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1、英语口译教程英语口译教程Lecture One: An OverviewLecture One: An OverviewLecturers: YU Hongliang, Xu Zhan, Zhang Yan, Tang Lei Interpretation CoursenCourse Objectives: Course Objectives: n nIntroduces learners to skills and processes required to Introduces learners to skills and processes required to produce con
2、secutive interpretations. produce consecutive interpretations. n nFocuses on developing basic cognitive, semantic, and Focuses on developing basic cognitive, semantic, and dual tasking abilities required to interpret rehearsed dual tasking abilities required to interpret rehearsed and/or spontaneous
3、 texts. and/or spontaneous texts. n nTrain learners to incorporate semantic choice, register, Train learners to incorporate semantic choice, register, and ethical behavioral decisions and understand how and ethical behavioral decisions and understand how they impact their interpretations. they impac
4、t their interpretations. nTime allotment:Time allotment: 1 semester (36 periods); two periods 1 semester (36 periods); two periods per weekper weekUnit 0n nTypes of interpretingTypes of interpretingn nA Brief history of conference interpreting as a modern A Brief history of conference interpreting a
5、s a modern professionprofessionn nWhat Makes A Good Interpreter? What Makes A Good Interpreter? n nProfessional Code of ConductProfessional Code of ConductTypes of Interpreting n nConference Interpreting: Simultaneous /ConsecutiveConference Interpreting: Simultaneous /Consecutive Most frequently use
6、d for large conferences or meetings, Most frequently used for large conferences or meetings, simultaneous interpreting requires that the linguist “translate” simultaneous interpreting requires that the linguist “translate” what the speaker is saying, as they speak. what the speaker is saying, as the
7、y speak. Thus, the interpreter is both listening and speaking at the same Thus, the interpreter is both listening and speaking at the same time. This takes intense concentration; simultaneous interpreters time. This takes intense concentration; simultaneous interpreters often work in teams, taking b
8、reaks every 30 minutes or so. often work in teams, taking breaks every 30 minutes or so. Simultaneous interpreting generally requires equipment such as Simultaneous interpreting generally requires equipment such as microphones, headsets, and in some instances booths.microphones, headsets, and in som
9、e instances booths.Consecutive Interpretingn nMost appropriate in a smaller setting, the speaker Most appropriate in a smaller setting, the speaker will speak for a few minutes (a few paragraphs), will speak for a few minutes (a few paragraphs), then pause. then pause. n nThe interpreter takes notes
10、 and then translates the The interpreter takes notes and then translates the speakers message during the pause. speakers message during the pause. n nThe key element in consecutive interpreting is The key element in consecutive interpreting is note taking: the interpreter must record ideas and note
11、taking: the interpreter must record ideas and then translate them back into the words of another then translate them back into the words of another language without pause.language without pause.n nEscort InterpretingAnother form of consecutive interpreting is often called Another form of consecutive
12、 interpreting is often called escort interpreting. If you are hosting a delegation of escort interpreting. If you are hosting a delegation of visitors from another country, you may want to use the visitors from another country, you may want to use the services of an escort interpreter for meeting cl
13、ients at the services of an escort interpreter for meeting clients at the airport, city tours, and shopping excursions. airport, city tours, and shopping excursions. Escort interpreters generally translate informal Escort interpreters generally translate informal conversations.conversations.A Brief
14、history of conference interpreting as a modern professionn nThe oldest and youngest profession.The oldest and youngest profession.uuAt the time the course was founded, conference At the time the course was founded, conference interpreter training was still in its infancy with the first interpreter t
15、raining was still in its infancy with the first simultaneous interpretation having been used after simultaneous interpretation having been used after World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, French, World War II at the Nuremburg Trials (English, French, Russian and German). Russian and German)
16、. uuIn the interwar years consecutive interpretation alone In the interwar years consecutive interpretation alone was provided at International gatherings, such as at was provided at International gatherings, such as at meetings of the League of Nations in Geneva where meetings of the League of Nati
17、ons in Geneva where English and French were used. English and French were used. uuThe first The first interpreters interpreters were not trained but entered the were not trained but entered the profession on the strength of their mastery of languages, profession on the strength of their mastery of l
18、anguages, prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural prodigious memory, and their impressively broad cultural background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of background. Some of the legendary figures of the world of interpreting include Jean HERBERT, Andr KAMINKER interpretin
19、g include Jean HERBERT, Andr KAMINKER and Prince and Prince ConstantinConstantin ANDRONIKOF, who was personal ANDRONIKOF, who was personal interpreter to interpreter to GnralGnral de Gaulle and one of the founders of de Gaulle and one of the founders of AIIC, which was established in 1953. AIIC, whi
20、ch was established in 1953. uuWith the setting up of international and European With the setting up of international and European organizations (United Nations-1945, Council of Europe-1949, organizations (United Nations-1945, Council of Europe-1949, European Community-1957) there was a growing need
21、for a European Community-1957) there was a growing need for a much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this much larger number of trained professionals. To meet this continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now continuing challenge, the course has expanded and now encompasses th
22、e languages of the European Union including encompasses the languages of the European Union including accession countries and the UN family.accession countries and the UN family. n nTwo historical events stimulated the development Two historical events stimulated the development of the profession.of
23、 the profession.uuThe Paris Peace Conference of 1919;The Paris Peace Conference of 1919;uuThe Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals.The Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals.n nThe symbols of the formal establishment of The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a prof
24、ession:conference interpretation as a profession:uuThe first interpreting school was set up in 1950 in The first interpreting school was set up in 1950 in Geneva, Switzerland;Geneva, Switzerland;uuAIIC, the International Association of Conference AIIC, the International Association of Conference Int
25、erpreters, was founded on Nov. 11, 1953 with its Interpreters, was founded on Nov. 11, 1953 with its Secretariat in Geneva.Secretariat in Geneva.n nInterpreting, as an internationally recognized Interpreting, as an internationally recognized profession, began to take shape only around the profession
26、, began to take shape only around the turn of the twentieth century. turn of the twentieth century. n nChronologically, Consecutive Interpreting (CI) Chronologically, Consecutive Interpreting (CI) antedates Simultaneous Interpreting (SI). The antedates Simultaneous Interpreting (SI). The Paris Peace
27、 Conference of 1919 was conventionally Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was conventionally cited as consecutive interpreting official debut .cited as consecutive interpreting official debut .n nBetween the two World Wars, consecutive Between the two World Wars, consecutive interpreting had predominant
28、 status. interpreting had predominant status. n nThe first attempt to introduce SI was made shortly The first attempt to introduce SI was made shortly before the Second World War. SI was first patented as a before the Second World War. SI was first patented as a technique by IBM in 1926, and its fir
29、st implementation technique by IBM in 1926, and its first implementation (in whisper form) was at Geneva in a tentative form in (in whisper form) was at Geneva in a tentative form in 1927 and, on a larger scale, in the former USSR in 1928 1927 and, on a larger scale, in the former USSR in 1928 for t
30、he Sixth Congress of for the Sixth Congress of CominternComintern. . n nHowever, it was during the Nuremberg trials of the However, it was during the Nuremberg trials of the Nazi war criminals, which were conducted in English, Nazi war criminals, which were conducted in English, French, Russian, and
31、 German that real full-scale French, Russian, and German that real full-scale simultaneous interpretations was first used. From 1947 simultaneous interpretations was first used. From 1947 onward, simultaneous interpretation had come to stay onward, simultaneous interpretation had come to stay at the
32、 United Nations. at the United Nations. n nIn the years after the Second World War, with the In the years after the Second World War, with the establishment of the United Nations (UN), establishment of the United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Organization of Economic European Union (EU), Organi
33、zation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many Cooperation and Development (OECD) and many other international organs, there was a growing other international organs, there was a growing need for new interpreters to join the ranks of the need for new interpreters to join the ranks of
34、 the first generation of highly skilled but untrained first generation of highly skilled but untrained conference interpreters. conference interpreters. n nSeveral training institutions were founded in Several training institutions were founded in Europe. Since then the training institutions for Eur
35、ope. Since then the training institutions for conference interpreter have sprung all over the conference interpreter have sprung all over the world.world.n nThe earliest establishment of “interpreting officials“ in The earliest establishment of “interpreting officials“ in China goes as far back as t
36、he Zhou Dynasty (1100-770 China goes as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1100-770 BC). BC). n nAccording to written records, there was an official post According to written records, there was an official post called “called “寄寄寄寄” ”, “, “象象象象” ”, “, “译译译译” ” and “and “象胥首象胥首象胥首象胥首” ” , “, “重译重译重译重译” ”
37、and “and “舌人舌人舌人舌人” ” respectively in the eastern, western, respectively in the eastern, western, southern and northern part of China. These southern and northern part of China. These interpreting officials had, at that time, dual function: interpreting officials had, at that time, dual function: in
38、terpreting for internal and external purposes. interpreting for internal and external purposes. n nThe internal purpose referred to the interpreting The internal purpose referred to the interpreting activities between the central imperial government and activities between the central imperial govern
39、ment and the various ethnic nationalities, while the external the various ethnic nationalities, while the external purpose was for communication between the central purpose was for communication between the central imperial government and its neighboring states. imperial government and its neighbori
40、ng states. n nThe oral form of translation came into being The oral form of translation came into being earlier than the written translation, which appeared earlier than the written translation, which appeared in ancient China in the Spring and Autumn period in ancient China in the Spring and Autumn
41、 period (770 476 BC). (770 476 BC). n nHowever, regarding the training of conference However, regarding the training of conference interpreters, China is a relatively newcomer; the interpreters, China is a relatively newcomer; the Peoples Republic of China did not start until the Peoples Republic of
42、 China did not start until the late 1970s. late 1970s. n nThe first such The first such programmeprogramme began in Beijing after began in Beijing after China was accepted as working language of the China was accepted as working language of the UN.UN.n nThe profession of conference interpreting was
43、The profession of conference interpreting was formally introduced into China with the formally introduced into China with the establishment of the United Nations Training establishment of the United Nations Training ProgrammeProgramme for Interpreters and Translators in for Interpreters and Translat
44、ors in 1979. 1979. n nSet up as a joint project between the UN and the Set up as a joint project between the UN and the Chinese government to train professionals for the Chinese government to train professionals for the United Nations, the United Nations, the programmeprogramme turned out 98 turned
45、out 98 interpreters (out of 217 graduates), many of whom interpreters (out of 217 graduates), many of whom are now working for the UN and other are now working for the UN and other international international organisationsorganisations, some for the Chinese , some for the Chinese government, and a f
46、ew as full-time freelances.government, and a few as full-time freelances.n nIn 1994, the UN In 1994, the UN programmeprogramme was reconstituted as the was reconstituted as the Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation of Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation of Beijing Foreign S
47、tudies University (“Beijing Foreign Studies University (“BeiBei WaiWai“). “). n nIt continues to offer a two-year course of professional It continues to offer a two-year course of professional training in conference interpreting at the MA level, but training in conference interpreting at the MA leve
48、l, but its graduates (32 in conference interpreting out of 57 to its graduates (32 in conference interpreting out of 57 to date) are now responsible for securing their own date) are now responsible for securing their own employment. employment. n nMost become staff interpreters or officers in Most b
49、ecome staff interpreters or officers in government ministries and agencies, with a minority government ministries and agencies, with a minority taking positions in the private sector; it is still rare for a taking positions in the private sector; it is still rare for a graduate to go freelance.gradu
50、ate to go freelance.n nTo date, the majority of Chinas professional To date, the majority of Chinas professional interpreters have been trained at interpreters have been trained at BeiBei WaiWai, but these , but these make up only a fraction of the large number of make up only a fraction of the larg
51、e number of practitioners, including government officers and practitioners, including government officers and corporate personnel who perform interpretation duties.corporate personnel who perform interpretation duties.n nNow as we are approaching the 21st century, the Now as we are approaching the 2
52、1st century, the globalization of the world economy has become an globalization of the world economy has become an irreversible trend.irreversible trend. uuEconomic activities such as investment, banking, Economic activities such as investment, banking, business and trade are increasing rapidly, the
53、 business and trade are increasing rapidly, the transformation of science and technology and the transformation of science and technology and the training of personnel continue apace, and international training of personnel continue apace, and international exchanges in politics, foreign affairs and
54、 culture are exchanges in politics, foreign affairs and culture are flourishing. All of these would be impossible without the flourishing. All of these would be impossible without the involvement of interpreters and translators.involvement of interpreters and translators.uu Furthermore, with the imp
55、lementation of economic Furthermore, with the implementation of economic reform and its opening up policy, China s demand for reform and its opening up policy, China s demand for qualified interpreters and translators has become all the qualified interpreters and translators has become all the more
56、urgent.more urgent.Practice Textsn n Reading: The Art of InterpretingReading: The Art of InterpretingBerrisBerris makes a distinction between translation and interpreting, and she makes a distinction between translation and interpreting, and she looks at a host of potential problems that can impede
57、intercultural looks at a host of potential problems that can impede intercultural communication. Among the more serious issues is the problem of not communication. Among the more serious issues is the problem of not having enough interpreters for long sessions. She also discusses the having enough i
58、nterpreters for long sessions. She also discusses the importance of proper preparation, the differences between precise importance of proper preparation, the differences between precise translations and simple paraphrasing, and nonverbal communication and its translations and simple paraphrasing, an
59、d nonverbal communication and its role in interpretive eventsrole in interpretive events. . n nListening: At the Shoulder of HistoryListening: At the Shoulder of HistoryAn interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. An interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous inter
60、preters. Listen to the recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of Listen to the recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the profession. the profession. The Art of InterpretingInterpreting, is a physically exhausting and often emotionally Interpreting, i
61、s a physically exhausting and often emotionally draining art. But those who work with interpreters can do a great draining art. But those who work with interpreters can do a great deal to help maximize the interpreters effectiveness and minimize deal to help maximize the interpreters effectiveness a
62、nd minimize his or her weaknesses.his or her weaknesses. JAN CAROL BERRIS JAN CAROL BERRIS former Vice President offormer Vice President of the National Commission on U.S. China Relations the National Commission on U.S. China Relations Jan Carol Jan Carol BerrisBerrisJan Carol Jan Carol BerrisBerris
63、 has been with the National has been with the National Committee on United States-China Relations since Committee on United States-China Relations since 1971 - first as program associate, then program 1971 - first as program associate, then program director, then vice president. She is responsible f
64、or director, then vice president. She is responsible for directing all program activities of the Committee. directing all program activities of the Committee. Ms. Ms. BerrisBerris has been actively involved in has been actively involved in preparation and operations for the visits to the preparation
65、 and operations for the visits to the United States of hundreds of Chinese delegations, United States of hundreds of Chinese delegations, including the 1972 Chinese Ping Pong Team, the including the 1972 Chinese Ping Pong Team, the first PRC group to come to this country. first PRC group to come to
66、this country. At the request of the State Department she At the request of the State Department she coordinated Chinese press activities during coordinated Chinese press activities during Premier Deng Xiaopings February 1979 visit to Premier Deng Xiaopings February 1979 visit to the United States. A
67、nd she has overseen the visits the United States. And she has overseen the visits of hundreds of American delegations to China. She of hundreds of American delegations to China. She herself has traveled to China about seventy times herself has traveled to China about seventy times since 1973, with p
68、eople and groups as diverse as a since 1973, with people and groups as diverse as a tennis team and a Supreme Court Justice. tennis team and a Supreme Court Justice. http:/www.ncuscr.org/articlesandspeeches/Articlesandspeeches.htmI. What Makes A Good Interpreter? n nBilingualism and biculturalismBil
69、ingualism and biculturalism uuA good command of both languages and alertness to their A good command of both languages and alertness to their constant evolution is the foundation of effective constant evolution is the foundation of effective interpreting. interpreting. uuA good interpreter is more t
70、han a translator of words, A good interpreter is more than a translator of words, since language skills are only a part of the process of since language skills are only a part of the process of communication. Biculturalism sensitivity to cultural and communication. Biculturalism sensitivity to cultu
71、ral and social differences is often as important as bilingualism. social differences is often as important as bilingualism. uuAnother important aspect of biculturalism is knowing Another important aspect of biculturalism is knowing what makes people laugh in the other culture. what makes people laug
72、h in the other culture. uuPolitical sensitivity is also an essential aspect of Political sensitivity is also an essential aspect of biculturalism.biculturalism. uuBilingualism and biculturalism can be learned though Bilingualism and biculturalism can be learned though often only by a process of osmo
73、sis during long years often only by a process of osmosis during long years of study and/or living in another country. But there are of study and/or living in another country. But there are other, more innate characteristics that contribute to other, more innate characteristics that contribute to the
74、 making of a good interpreter. the making of a good interpreter. n n A special kind of personality, or a somewhat A special kind of personality, or a somewhat schizophrenic one.schizophrenic one. uuand aggressive enough to be relaxedand aggressive enough to be relaxed uuof submerging their own egos
75、and take on the of submerging their own egos and take on the personalities of the speakerspersonalities of the speakers Projection Projection Being able to do two (or more) things at one time Being able to do two (or more) things at one time is important.is important. uuListen; Listen; uuJot down ke
76、y words to jog their memories; Jot down key words to jog their memories; uuLook up unknown words in a small dictionary Look up unknown words in a small dictionary (which usually appears magically out of a pocket); (which usually appears magically out of a pocket); uuJuggling notebook and dictionary,
77、 write down the Juggling notebook and dictionary, write down the unfamiliar word so if it is repeated later the unfamiliar word so if it is repeated later the dictionary will not have to be hauled out again. dictionary will not have to be hauled out again. uu And speaking of writing things down, And
78、 speaking of writing things down, interpreters should always carry notebooks and interpreters should always carry notebooks and use them. use them. uu Obviously interpreters should be matched to Obviously interpreters should be matched to specific jobsspecific jobs II. THE INTERPRETING SITUATION n n
79、 Preparation Preparation n n Pacing Pacingn n Precision Versus Paraphrase Precision Versus Paraphraseuu The interpreter should always be given a sense of how The interpreter should always be given a sense of how precise a translation is expected. precise a translation is expected. uu Another aspect
80、of this issue is when to translate and Another aspect of this issue is when to translate and when to leave people alone. when to leave people alone. uuSometimes we encounter interpreters who feel the need Sometimes we encounter interpreters who feel the need for great precision and will take several
81、 seconds (which for great precision and will take several seconds (which always seem like eons to listeners) to think of the word always seem like eons to listeners) to think of the word or phrase carrying the precise nuance of the situation. or phrase carrying the precise nuance of the situation. u
82、u Another kind of interpreter is the Another kind of interpreter is the paraphraserparaphraser or or editor who tends to give the gist of what the speaker is editor who tends to give the gist of what the speaker is saying, ignoring the details.saying, ignoring the details. n nSupplying Background In
83、formationSometimes, trying to be helpful and fill in gaps in the Sometimes, trying to be helpful and fill in gaps in the audiences understanding, interpreters will add background audiences understanding, interpreters will add background information not supplied by the speakerinformation not supplied
84、 by the speaker. . n nLength of Speech Unitsn nInvisibility of InterpretersInterpreters should confine themselves to facilitating Interpreters should confine themselves to facilitating communication, and not (except in unusual situations) add communication, and not (except in unusual situations) add
85、 their own personal comments.their own personal comments. n n Direction of Translationn nNumbersn nTranslating Substancen nQuestionsn nNonverbal Communicationn nHelping with ProblemsQualifications of a good interpretern nKnowledge of the general subject of the speeches Knowledge of the general subje
86、ct of the speeches that are to be interpreted. that are to be interpreted. n nGeneral erudition and intimate familiarity with both General erudition and intimate familiarity with both cultures. cultures. n nExtensive vocabulary in both languages.Extensive vocabulary in both languages.n nAbility to e
87、xpress thoughts clearly and concisely in Ability to express thoughts clearly and concisely in both languages. both languages. n nExcellent note-taking technique for consecutive Excellent note-taking technique for consecutive interpreting. interpreting. n nAt least 2-3 years of booth experience for A
88、t least 2-3 years of booth experience for simultaneous interpreting. simultaneous interpreting. Listening n nAn interview of the BBC correspondent with world An interview of the BBC correspondent with world famous interpreters. famous interpreters. Listen Listen to the following recording to the fol
89、lowing recording 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of 2- 3 times and you will gain a better understanding of the profession.the profession.Professional Code of Conductn nServe the interest of their organization;Serve the interest of their organization;n nScrupulously observe the se
90、crecy to which they are already bound Scrupulously observe the secrecy to which they are already bound to their professional code;to their professional code;n nMaintain the professional standards of their work by keeping Maintain the professional standards of their work by keeping abreast of organiz
91、ation activities, of subjects under discussion and abreast of organization activities, of subjects under discussion and of relevant terminology;of relevant terminology;n nPrepare for meetings with the help of duly supplied documents and Prepare for meetings with the help of duly supplied documents a
92、nd by obtaining additional papers for meetings of exceptional by obtaining additional papers for meetings of exceptional technical or linguistic difficulty;technical or linguistic difficulty;n nLiaise with free-lance interpreters, when called upon to do so;Liaise with free-lance interpreters, when c
93、alled upon to do so;n nAct as interpreters outside the organization only with the latters Act as interpreters outside the organization only with the latters consent and in compliance with the local working conditions of consent and in compliance with the local working conditions of free-lance interpreters who are AIIC members.free-lance interpreters who are AIIC members.
