式短语(3)使用肯定句，不用“双重否定句”（4)由which,that,where引出的从句(5)不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰(6)词序(7)利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系(8)介词1)与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构(9)“only”的具体含义视其在句中的位置而定(10)通常不应将诸如“differentfrom”,“similarto”,“identicalto”,
57、“identicalwith”等惯用语拆开(11)由“relativeto”,“ascomparedto”，“ascomparedwith”,以及单词“versus”引出的相比较的第二成分，与第一成分在语法结构上必须是平行的。(12)科学论文，不用wasnt之类的缩写形式(13)根据所要表达的意思，用“and”或“or”代替“and/or(14)正斜体缩写(15)语用含糊(16)英译应遵守的原则和修辞的一些问题1简明科学论文不同于文学作品，要求必须简明、清晰、准确例AscanbeseenfromFig.1,growthisrapid.AsshowninFig.1Growthisrapid(Fi
58、g.1).Fig.1showsthatgrowthisrapid.Fig.1showsThemolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molby meansofthe thirdpeak area inDSCcurve.Themolarenthalpyofdecompositionwasdeterminedtobe62.38kJ/molfrom(orby)thethirdpeakareainDSCcurve.下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达常以介词介词或副词副词代替anumberof=several,someatatemperatu
59、reofatatsomefuturetimelateratthepresenttime(moment)nowaverylimitednumberoffewbymeansofbyorwithduetothefactthatbecauseorsinceduringthetimethatwhileforaperiodofforforthereasonthatbecauseorsincefromthestandpointofaccordingtogreater(orhigher)numberofmoreifconditionsaresuchthatifcomparedwithA,BwasbiggerB
60、wasbiggerthanAconsiderableamountofmuchconsiderablenumber(orproportion)manyormostinacarelessmannercarelesslyinaconsiderablenumberofcasesofteninasimilarmannersimilarlyinallcasesalways,allinanycaseanyhowinconsequenceofthisfactthereforeinexcessofmorethaninfewcasessometimes,rarely,seldominmanycaseschemis
61、tsaremanychemistsareinordertotoinsomecasessometimesintermsofininthecaseofsodiumwithsodiumintheeventthatifinthenearfuturesooninthetemperaturerangeofbetweenandinviewofthefactthatsinceorbecauselargenumber(s)ofmanylargeproportionofmanyofgreatimportanceimportantofsuchhardnessthatsohardthatonthebasisoffro
62、m,by,becauseontheorderofaboutoverthepastfewyearsrecently,inrecentyearsowingtothefactthatsince,becauseasmallnumberofafewsubsequenttoafterasufficientnumberofenoughwithreferencetoaboutpriortobeforeItisapparentthatApparently,hence,thusItappearsthatApparentlyItisinterestingtonotethatInterestinglyItwasin1
63、977thatIn1977ItisclearthatClearlyItisourconclusionthatWeconcludethatItispossiblethatItmaybesaidthatPerhaps,Possibly,ProbablyItisoftenthecasethatOftenItispossiblethatthecauseisThecausemaybe可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词ItistheaimofthepresentinvestigationtoprovideThisinvestigationisaimedtoprovidingACS建议以如下几种方式，使文章写
64、得更简明：（1）删去诸如下述短语AsalreadystatedIthasbeenfoundthatIthaslongbeenknownthatItisinterestingtonotethatItisworthmentioningatthispointItmaybesaidthatItwasdemonstratedthat（2）删去多余的词Itisaprocedurethatisoftenused.Thisprocedureisoftenused.Therearesevenstepsthatmustbecompleted.Sevenstepsmustbecompleted.Thisisapro
65、blemthatisThisproblemisTheseresultsarepreliminaryinnature.Theseresultsarepreliminary.（3）不用短语，用单一词表达anumberofmany,severalasmallnumberofafewareinagreementagreearefoundtobeareareknowntobeareatpresentnowatthepresenttimenowbasedonthefactthatbecausebymeansofbydespitethefactthatalthoughduetothefactthatbeca
66、useduringthattimewhilefewerinnumberfewerforthereasonthatbecausehasbeenshowntobeisifitisassumedthatifincolor,e.g.,redincolorjust state the color,e.g.,redinconsequenceofthisfacttherefore,consequentlyinlengthlonginordertotoinshape,e.g.,roundinshapejust state the shape,e.g.,roundinsize,e.g.,smallinsizej
67、ust state the size, e.g.,smallinspiteofthefactthatalthoughinthecaseofin,forinthenearfuturesooninviewofthefactthatbecauseisknowntobeisitappearsthatapparentlyitisclearthatclearlyitislikelythatlikelyitispossiblethatpossiblyitwouldappearthatapparentlyofgreatimportanceimportantontheorderofaboutowingtothe
68、factthatbecausepriortobeforereportedintheliteraturereportedsubsequenttoafter两种类型的复合句及其简化有被动式从句与主动式从句之分被动式从句He uses an instrument which is called aspectroscope.Heusesaninstrumentcalledaspectroscope（将定语从句简化为后置的过去分词短语作定语）主动式从句例ThemanwholecturesonThursdayisanexpertindynamics.ThemanlecturingonThursdayisa
69、nexpertindynamics.（简化为现在分词，作后置定语。）再简化被动式Airwhichiscompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.Aircompressedcanbeusedforseveralpurposes.Compressedaircanbeusedforseveralpurposes.主动式Malaysiaisacountrywhichproducesrubber.Malaysiaisacountryproducingrubber.Malaysiaisarubber-producingcountry.带有 介词介词 + which句子的简化
70、(1)atwhichwhereAirportisaplaceat whichspecialattentionispaidtotheweather.Airportisaplacewherespecialattentionispaidtotheweather.(2)bymeansofwhichwherebyAfuseboxisadeviceby means of whichexcessiveloadsareavoided. A fuse box is a device wherebyexcessiveloadareavoided.DefinitionofthermalanalysisA gener
71、al term covering a group ofrelatedtechniqueswherebythedependenceoftheparametersofanyphysical property of a substance ontemperatureismeasured.(3)ofwhichwhoseVenusisaplanetof whichthesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.Venusisaplanetwhosesurfacetemperatureisthoughttobeatleast200.有介词from,in,for则不
72、能简化Laboratoriesareroomsin whichexperimentsareconducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化Here is a list of experiments which will be/shouldbe/havebeendonethisyear.（这里是今年要做的/必须做的/已做过的实验明细表。)使用较为精确的词语“greaterthan”或“morethan”，而不用不确切的“over”或“inexcessof”。例如：greaterthan50%notinexcessof50%morethan100samplesnotover100samplesmore
73、than25mgnotinexcessof25mg,notover25mg1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他2富于变幻比如，“称作”一词Suchfractionsare called asnon-freezingwater.Suchfractionsare referred to asfreezingboundwater.Thiswateris designated asfreezingwater.再比如，报道、阐述、主张、确认Conflicting data have been presented in literatureconcerning the compatibility
74、of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus,Schureretal1reportedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleonlyinblendshavingaPVCcontentgreaterthanmassfraction of 60 , whereas Rozinska et al2 claimedPVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand,Parmeretal3assertedPVC/PMMAtobemiscibleoverthewholer
75、angeofcompositionshowingasingleglasstransition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces.MiscibilityofPVC/PMMAhas also been confirmedbyAlbertetal4bynon-radiativeenergytransferandNMR.1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他3辨析近义词例1absorbedby,adsorbedonadsorbedon（吸附于表面），absorbedby（吸收其中）。如：adsorbedonthesurfaceofsilveri
76、odine.（吸附于碘化银的表面。）waterwasabsorbedbythesponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）例2accuracy,precisionaccuracy（准确度），示值（实验值）与被测量真值（约定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次测量值的一致性（或称数据的分散性）。例如：Althoughhighprecisionwasachieved,accuracywaslow.（虽然达到高精密度，但准确度低。）例3actually,infact在例句“Actually,thereactionratesbyemployingsomeothermethodswer
77、econsiderablyslower,”中，对于科学论文来讲，这里使用infact更为合适。与书面语言相比，actually更多用于口语。例4adjust,calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration（校准），在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差，或给任意标尺上的标记赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted u
78、s toadjustthefinalresult.（校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。）例5common,general,ordinary,usual,routinecommon（ 普 通 的 ， 共 同 的 ） ,-Aluminamonohydrateisacommoncomponentofmanybauxites.（-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分。）general（一般的），Oneofthebestandmostgeneral methods for preparing ketones in thearomaticseriesistheFriedel-Craftreaction.（
79、制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。）ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavywaterdifferssomewhatfromordinarywaterincertainphysicalproperties.（重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。）ordinarypressure（常压），ordinarytemperature（常温）。Usual（常规的），Under these conditions theend-pointoftitrationcouldbefoundaccuratelyintheusualway.（在这种条件下，按常规的办法
80、可以精确发现滴定终点。）茲以method为例：acommonmethod普通的方法ageneralmethod一般的方法ausualmethod常规的方法aconventionalmethod传统的方法此外，routine（贯常的），如routinetest（惯常测试），是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。例6bymeansof,intermsofbymeansof与by,using,byusing同义，表示利用某种方法（手段，诸如IR,DSC,NMR,X射线衍射等）开展研究、观测；intermsof通常用在采用某种理论（说法）、参数来解释实验结果。例如：Thethermalanddynami
81、cmechanicalpropertiesofPES/PPSblendshavebeeninvestigatedbymeansofDSCandDMA.Sometimes, we have to study the miscibility ofpolymer blends by means of a combination oftwo or more methods in order to confirm theexperimentalresults.Fox equation interprets the relationship betweenglass temperature ( Tg )
82、and copolymercompositions.Therelationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.Wehavepreparedthecomplexoftitlecompoundanddiscusseditsthermaldecompositionprocedure by TG-DTG, DTA, SEM and IRtechniquesandthecorrespondingnon-isothermalkineticsbymeansofthe
83、Malekmethod.intermsoftheMalekmethod.例7curve,thermogramcurve（曲线），thermogram（热谱）。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线”，而不称“热谱”。如DTAcurve（DTA曲线），DSCcurve（DSC曲线）。例8derivative,differentialderivative（微商），表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商，dP/dT (或dP/dt),如derivativethermogravimetry（微商热重法）dif
84、ferential（ 差 ， 差 示 ） ， 如 differentialscanningcalorimetry（差示扫描量热法）。differentialthermogravimetry例9Determination,measurement“测量”（measurement）是指对某物理量（如空间、时间、速度、功能等的有关数值）进行测试的过程，对地形、地貌的测绘也称测量，可称测量目的、测量原理、测量方法、测量条件 、 测 量 步 骤 等 ； 而 “测 定 ”（determination）是更着眼于测试的结果，取得待测的某种参数，如比定压热容cp 的测定、动力学参数的测定、熔点测定、玻璃化温度的
85、测定、纯度测定等。这种区别从如下英文的表述中也可以明显看出。Agroupoftechniquesinwhichaphysicalpropertyof a substance is measured as a function oftemperaturewhilstthesubstanceissubjectedtoacontrolledtemperatureprogramme.(在程序温度下,测测量量物质的物理性质与温度的关系的一类技术。)Thechangeinspecificheatcapacityasafunctionoftemperatureismeasuredandthecharacte
86、risticglasstransitiontemperaturesdeterminedfromthecurvethusobtained(测量测量比热容随温度的变化，并由此测得的比热容随温度的变化，并由此测得的 曲线曲线测定测定特征玻璃化转变温度。特征玻璃化转变温度。) 例10different,various,varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各种的），varying（改变的）。例如：Theresultsareclearlydifferent.（结果显然不同。）Wetriedvarious（或severaldifferent）methods.（我们试过各种方法。）Th
87、eeffectofvaryingtheconditionwas（改变条件的影响是）例11mass,weightmass（质量），weight（重量）。如：massofthesample（试样质量，或简称试样量），而不称sampleweight（试样重量）。重量在本质上与力是相同的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。例12usually,often,sometimes它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的，usually,often,sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”，频次降低。如：Itwasusuallyobservedthat（通常观测）Itwasoftenobservedth
88、at（常常观测）Itwassometimesobservedthat（有时观测）例 13 standard material, certifiedreferencematerialstandardmaterial标准物质，certifiedreferencematerial有证参样（或称有证标准物质）。standardmaterial用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质；certifiedreferencematerial用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。例14materialsubstancesamplespecimentest
89、specimenspecimens试料ISO11358:sample:Asmallpartorportionofabulkmaterialorbatchofproductsintendedtoberepresentativeofthewhole.(样品:可代表整个材料或产品的一小部分批料)test specimen:Acompleteproductorsinglepiecetakenfromasampleandusedtocarryoutatest.Inthecaseofbulkmaterialssuchaspellets,powdersandgranules:aportiontakenfro
90、masampleandusedtocarryoutatest.（试样：取自样品的一个完整产品或单一件并用于进行测试。对于诸如板材、粉末或粒子的批料，是从样品取一小部分，并用于测试。）用非常少量的试试样样而又必须能代表整个样样品品，则要求必须制备成均匀组成的分分析试样析试样。1简明2富于变幻3辨析近义词4语法修辞及其他(1)时态、语态与人称(2)非谓语动词：分词短语或不定式短语(3)使用肯定句，不用“双重否定句”（4)由which,that,where引出的从句(5)不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰(6)词序(7)利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系（8）介词1)与描写实验过程有关的介词2)由相同介词
91、引起的相互平行的对等结构(9)“only”的具体含义视其在句中的位置而定(10)通常不应将诸如“differentfrom”,“similarto”,“identicalto”,“identicalwith”等惯用语拆开(11)由“relativeto”,“ascomparedto”，“ascomparedwith”，以及单词“versus”引出的相比较的第二成分，与第一成分在语法结构上必须是平行的。(12)科学论文，不用如下的缩写形式(13)根据所要表达的意思，用“and”或“or”代替“an(14)正斜体缩写(15)语用含糊(16)英译应遵守的原则和修辞的一些问题4语法修辞及其他（1）时态
92、、语态与人称1）时态用一般过去时，陈述以往做过的事。如：Thesolutionheatedtoboiling.Thespectrawere recorded.Jonesreviewedtheliteratureandgatheredmuchofthisinformation.Thestructurewas determinedbyneutrondiffractionmethods.用现在时叙述事实Absoluterateconstantsforawidevarietyofreactionsare available.Hyperbranchedcompoundsare macromolecula
93、r compoundsthatcontainabranchingpointineachstructuralrepeatunit.现在时和一般过去时可用于表达文章的结果、讨论和结论Thecharacteristicsofthevoltammetriccurveindicatethatelectrontransferandbreakingofthecarbon-iodinebondare concerted.Theexcellentthermalstabilityofpoly(nRMI)was confirmedbythermalanalysistechnique,i.e.,theyhadahig
94、hglasstransitiontemperatureanddecompositiontemperature. 论文常用时态 可概括如下: 表示“报道、研究、综述报道、研究、综述”等，通常用一般现在时一般现在时 In this paper we reportreport the synthesis of RFC containing barium ferrite according to a specific method and its evaluation of dielectric and mechanical properties. The probable mode of evolu
95、tion is discussedis discussed. 叙述他他人人已已报报道道的内容用一一般般过过去去时时或现现在在完完成时成时 In the past decade public attention more and more focused focused onon the potential applications of renewable resources (for example as building materials, Sobral 1990)(90). 表示研究过程的行为通常用一一般般过过去去时时或现现在在完成时完成时 High Density Polyethyl
96、ene (HDPE) waswas kindly suppliedsupplied by FIAT (Italy). The HDPE was blendedwas blended with the LDPE, in the molten state at high temperature (200), using a Brabender blender,equipped with rotating blades. Films were were obtainedobtained from all the mentioned materials, by compression moulding
97、 on a laboratory scale at T = 180 with a thickness0.2mm. The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of short nylon fiber-styrene butadiene rubber composites with and without an interfacial bonding agent based on 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate have have been been studiedstudied. 表示实验结果及其产生
98、的原因,通常用一一般般现现在时在时 Tensile strength decreasesdecreases with the addition of ferrites. This is is due due toto the poor interfacial adhesion between the ferrite filler and nature rubber. 如用一一般般过过去去时时，则表示这一结论仅适用于该研究过程中的特定情况特定情况，不具普遍性 We conclude that the principle of the test system allow increasedincr
99、eased safety and accuracy in hospital drug handling. 表示计划计划与预期的结果预期的结果用将来时将来时 When photosynthesis can be carried out artificially on a large scale,we shallshall be be able to set up factories to mass-produce food. In the coming years,scientists will trywill try to to collect signals from outer space
100、.时态的呼应from:冯志杰汉英科技翻译指要通常，主从句（尤其是宾语从句和主语从句）谓语动词的时态应保持一致。WepresumethatacyclasegenefromS. cattleyawasclonedaccordingtothefunctionofthegeneproducts.Accordingtothefunctionofthegeneproducts,wemaycometotheconclusionthatacyclasegenefromS. cattleyahasbeencloned.2)语态与被动语态相比，主动语态更直接，并口语的味道较少Thefactthatsuchproc
101、essesareunderstrictstereoelectroniccontrolisdemonstratedbyourworkinthisarea.Ourworkinthisareademonstratesthatsuchprocessesareunderstrictstereoelectroniccontrol. He had to discontinue his undergraduate studies because his physical condition becomes worse and worse. He had had toto discontinue his und
102、ergraduate studies because his physical condition becamebecame worse and worse. Agricultural production rose significantly since 1979 owing to the economical reforms in rural China. Agricultural production has has increasedincreased significantly sincesince 1979 owing to the economical reforms in ru
103、ral China. since 要求谓语动词用现在完成时 Anearlierpaper,entitled“ModulatedDSC;Calculation and Calibration of MDSCSignals”(1), presented a discussion on thebasic approach that has been used tocalculateMDSCsignalssincecommercializationofthetechniquein1992.下划线部分（,-ed,）是paper的后置定语 但，有些情况也可不一致。如，虽主句是过去时，但从句叙述的是客观事实
104、，故用现在时。 Since centrosome isis chemically complex cellular structure and autoimmune antiserum isis polyclonal, further investigation was madewas made by using one of the antisera against centrosome. I livedlived where there arethere are mountains and rivers.2)语态与被动语态相比，主动语态更直接，并口语的味道较少Thefactthatsuch
105、processesareunderstrictstereoelectroniccontrolisdemonstratedbyourworkinthisarea.Ourworkinthisareademonstratesthatsuchprocessesareunderstrictstereoelectroniccontrol.总之，可用过去时、现在时（现在完成时），及其被动语态（与主动语态相比仍居多）叙述作者的工作。而分别用下述时态叙述作者的结果和结论：现在时客观真理现在完成时延续性过去时局限性主语从句、宾语从句的时态通常与主句一致。但即使主句用过去时，而从句叙述的是客观事实时，从句仍可用现在
106、时。3)人称使用第一人称会更加清楚地表达你的意图Jonesreportedxyz,butwefoundwepresenthereadetailedstudyOurrecentworkdemonstratedTodeterminetheeffectsofstructureonphotophysics,we不过，要用事实说话，避免主观臆断。因此尽量不用下列句式WebelieveWefeelWeconcludedWecansee(2)非谓语动词：分词短语或不定式短语from:中国科技期刊研究，2004，15（6）：747用非谓语动词可紧缩某些冗长的主从复合句，使句子显得简洁明快，短小、精练，富于表现
107、力。1）采用分词短语或不定式短语作定语，代替定语从句Matterisanythinghavingmassandoccupyingspace.2）采用分词短语或不定式短语作状语，代替状语从句While the Indian government were increasinggrain yields, they were improving post harvestprocessingandstorageofagro-products.Whileincreasinggrainyields,theIndiangovernmentwereimprovingpostharvestprocessinga
108、ndstorageofagro-products.用分词短语increasing代替时间代替时间状语从句3）采用不定式短语作状语，代替结果或目的状语从句WepainsomuchattentiontoRlineselectionthatweachievedthehybridriceofhighgrainquality. WepainsomuchattentiontoRlineselectionas toachievethehybridriceofhighgrainquality.4）采用with（或without）引导分词独立结构，代替伴随状语从句或并列句Whentheleavesatdiffe
109、rentpartsofthestalkswerepickedaccordingtothestandard,thetissueswereloose,mostoftomentafelloff. Whentheleavesatdifferentpartsofthestalkswerepickedaccordingtothestandard,thetissueswereloosewithmostoftomentafellingoff.(3)使用肯定句，不用“双重否定句”ThisreactionisnotuncommonThisreactioniscommonThisreactionisnotrareT
110、hisreactionoccursabout40%ofthetimeThistransitionwasnotunexpectedThistransitionwasexpectedWeknowthatsuchtransitionswerepossibleThisstrategyisnotinfrequentlyusedThisstrategyisfrequentlyusedThisstrategyisoccasionallyusedThisresultisnotunlikelytooccurThisresultislikelytooccurThisresultispossible（4）由whic
111、h,that,where,what引出的从句which1)通过which进行双扩展The changeofheatoffusionofpolyethyleneasafunction of the specific volume which the sample has at room temperature,andwhich is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5) in Chapter IVis showninFig.IV12.Referencespecimen:Aknownspecimenwhichisusedthroughoutathe
112、rmoanalyticaldifferencemeasurementagainstthetestspecimentobeinvestigatedandwhichisusuallythermallyinactiveoverthetemperatureandtimerangeofinterest.2)由于插入从句，which远离它所代替的主句中的先行词Inthecase ofcoldcrystallizationitissuggestedthat by reason of somewhat rigid backbonechains in these polymers, there will be
113、somelocal ordersuch as parallel chains or nematic domains,originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state, which favorssubsequentcrystallization.That引出从句1)that充当句子成分（关系代词）作主句的宾语或表语Oneofthedifficultiesinillustratingtheproblemsof standard DSC is that there are no polymerstandardsf
114、orcrystallinity.Asdiscussedintheinitialoverviewofthisseries on MDSC, Modulated DSC differsfromstandardDSCin thatitappliestwosimultaneousheatingratestosample. 由As + -ed,作句子的状语 As mentioned in initial paper, there are three general misunderstandings associated with technique of MDSC. As previously sta
115、ted, the same instrument is used to run both DSC and MDSC experiments. As has been stated many times, it is important to use the same experimental conditions when comparing samples. 引出定语从句，that是从句的主语ThispaperoutlinesthebasisfortheModulatedDSC technique and shows its value in solvinganalyticalproblem
116、sthatcannotbereadilytackledbytraditionalDSC.2)that不充当句子成分（连接代词） 揭示it的实质性内容 In fact itit only requires thatthat there be a periodic change in heating rate. 引出定语从句Thedata(Figure6)mightincorrectlyleadtotheconclusionthatthematerialwasonlyPET. This significantly raises probability thatthat the sample wil
117、l change in structure during heating, thus reducing the ability to measure the initial structure. WhereWhere This “baseline” region in the data is wherewhere there is no transition occurring and heat flow signal is due only to the heat capacity of the sample.whatThatswhat(=thethingwhich)Ishouldliket
118、oknow.(这正是我想知道的。)这里的代词“what”称为“连接代词”，引起表语从句，作从句中谓语的宾语Thisisaresultofcross-linkingofthemolecules,whichresultsinlowermobility.Thisdecreaseinmobilityiswhatcausesthereactionratetoslowas the reaction moves from chemical control todiffusioncontrol.这里的what引出的是表语从句，是从句的主语。（5）不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰Thermal decompos
119、ition kinetics of thecomplexes of light rare earth bromides withalaninebyDSCmethod DSC study on kinetics of thermaldecomposition for the complexes of light rareearthbromideswithalanine（6）词序Intheformofextendedhelicalchain,the junction zonesarelinked.The junction zonesarelinkedintheformofextendedhelic
120、alchain.Fox equation interprets the relationship between glasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositions.The relationshipbetweenglasstemperature(Tg)andcopolymercompositionswasinterpretedintermsofFoxequation.（7）利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系 Examinethecontentsofthetubeinwhichtheliquidhave been collected.考察（事先已在）试管中收集的
121、液体。(现在完成时在前，现在时在后。）Communications are not accepted if theeditorbelievesthattheprincipalcontenthasbeenpublishedelsewhere.In many cases, authors are expected topublishcompletedetails(notnecessarilyinthesamejournal)aftertheircommunicationshavebeenpublished.Afterhavingfinishedthemeasurementthespecimenho
122、lderassemblyisbroughtbackto loading temperature and the cruciblecontainingthetestspecimenistakenout.（8）介词1）与描写实验过程有关的介词underconditionundernon-isothermalconditionatheating/coolingrateunderatmosphereThe exothermic crystallization peaks wererecordedatdifferentcoolingratesrangingfrom2.5-40/minunderanitr
123、ogenatmosphere.升、降温速率也可用with,但如with已用于使用某种仪器前，则扫描速率仍须用at。The melting range of this polymer was 138163, and the heat of fusion was 24 cal/g, asdetermined by differential scanning calorimetrywithascanspeedof8/min.subsequentlythespecimenswerecooleddown,andcrystallizationthermogramswererecordedatscanspe
124、edof0.532/minwithadifferentialscanning calorimeter manufactured by Perkin-Elmer(DSCmodel1B).By使用方法differentialscanningcalorimetryWith使用仪器differentialscanningcalorimeterin按（升、降温）模式Thefollowingequationisvalidfortheheatflow rate absorbed by the sample (withoutreferencesample)in(quasi-)steadyheatingmode
125、.Peak area calibration can be performed intwoways.2)由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构The amorphous subsystem is linked to theequilibriummelt,followedbyextrapolationintothenonequilibrium,supercooledmelttotheglass,asdescribedinSectionV.A.1andFig2.Thefollowingis valid forthe(steady-state)heatflowratesexchangedbetweenf
126、urnaceand sample, fs, between furnace andreferencesample,fr,andforthemeasuredheat(output)flowratemandtrueheatflowratetureintothesample.3）由疑似对等结构产生歧义的例子endothermic peak: A peak in which the energysupplied to the test specimen is greater than theenergycorrespondingtothevirtualbaseline.(from:ISO113571)
127、误译:输入到试样的能量大于相应的准基线的能量的峰。to后的thetestspecimen与tothevirtualbaseline不能对等。其含义应为“相对于准基线而言，输给试样更多的能量。”建 议 英 文 修 改 成 ： “than the energy incomparisonwithmaintainingthevirtualbaseline.”常见介词问题 from: 李学军等.编辑学报，2004，16（6）：418 1）介词搭配错误 a.非固定搭配错误 ecological adjustment of groundwater ecological adjustment byby gro
128、undwaterthe impending earthquake prediction of some Chinese scientiststhe impending earthquake prediction byby some Chinese scientists about 500 times at every year about 500 times inin every year fluid inclusions of early stage fluid inclusions atat early stage in the depth of 800 m atat the depth
129、of 800 m It is shown on/by Fig.5. It is shown inin Fig.5. The forest fire in the Da Hinggan Ling Mountains occurred on May 13-22, 1998. The forest fire in the Da Hinggan Ling Mountains occurred duringduring May 13-22, 1998.Hydrogen can enter the basin from deep faults. Hydrogen can enter the basin t
130、hroughthrough deep faults. When chrysotiles act on body fluid When chrysotiles act withwith body fluid b. 固定搭配错误 the difference of geochemical property the difference inin geochemical property the relationship of human and nature the relationship betweenbetween human andand nature A meteorite impact
131、ed in the Pacific plate. A meteorite impacted onon the Pacific plate. The research for geological fluids The research onon geological fluids thermoluminescence response of radiation thermoluminescence response toto radiation The growth rules of quartz are similar with those of feldspar. The growth r
132、ules of quartz are similar toto those of feldspar. 2）介词误用 the concepts of Magoon and Dow (1994) the concepts proposed byproposed by Magoon and Dow (1994)3）介词省略出错 two ideas of relating the infrared radiation mechanism two ideas relating toto the infrared radiation mechanism the earthquake with magnit
133、ude of 6.5 the earthquake with magnitude more thanmore than 6.5 The random variable x is the power-function distribution. The random variable x is ofof the power-function distribution.4）短语介词出错 The results show in follows. As for this, a lot of oil reservoirs were formed. The results show as followsa
134、s follows. The results show in the followingin the following. As a resultAs a result, a lot of oil reservoirs were formed. (9)“only”的具体含义视其在句中的位置而定，仅限定紧跟随的词汇Onlythelargestgroupwasinjectedwiththetestcompound.(Meaning:noothergroup)Thelargestgroupwasonlyinjectedwiththetestcompound.(notgiventhecompoundi
135、nanyotherway)Thelargestgroupwasinjectedwithonlythetestcompound.(noothercompound)(10)通常不应将诸如“differentfrom”,“similarto”,“identicalto”,“identicalwith”等惯用语拆开ThecomplexshowsasignificantlydifferentNMRsignalfromthatofcompound1.ThecomplexshowsanNMRsignalsignificantlydifferent fromthatofcompound1.Compound 5
136、 does not catalyze hydrogenationundersimilartheconditionstocompound6.Compound5doesnotcatalyzehydrogenationunder the conditions similar to those forcompound6.但如插入介词短语修饰语插入介词短语修饰语，则可分开。Thesinglecrystalsareallsimilarin structuretothecrystalsofcompound7.SolutionAisidenticalin appearancewithsolutionB.(11
137、)由“relativeto”,“ascomparedto”，“ascomparedwith”，以及单词“versus”引出的相比较的第二成分，与第一成分在语法结构上必须是平行的。The greater acidity of nitric acid relative tonitrous acid is due to the initial state chargedistributioninthemolecules.TheloweringofthevibroniccouplingconstantsforNiascomparedwithCuisduetoconfigurationinteracti
138、on.The behavior is analogous to the reducedWittinglikereactivityinthiolateversusphenoxide complexes.(12)科学论文，不用如下的缩写形式Theidentificationwasntconfirmedbymassspectrometry.Theidentificationwas notconfirmedbymassspectrometry.(13)根据所要表达的意思，用“and”或“or”代替“and/or”。Our goal was to confirm the presence of thea
139、lkaloidintheleavesand/orroots.Ourgoalwastoconfirmthepresenceofthealkaloidintheleavesandroots.Ourgoalwastoconfirmthepresenceofthealkaloidineithertheleavesortheroots.Ourgoalwastoconfirmthepresenceofthealkaloidintheleaves,theroots,orboth.（14）正斜体缩写斜体斜体(Italic type)应慎用斜体强调某一词或短语，不可对一长段话使用斜体；文章中首次出现的新引进的术
140、语，可使用斜体如：Inanouter-sphere transfer,anelectronmovesfrom reductant to oxidant with no chemicalalterationoftheprimarycoordinationspheres.文题、刊名、书名和报纸的名称以往规定使用斜体Ireadarticlesonthatnewchiralcompoundinthe Journal of the American Chemical Society.取代基的位置、构型等使用斜体N-乙烯基咪唑cis-trans-对于通用的拉丁语和缩略语不使用斜体ca.e.g.atal.e
141、tc.i.e.insituvsBriefintroductionofIntroduction to Instrumental AnalysisThisbookhasthefollowingcharacteristics:Easy to understand, Concise and comprehensiveThisbooknotstatesprofoundtheoryandinapithystyle,avoidingtediousmathematicalderivation. Practical In view of practical, each chapter provides the
142、general principles and also experimental procedure, expression of results, typical examples and possible problems in practical measurements. Overall analytical methods of instruments This book covers most all analytical methods of instruments in not long space, such as: Infrared spectrometry (IR) Nu
143、clear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) Mass spectroscopy (MS) Gas chromatography (GC) Liquid chromatography Thermal analysis x-ray diffraction analysis Both figures (pictures) and texts are excellent A lot of common experimental data of typical compounds In addition, there are 22 translation no
144、tes, making the meaning of some concepts and definition more clear and definite. 缩写（缩写（AbbreviationsAbbreviations）缩写应不与测量单位、元素符号、基团 名称混同，易理解、表义单一。 一篇文章通篇多次重复使用一个很长的名称或术语，则可适当使用缩写，这类名称或术语在正文首次出现时，应先给出全称，随之在括号内写出缩写，之后便可全文使用。对于通用的缩写则无需再予定义。诸如： a.m. before noon anal. analysis at. wt atomic weight bp boi
145、ling point ca. about CP chemical pure ed. edition Ed., Eds. Editor, Editors e.g. for example eq(s) equation(s)with number(s) et al. and others etc. and so forth fp freezing point i.e. that is IR infrared mp melting point Mr relative molecular mass (molecular weight) NMR nuclear molecular resonance p
146、, pp page, pages p.m. after noon P.O. Post Office (with Box and number) ref(s) reference(s)with number(s) sp vol specific volume U.K. United Kingdom U.S. United States USP United States Pharmacopeia UV ultraviolet vol volume vs versus v/v volume per volume wt weight w/v weight per volume w/w weight
147、per weightsuchas诸如forexample例如e.g.是拉丁文exempligratia的缩写，等同于forexamplei.e.等同于thatis,inotherwords,namelyetc.是etcetera的缩写，等同于andsoon,用于列举事物etal是拉丁文etalii的缩写，等同于andothers,用于列举人对于缩略词还应注意到：小写字母构成的缩略词一般使用缩略点；而大写字母构成的缩略词一般不使用缩略点e.g.etc.p.m.vol.etal.(计量单位除外m,cm,km)Fig.4,Eq(3)等缩略结构若出现在句首，须写出全称Figure4,Equation(
148、3)由“&”构成的缩略词,&前后均不留空R&D 日期（月份） a.正文中不管有无特定日期，月份通常是全拼，例 如： On AugustAugust 3, 1996, we completed the second phase of the experiment. The final results will be available in JanuaryJanuary 1997. b.在注、图表、参考书、文献表中带有日期或日期 和年，则月份可缩略或全拼 Jan April July Oct Feb May Aug Nov March June Sept Dec 多字母符号的复数形式 a.所有字
149、母全大写的缩写或以大写字母结尾的 缩写，其复数形式只需加小写“s s”； HOMOs s pHs s b.为表达清晰起见，下面几种情形加“ s s ”构 成复数形式 - 小写的缩写 cmcs s - 单字母大写的缩写 Os( Os 是osmium 的元素符号) - 以上、下角标结尾的缩写 Tgs s pKas s - 以斜体字母结尾的缩写 pK s s缩写重复性英文表达的错误All the new compounds were characterized byelementalanalysis,1Hand13CNMR,IRandMSspectra.MSspectra=massspectrasp
150、ectraandMS techniques.或MS类似地TGAanalysis=thermogravimetricanalysisanalysisTGA（15）语用含糊由于认识水平的局限、自然语言的特性和避免武断，科技论文也常使用较为含糊的用语。诸如：lightgreen,darkgreen(并非七基色)ThisresearchsuggeststhatpossibleWebelievemight bedueto(maybedueto;canbedueto)参见：曾瑜薇，胡芳.英语论文摘要中的语用含糊J.中国科技期刊研究，2005,16（6）：938国家标准GB/T77142005与1987年标
151、准相比做了许多修改，但与国际标准似似乎乎有了更大的不同。(16)英译应遵守的原则和修辞的一些问题from:中国科技期刊研究,2005，16（1）：127-129；2006，17（6）：1206-1211语句的一致性、连贯性、完整性、单义性1一致性（Agreement）：主谓一致和代词与先行词一致（1）复合主语成为一个整体，或指同一个人、同一个地方、同一件事物，谓语动词用单数ItsinventorandpractitionerisRobert.（2）“thereis”,“thereare”句型，主语为复合主语时，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致There was a teacher and severa
152、l students in thelaboratory.There were several students and a teacher in thelaboratory.（3）用or,nor(或者eitheror,neithernor)连接的复合主语，有时用复数，有时用单数。复合主语中两个主语均是单数时，谓语动词用单数；两个主语均是复数时，谓语动词用复数Thedesigneroranotherscientistusuallyannouncesthedecision.Neither banks nor independent agencies offerappropriatelifeinsu
153、rancepolicies.复合主语中一个主语是复数，另一个是单数，谓语动词与靠近的主语一致Neitherthequalitynorthepriceshavechanged.Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged.（4）集合名词指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；指集体中各个体时用复数Thatdataisreliable.Donotformconclusionuntilthedatahavebeengathered.（5）代词与先行词一致Thepurposeistobringtogetherseveralmanuscriptsbyactivescientist
154、sandengineersandpublishtheminasingleissue.统一性(unity)违反统一性(disunity)句子成分间或段落中各个句子之间的协调一致，一个句子的各个部分或段落内的各个句子都从属于一个中心，不存在游离于中心思想之外的句子。 违反主从关系：主从颠倒、主从并列 意思不完整或不明确：成分残缺，结构混乱，表达不充分，表达不具体2连贯性(coherence)违反连贯性(discoherence)包括意连（句子内在意义的逻辑关系）形连（使用转换词语）（1）叙述主体对象突然改变，逻辑衔接欠妥（lackofunity）The underwater scene was d
155、ark and mysterious; thewillowsliningtheshoredippedintothewater. Theunderwaterscenewasdarkandmysterious;above,thewillowsliningtheshoredippedintothewater.（2）主语或语态突然改变例Ifweattempttosolvetheprobleminthisway,severaldifficultiesareencountered.（假如用这种方法解决问题，会遇到一些困难。）从句中的主语、语态与主句中的主语、语态不同 Ifweattempttosolvet
156、heprobleminthisway,weshallencounteredseveraldifficulties.（强调研究者的行为）或 If the problem is to be solved in this way,severaldifficultiesshallbeencountered.（强调遇到的困难）（3）必要的过度性连接副词科技论文常用的连接副词可分为： 时间和顺序关系 after, before, first, second, then, finally, later, meanwhile, while, whilst, in the future 例如 A group o
157、f techniques in which a physical property of a substance is measured as a function of temperature whilstwhilst the substance is subjected to a controlled temperature programme.（在程序温度下,测量物质的物理性质与温度的关系的一类技术。）Differential scanning calorimetry ，DSC：A technique in which the difference between the heat fl
158、ux (power) into a test specimen and that into a reference specimen is measured as a function of temperature and/or time whilewhile the test specimen and the reference specimen are subjected to a controlled temperature programme.（试样和参比物在程序控温下，测量输给试样和参比物的热流量（或功率差）与温度或时间关系的技术。） 空间关系 here,there,nearby,u
159、nder,below 附加、递增关系 also, again, in addition, besides,furthermore, moreover 异同关系 yet, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, likewise, similarly 因果关系 thus, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, for this reason 举例说明 for example, for instance, in other words 总结归纳 in conclusion, in sh
160、ort, in a word,in brief, on the whole（4）平衡关系被破坏例Thismethodisrapid,inexpensive,andeasilytocarryoutserialdeterminations. Thismethodisrapid,inexpensive,andeasilyapplicabletoserialdeterminations.保持平行结构例Testspecimen:Specimentobeanalysedwhichis enclosed in the test specimen crucible andplaced for measurem
161、ent on the sample side ofsymmetricspecimenholderassembly.（5）垂悬短语3完整性The laboratory needed an operator. Preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience. Thelaboratoryneededanoperator,preferablysomeonewithintelligenceandexperience.Suchcommentsneithercontributenordetractfromhisreputation. Suchcommentsne
162、ithercontributetonordetractfromhisreputation.4单义性(1)两个句子不以逗号连接TVweathermapshavevarioussymbols,forexample,abigapostrophemeansdrizzle. TVweathermapshavevarioussymbols;forexample,abigapostrophemeansdrizzle.（2）句子不应粘连（run-onsentence）Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenanceitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas. Thesensorrequireslittlemaintenance,soitcanbeplaceindifficult-accessareas.
