《研究生英语写作第六次》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《研究生英语写作第六次（36页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、 SynonymsWrite down as many words for good, bad or nice as you can.My HamburgerYesterday was such a nice day. Whenever a day is so nice and I feel so good, I get the feeling that I want to go and get a big, nice hamburger. Well, yesterday I went and bought a Chinese hamburger. Usually Chinese burger
2、s are really good, but for some odd reason yesterdays hamburger tasted so bad. It was so bad that I took one bite and spit it back out again. Yuck! What a bad burger! I hope that next time I buy a Chinese hamburger, it tastes a little better than the bad one I had yesterday.My Hamburger (Improved wi
3、th synonyms)Yesterday was such a terrific day. Whenever a day is so fine and I feel so wonderful, I get the feeling that I want to go and get a giant, juicy hamburger. Well, yesterday I went and bought a Chinese hamburger. Usually Chinese burgers are incredibly tasty, but for some odd reason yesterd
4、ays burger tasted so vile. It was so disgusting that I took one bite and spit it back out again. Yuck! What a ghastly burger! I hope that next time I buy a Chinese hamburger, it tastes a little better than the horrid one I had yesterday.Build an AwarenessAm I repeating myself too much? Am I using a
5、variety of words and phrases? When I finish writing, I should re-read my essay, checking for repetition, and makingsubstitutions where appropriate.DaiWhat do you know about the Dai ethnic group?Some Dai Facts:Population: more than 1.5 millionLanguage: Dai (a sub-language of the Sino-Tibetan language
6、 family)Religion: Southern BuddhismWhere Most Dai Live: Dai Autonomous Region and around XishuangbannaFoods: Glutinous rice, bamboo rice, hot and sour dishesFestivals: The Water Splashing Festival; the Door-closing and Door-opening festivalsArts: Good at singing and dancing (the Peacock Dance)They h
7、ave a close relationship with the Zhuang, Dong, Shui, Bouyei and Li people who are said to be descendants of the DaiThe Dai The Dai people are one of Chinas 56 ethnic groups. They live primarily in compact communities on the southwest frontier of Chinas Yunnan Province. This area is also home to man
8、y other ethnic minorities, some said to be descendants of the Dai. Perhaps one of the most distinguishing features of the Dai is their cuisine and it has been said that the group produces two highlights in this area. One of these is rice, which comes in many forms such as bamboo tubes and rice wrapp
9、ed in banana leaves. Another is sauerkraut, which is made by first boiling the vegetable and then drying it in the sun. After that, some papaya sauce is added to it and the vegetable is re-dried yet again.ReferencingWhat is referencing?Referencing is a way of repeating, or referring to, previously m
10、entioned words or phrases in a different way.Lets look again at the write-up on the Dai ethnic group.The Dai The Dai people are one of Chinas 56 ethnic groups. They live primarily in compact communities on the southwest frontier of Chinas Yunnan Province. This area is also home to many other ethnic
11、minorities, some said to be descendants of the Dai. Perhaps one of the most distinguishing features of the Dai is their cuisine and it has been said that the group produces two highlights in this sphere. The most popular of these is rice, which comes in many forms such as bamboo tubes and rice wrapp
12、ed in banana leaves. Another is sauerkraut, which is made by first boiling cabbage and then drying it in the sun. After that, papaya sauce is added and the vegetable is re-dried.In your journals make a table that looks like this:Nouns / PhrasesSubstitutions The UyghursPractice 1 - Looking for refere
13、nces: Read the paragraph and fill out the table in your journalThe Uyghurs are a sub-ethnic group of the Turkic people living in Central Asia, about 8 million of whom live in China, most in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region. Over time the group has changed their system of beliefs many times. Aft
14、er adopting several primitive devotions, they gradually moved on to other faiths before finally adopting the religion of Islam in the 11th Century.The Uyghurs are known for their talent in literature, among which they have excelled particularly in poetry and narrative. A great quantity of these work
15、s, numbering in the thousands, have been translated into foreign languages, especially the German, Russian and English tongues. Possible Answers to Practice 1Nouns / PhrasesSubstitutionsUyghursof whom / mostUyghursthe groupsystem of beliefsdevotions / faiths / religionUyghurstheir / theypoetry and n
16、arrativethese worksForeign languagestonguesThe UyghursPractice 1: Read the paragraph and fill out the table in your journalThe Uyghurs are a sub-ethnic group of the Turkic people living in Central Asia, about 8 million of whom live in China, most in the Xinjiang-Uyghur Autonomous Region. Over time t
17、he group has changed their system of beliefs many times. After adopting several primitive devotions, they gradually moved on to other faiths before finally adopting the religion of Islam in the 11th Century.The Uyghurs are known for their talent in literature, among which they have excelled particul
18、arly in poetry and narrative. A great quantity of these works, numbering in the thousands, have been translated into foreign languages, especially the German, Russian and English tongues. Copy the following table into your journal:Nouns / PhrasesSubstitutionsThe ChaoxianThe Chaoxian ethnic group, de
19、scended from immigrants from the Korean Peninsula, has an assemblage of approximately 2 million people, most living in Chinas northeast. Some members, especially those living in Jilin Province, speak and write in Korean, while most others living in China have assimilated the Mandarin idiom.As in man
20、y of Chinas 56 ethnic divisions, the Chaoxian place great importance on the family. The oldest son is expected to look after his elders for the rest of his life. If he fails in this duty, hell be looked down upon by the whole society. Such an obligation undoubtedly places an enormous amount of press
21、ure on young Chaoxian.The Chaoxian have maintained several traditional customs. One such custom states that two people who have the same surname are forbidden to marry. August 15th, which is known as “The Day of the Older People”, requires young people to refrain from drinking or smoking in front of
22、 their elders. They are also expected to follow behind the aged when walking down the street.Possible Answers to Practice 2:Nouns / PhrasesSubstitutionsChaoxiansome membersan assemblagemostsome membersespecially those / most otherslook after his elders forthis dutythis dutysuch an obligationseveral
23、traditional customsone such customthe youngtheyThe ChaoxianThe Chaoxian ethnic group, descended from immigrants from the Korean Peninsula, has an assemblage of approximately 2 million people, most living in Chinas northeast. Some members, especially those living in Jilin Province, speak and write in
24、 Korean, while most others living in China have assimilated the Mandarin idiom.As in many of Chinas 56 ethnic divisions, the Chaoxian place great importance on the family. The oldest son is expected to look after his elders for the rest of his life. If he fails in this duty, hell be looked down upon
25、 by the whole society. Such an obligation undoubtedly places an enormous amount of pressure on young Chaoxian.The Chaoxian have maintained several traditional customs. One such custom states that two people who have the same surname are forbidden to marry. August 15th, which is known as “The Day of
26、the Older People”, requires young people to refrain from drinking or smoking in front of their elders. They are also expected to follow behind the aged when walking down the street.Practice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics. Try not to use simple pronouns. Experiment with
27、more complex words and phrases.1.The Jingpo people often make use of natural foods and herbs, massage and acupuncture to improve their health. _ might be one reason why Jingpo tend to live long lives.2.Many Miao believe that nature has a spirit and they often perform ceremonies to drive evil out of
28、_.3.The Deang tend to be skilled craftsmen. _ are especially known for making necklaces, tobacco pipes and cloth, which are only a few of the most popular _.4.Bonan men tend to wear white-colored clothing, while _women prefer to wear more colorful _.5.The Tatars are well-known for their love of hors
29、e racing, wrestling and dancing. _ are also well liked by the Uygurs. Practice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics.1.The Jingpo people often make use of natural foods and herbs, massage and acupuncture to improve their health. _ might be one reason why Jingpo tend to live lo
30、ng lives.A few possibilities:Such an approach to healthy livingThis lifestyle This way of livingSuch a style of lifeParticipation in these activitiesPractice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics.2.Many Miao believe that nature has a spirit and they often perform ceremonies to
31、 drive evil out of _.Some possibilities:the worldthe environmentthe natural environmenttheir surroundingsPractice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics.3.The Deang tend to be skilled craftsmen. _ are especially known for making necklaces, tobacco pipes and cloth, which are onl
32、y a few of the most popular _.Possibilities:This nation (is)trinketsThe nativescreationsThe group (is)craftsThese peopleitems Practice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics.4.Bonan men tend to wear white-colored clothing, while _women prefer to wear more colorful _. Possibilit
33、ies:the groupsstylesitsattire(nothing)outfitsthingsgarmentsPractice: Create a word or phrase to reference the noun(s) in italics.5.The Tatars are well-known for their love of horse racing, wrestling and dancing. _ are also well liked by the Uygurs. Possibilities:Such/These activitiesSuch leisure act
34、ivitiesSuch pursuitsSuch leisurely pursuitsSuch recreationsSuch recreational activitiesUnit 6（B） 汉译英中的汉译英中的“中国故事中国故事”表达的形式：词语的增减与置换 透彻理解的基础上，译文要忠实传达出原文的各种意义，须在句式、词语方面加以调整调整，因此译文与原文字面上不再一一对应。从表达的形式上，可分为译文加词、译文减词和译文换词译文加词、译文减词和译文换词。译文加词译文加词 北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里北京是中国的政治、文化中心。这里你可以游览万里长城、八达岭你可以游览万里长城、八达岭 Be
35、ijing is Chinas political and cultural center that offers many scenic attractions: the Great Wall, Badaling . 该段的原文讲的是北京的名胜，而非政治和文化。译文若不加下划线部分限定，主题句和段落内容就不相符。这类加译是为了使译文内容文理通达。 枯藤老树昏鸦枯藤老树昏鸦, ,小桥流水人家小桥流水人家, ,古道西风瘦马古道西风瘦马 Oer old trees wreathed with rotten vine fly evening crows ;Neath tiny bridge besi
36、de a cot a clear stream flows;On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes; 汉语连续用了九个名词,萧瑟凄凉之景,空旷冷落之感在这九个名词中凸现而出,悠然而生,生动具体地抒发出作者当时的情绪和心境, 没有任何赘词冗语。许渊冲先生的译文根据英语句法结构,增添了冠词冠词,介词介词和动词动词,原句中的九个名词改换成了三个完整的逻辑语句。这样更符合英语的表达习惯。易词而译易词而译 这个旅游项目不会使您失望。这个旅游项目不会使您失望。 A tour of these cities will be a most rew
37、arding experience. 把 “disappointing（失望）”换译成“rewarding”。人们都喜欢听那些含有正面意义或吉利的话，回避具有负面含义的词语。作为旅游文章的翻译，用正面的表达法代替反面的表达法，语用上更为得体。 汉英翻译中还可以进行词类转换。 中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。 The Chinese government undertakes not to use (that it will not use) nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.The Chinese
38、 government undertakes non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries. 这次十三届八中全会开得好。 译文1：The recent Eighth Plenary Session of the Thirteen Central Committee was a successful meeting.译文2：The recent Eighth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee was a success. 易序而译易序而译 有时需要对原文词序作一番
39、调整，以适应目标语的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生歧义避免因结构而产生歧义。例如：到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。到西安你可以买兵马俑、唐三彩。Unique local creations are available in Xian, such as the three-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures. 原文中的“兵马俑”与“唐三彩”到译文中交换了位置，是为了避免修饰语“of the Tang Dynasty”在结构上产生歧义。 翻译练习：翻译练习：1. 我只会马走日、象走田。 让你车马炮。2.
40、 我们说,长征是历史上的第一次,长征是宣传书,长征是宣传队,长征是播种机。 I only know the most basic moves.Would you like me to allow you a handicap? 此对话中的“马走日”、“象走田”和“车马炮”为中国象棋术语，译时绕过原文形式意义。 We answer that the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history , that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force , a seeding - machine.
