大学英语六级阅读练习题整理

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1、cet 6 readingI live in the land of Disney, Hollywood and year-round sun. You may think people in such aglamorous, fun-filled place are happier than others. If so, you have some mistaken ideas about thenature of happiness.Many intelligent people still equate happiness with fun. The truth is that fun

2、and happinesshave little or nothing in common. Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what weexperience after an act. It is a deeper, more abiding emotion.Going to an amusement park or ball game, watching a movie or television, are fun activitiesthat help us relax, temporarily forget

3、our problems and maybe even laugh. But they do not bringhappiness, because their positive effects end when the fun ends.I have often thought that if Hollywood stars have a role to play, it is to teach us that happinesshas nothing to do with fun. These rich, beautiful individuals have constant access

4、 to glamorousparties, fancy cars, expensive homes, everything that spells “happiness”. But in memoir aftermemoir, celebrities reveal the unhappiness hidden beneath all their fun: depression, alcoholism,drug addiction, broken marriages, troubled children and profound loneliness.Ask a bachelor why he

5、resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and lesssatisfying. If hes honest, he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. Forcommitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure and excitement.Marriage has such moments, but they are not its m

6、ost distinguishing features.Similarly, couples that choose not to have children are deciding in favor of painless fun overpainful happiness. They can dine out ever they want and sleep as late as they want. Couples withinfant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or a three-day vacation. I d

7、ont know anyparent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children.Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the mostliberating realizations we can ever come to. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours toactivities that can genuinely incr

8、ease our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car orthose fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And itliberates us from envy: we now understand that all those rich and glamorous people we were sosure are happy because they are always having so mu

9、ch fun actually may not be happy at all.1. Which of the following is true?A. Fun creates long-lasting satisfaction.B. Fun provides enjoyment while pain leads to happiness.C. Happiness is enduring whereas fun is short-lived.D. Fun that is long-standing may lead to happiness.2. To the author, Hollywoo

10、d stars all have an important role to play that is to .A. rite memoir after memoir about their happiness.B. tell the public that happiness has nothing to do with fun.C. teach people how to enjoy their lives.D. bring happiness to the public instead of going to glamorous parties.3. In the authors opin

11、ion, marriage_.A. affords greater fun.B. leads to raising children.C. indicates commitment.D. ends in pain.4. Couples having infant children_ .A. are lucky since they can have a whole nights sleep.B. find fun in tucking them into bed at night.C. find more time to play and joke with them.D. derive ha

12、ppiness from their endeavo匚5. If one get the meaning of the true sense of happiness, he will_ .A. stop playing games and joking with others.B. make the best use of his time increasing happiness.C. give a free hand to money.D. keep himself with his family.第一篇答案：CBCDBOnce it was possible to define mal

13、e and female roles easily by the division of labor. Men workedoutside the home and earned the income to support their families, while women cooked the mealsand took care of the home and the children. These roles were firmly fixed for most people, andthere was not much opportunity for women to exchan

14、ge their roles. But by the middle of thiscentury, mens and womens roles were becoming less firmly fixed.In the 1950s, economic and social success was the goal of the typical American. But in the1960s a new force developed called the counterculture. The people involved in this movement didnot value t

15、he middle-class American goals. The counterculture presented men and women withnew role choices. Taking more interest in childcare, men began to share child-raising tasks withtheir wives. In fact, some young men and women moved to communal homes or farms where theeconomic and childcare responsibilit

16、ies were shared equally by both sexes. In addition, manyAmericans did not value the traditional male role of soldier. Some young men refused to bedrafted as soldiers to fight in the war in Vietnam.In terms of numbers, the counterculture was not a very large group of people. But itsinfluence spread t

17、o many parts of American society. Working men of all classes began to changetheir economic and social patterns. Industrial workers and business executives alike cut down on“overtime“ work so that they could spend more leisure time with their families. Some doctors,lawyers, and teachers turned away f

18、rom high paying situations to practice their professions inpoorer neighborhoods.In the 1970s, the feminist movement, or womens liberation, produced additional economicand social changes. Women of all ages and at all levels of society were entering the work force ingreater numbers. Most of them still

19、 took traditional womens jobs as public school teaching,nursing, and secretarial work. But some women began to enter traditionally male occupations:police work, banking, dentistry, and construction work. Women were asking for equal work, andequal opportunities for promotion.Today the experts general

20、ly agree that important changes are taking place in the roles of menand women. Naturally, there are difficulties in adjusting to these transformations.1. Which of the following best express the main idea of Paragraph 1 ?A. Women usually worked outside the home for wages.B. Men and womens roles were

21、easily exchanged in the past.C. Mens roles at home were more firmly fixed than womens.D. Men and womens roles were usually quite separated in the past.2. Which sentence best expresses the main idea of Paragraph 2?A. The first sentence.B. The second and the third sentences.C. The fourth sentence.D. T

22、he last sentence.3. In the passage the author proposes that the counterculture_ .A. destroyed the United States.B. transformed some American values.C. was not important in the United States.D. brought people more leisure time with their families.4. It could be inferred from the passage that_ .A. men

23、 and women will never share the same goals.B. some men will be willing to exchange their traditional male roles.C. most men will be happy to share some of the household responsibilities with their wives.D. more American households are headed by women than ever before.5. The best title for the passag

24、e may be_ .A. Results of Feminist MovementsB. New iniluence in American LifeC. Counterculture and Its consequenceD. Traditional Division of Male and Female Roles.第二篇答案DCBCBRecent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions in the air can have an ill effect onpeoples physical or psychologica

25、l health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions,electrically charged particles, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and thenegative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a larger proportion ofpositive ions are found. This happens naturally

26、before thunderstorm, earthquakes when winds suchas the Mistral, Hamsin or Sharav are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by abuild-up of static electricity indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibres, or fromTV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large num

27、ber of positive ions are present in the air many people experienceunpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive peoplesuffer nausea or even mental disturbance. Animals are also affected, particularly beforeearthquakes, snakes have been observed to come

28、out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows,dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund anetwork of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hitvulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large nu

29、mbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling ofwell-being. Natural conditions that produce these large amounts are near the sea, close towaterfalls or fountains, or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probablyaccounts for the beneficial effect of a holiday b

30、y the sea, or in the mountains with tumblingstreams or waterfalls.To increase the supply of negative ions indoors, some scientists recommend the use ofionisers: small portable machines, which generate negative ions. They claim that ionisers not onlyclean and refresh the air but also improve the heal

31、th of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Ofcourse, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical aboutnegative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds by observingthe effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative ri

32、ch or poor environment. After all it isdebatable whether depending on seismic readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective thanwatching the cat.1. What effect does exceeding positive ionization have on some people?A. They think they are insane.B. They feel rather bad-tempered and short-fusse

33、d.C. They become violently sick.D. They are too tired to do anything.2. In accordance with the passage, static electricity can be caused by_ .A. using home-made electrical goods.B. wearing clothes made of natural materials.C. walking on artificial floor coverings.D. copying TV programs on a computer

34、.3. A high negative ion count is likely to be found_ .A. near a pound with a water pump.B. close to a slow-flowing river.C. high in some barren mountains.D. by a rotating water sprinkler.4. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?A. Ionisers.B. Air-conditioners.C. Exhaust-fansD. Vacu

35、um pumps.5. Some scientists believe that_ .A. watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than depending onseismography.B. the unusual behavior of animals cannot be trusted.C. neither watching nor using seismographs is reliable.D. earthquake第三篇答案BCDAAA study of art history might be

36、a good way to learn more about a culture than is possible to learnin general history classes. Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values ofa people, but also religious beli

37、efs, emotions, and psychology. In addition, information about thedaily activities of our ancestorsor of people very different from our owncan be provided byart. In short, art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it clearlyoffer us a deeper understanding than can be

38、 found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is presented; thatis, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, issubjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisc

39、o Goya wasperhaps the first truly political artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1808, hecriticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hundred years later,symbolic images were used in Pablo Picassos Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile,on an

40、other continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and DavidAlfaro Siqueirosas well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martines- depicted these Mexicanartists, deep anger and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can reflect a cultures religious beliefs. For hundr

41、eds of years in Europe,religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildingswere filled with paintings that depicted people and stories from the Bible. Although most peoplecouldnt read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on churc

42、h walls. Bycontrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence ofhuman and animal images. This reflects the Islamic belief that statues are unholy.1. More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than general historybecause art history

43、.A. show us the religious and emotions of a people in addition to political values.B. provide us with information about the daily activities of people in the past.C. give us an insight into the essential qualities of a time and a place.D. all of the above.2. Art is subjective in that.A. a personal a

44、nd emotional view of history is presented through it.B. it can easily rouse our anger or sadness about social problems.C. it will find a ready echo in our hearts.D. both B and C.3. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Unlike Francisco Goya, Pablo and several Mexican

45、artists expressed their politicalopinions in their paintings.B. History books often reveal the compilers political views.C. Religious art remained in Europe for centuries the only type of art because most peopleregarded the Bible as the Holy Book.D. All the above mentioned.4. The passage is mainly d

46、iscussing.A. the difference between general history and art history.B. The making of art history.C. What can we learn from art.D. The influence of artists on art history.5. In may be concluded from this passage that_ .A. Islamic artists have had to create architectural decorations with images of flo

47、wers orgeometric forms.B. History teachers are more objective than general history.C. It is more difficult to study art history than general history.D. People and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other buildings in order topopularize the Bible.第四篇答案：DDDCAIf the old maxim that the

48、customer is always right still has meaning, then the airlines that ply theworlds busiest air route between London and Paris have a flight on their hands.The Eurostar train service linking the UK and French capitals via the Channel Tunnel iswinning customers in increasing numbers. In late May, it car

49、ried its one millionth passenger,having run only a limited service between London, Paris and Brussels since November 1994,starting with two trains a day in each direction to Paris and Brussels. By 1997, the companybelieves that it will be carrying ten million passengers a year, and continue to grow

50、from there.From July, Eurostar steps its service to nine trains each way between London and Paris, andfive between London and Biussels. Each train carries almost 800 passengers, 210 of them in firstclass.The airlines estimate that they will initially lose around 15%-20% of their London-Paristraffic

51、to the railways once Eurostar starts a full service later this year (1995), with 15 trains a dayeach way. A similar service will start to Brussels. The damage will be limited, however, theairlines believe, with passenger numbers returning to previous levels within two to three years.In the short ter

52、m, the damage caused by the 1 million people-levels traveling betweenLondon and Paris and Brussels on Eurostar trains means that some air services are alreadysuffering. Some of the major carriers say that their passenger numbers are down by less than 5%and point to their rivals-Particularly Air Fran

53、ce-as having suffered the problems. On the Brusselsroute, the railway company had less success, and the airlines report anything from around a 5%drop to no visible decline in traffic.The airlines optimism on returning traffic levels is based on historical precedent. BritishMidland, for example, poin

54、ts to its experience on Heathrow Leeds Bradford service which sawpassenger numbers fold by 15% when British Rail electrified and modernized the railway linebetween London and Yorkshire. Two years later, travel had risen between the two destinations tothe point where the airline was carrying record n

55、umbers of passengers.1. British airlines confide in the fact that_ .A. they are more powerful than other European airlines.B. their total loss wont go beyond a drop of 5% passengers.C. their traffic levels will return in 2-3 years.D. traveling by rail can never catch up with traveling by air.2. The

56、authors attitude towards the drop of passengers may be described as.A. worried.B. delightedC. puzzled.D. unrivaled.3. In the passage, British Rail (Para 6) is mentioned to_ .A. provide a comparison with Eurostar.B. support the airlines, optimism.C. prove the inevitable drop of air passengers.D. call

57、 for electrification and modernization of the railway.4. The railways Brussels route is brought forth to show that.A. the Eurostar train service is not doing good business.B. the airlines can well compete with the railway.C. the Eurostar train service only caused little damage.D. only some airlines,

58、 such as Air France, are suffering.5. The passage is taken from the first of an essay, from which we may well predict that in thefollowing part the author is going to.A. praise the airlines5 clear-mindedness.B. warn the airlines of high-speed rail services.C. propose a reduction of London/Paris flig

59、hts.D. advise the airlines to follow British Midland as their model.第五篇答案：CABCBWithout regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired;without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify moods andactions, our inclination to eat or drink, ou

60、r aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductiveand parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they helpto determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individuaFs behavioralcapacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some

61、 endocrine glands and the bodys changingsensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were consideredthe exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. Theeme

62、rgence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments ofBayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in theintestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulatesthe pancreas to libe

63、rate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cellssecret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs ortissues. Bayliss and starling demonstrated that chemical integration could occur withoutparticipation of the nervous system.Th

64、e term “hormone“ was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the termfrom the Greek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion. The term “endocrine wasintroduced shortly thereafter ttEndocrine is used to refer to glands that secret products into thebloodstream. The term endocrine

65、contrasts with “exocrine, which is applied to glands thatsecret their products though ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tearglands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secrets pancreatic juice through a duct into theintestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct

66、 glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless.1. What is the authors main purpose in the passage?A. To explain the specific functions of various hormones.B. To provide general information about hormones.C. To explain how the term “hormone“ evolved.D. To report on experiments in endocrinology.2

67、. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.B. Synthetic hormones can replace a persons natural supply of hormones if necessary.C. The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a personsage.D. Th

68、e short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life.3. It can be inferred from the passage that before the Bayliss and Starling experiments, mostpeople believed that chemical integration occurred only_.A. during sleep.B. in the endocrine glands.C. under control of the ne

69、rvous system.D. during strenuous exercise.4. The word liberate could best be replaced by which of the following?A. EmancipateB. DischargeC. SurrenderD. Save5. According to the passage another term for exocrine glands is_.A. duct glandsB. endocrine glandsC. ductless glandsD. intestinal glands.第六篇答案：B

70、DCBAThe discovery of the Antarctic not only proved one of the most interesting of all geographicaladventures, but created what might be called “the heroic age of Antarctic exploration. By theirtremendous heroism, men such as Shakleton, Scott, and Amundsen caused a new continent toemerge from the sha

71、dows, and yet that heroic age, little more than a century old, is already passing.Modern science and inventions are revolutionizing the endurance, future journeys into these icywastes will probably depend on motor vehicles equipped with caterpillar traction rather than onthe dogs that earlier discov

72、erers found so invaluable and hardly comparable.Few realize that this Antarctic continent is almost equal in size to South America, andenormous field of work awaits geographers and prospectors. The coasts of this continent remain tobe accurately charted, and the maping of the whole of the interior p

73、resents a formidable task to thecartographers who undertake the work. Once their labors are completed, it will be possible toprospect the vast natural resources which scientists believe will furnish one of the largest treasurehoards of metals and minerals the world has yet known, and almost inexhaus

74、tible sources ofcopper, coal, uranium, and many other ores will become available to man. Such discoveries willusher in an era of practical exploitation of the Antarctic wastes.The polar darkness which hides this continent for the six winter months will be defeated byhuge batteries of light, and make

75、 possible the establishing of air-fields for the futureinter-continental air services by making these areas as light as day. Present flying routes will becompletely changed, for the Antarctic refueling bases will make flights from Australia to SouthAmerica comparatively easy over the 5,000 miles jou

76、rney.The climate is not likely to offer an insuperable problem, for the explorer Admiral Byrd hasshown that the climate is possible even for men completely untrained for expeditions into thosefrozen wastes. Some of his parties were men who had never seen snow before, and yet he recordsthat they surv

77、ived the rigors of the Antarctic climate comfortably, so that, provided that theappropriate installations are made, we may assume that human beings from all countries could livethere safely. Byrd even affirms that it is probably the most healthy climate in the world, for theintense cold of thousands

78、 of years has sterilize this continent, and rendered it absolutely germfree,with the consequences that ordinary and extraordinary sickness and diseases from which mansuffers in other zones with different climates are here utterly unknown. There exist no problems ofconservation and preservation of fo

79、od supplies, for the latter keep indefinitely without any signs ofdeterioration; it may even be that later generations will come to regard the Antarctic as the naturalstorehouse for the whole world.Plans are already on foot to set up permanent bases on the shores of this continent, and whatso few ye

80、ars ago was regarded as a “dead continent“ now promises to be a most active center ofhuman life and endeavor.1. When did man begin to explore the Antarctic?A. About lOOyears ago.B. In this century.C. At the beginning of the 19th century.D. In 1798.2. What must the explorers be, even though they have

81、 modern equipment and techniques?A. Brave and toughB. Stubborn and arrogant.C. Well-liked and humorous.D. Stout and smart.3. The most healthy climate in the world is_ .A. in South America.B. in the Arctic Region.C. in the Antarctic Continent.D. in the Atlantic Ocean.4. What kind of metals and minera

82、ls can we find in the Antarctic?A. Magnetite, coal and ores.B. Copper, coal and uranium.C. Silver, natural gas and uranium.D. Aluminum, copper and natural gas.5. What is planned for the continent?A. Building dams along the coasts.B. Setting up several summer resorts along the coasts.C. Mapping the c

83、oast and whole territory.D. Setting up permanent bases on the coasts.答案：AACBDAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.However, chances are that you dont act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that tocommit the action is wrong in some

84、way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it canchange over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once consideredtaboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another

85、 point in time. Topics such as death,for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talkabout them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying andLearning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of express

86、ingfeelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos,fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. Its not taboo to talk about fat; its taboo to be fat.The in” look

87、is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trimexecutives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associatedwith youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lackingin energy, self-disc

88、ipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like the U. S., thin is“in”, fat is “out”.Its not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slimand “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason forAmericas fasc

89、ination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance ofdiet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-styleof North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modernmachines do all the physical

90、 labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and busestransport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, peoples bodies caneasily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions ofAmericans are spending more of their time exe

91、rcising.1. From the passage we can infer taboo is.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in societys eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.2. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclu

92、de “being fat” in Americansociety.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.3. The topic of fat is _ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about t

93、han.4. In the U. S., thin is “in”， fat is “out”， this means_ .A. thin is “inside”, fat is “outside”.B. thin is “diligent”, fat is “lazy”.C. thin is “youthful”, fat is “spiritless”.D. thin is “fashionable”, fat is “unfashionable”.5. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health

94、and exercise, the mainreason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.答案：CDBDBCompu

95、ters monitor everything in Singapore from soil composition to location of manholes.At the airport, it took, just 15 seconds for the computerized immigration system to scan andapprove my passport. It takes only one minute to be checked into a public hospital.By 1998, almost every household will be wi

96、red for interactive cable TV and the Internet, theglobal computer network. Shoppers will be able to view and pay for products electronically. A24-hour community telecomputing network will allow users to communicate with electedrepresentatives and retrieve information about government services. It is

97、 all part of thegovernments plan to transform the nation into what it calls the Intelligent Island”.In so many ways, Singapore has elevated the concept of efficiency to a kind of nationalideology. For the past ten years, Singapores work force was rated the best in the world-ahead ofJapan and the U.

98、S.-in terms of productivity, skill and attitude by the Business Environment RiskIntelligence service.Behind the Singapore miracle, is a man Richard Nixon described as one of 44the ablestleaders I have met,“ one who, “in other times and other places, might have attained the worldstature of a Churchil

99、l. Lee Kuan Yew led Singapores struggle for independence in the 1950s,serving as Prime Minister from 1959 until 1990. Today (1995), at 71, he has nominally retired tothe office of Senior Minister, where he continues to influence his countrys future. Lee offeredcompanies tax breaks, political stabili

100、ty, cheap labor and strike-free environment.Nearly 90 percent of Singaporean adults now own their own homes and thanks to strictadherence to the principle of merit, personal opportunities abound. 4tIf youve got talent and workhard, you can be anything here,“ says a Malaysian-bom woman who holds a hi

101、gh-levelcivil-service position.Lee likes to boast that Singapore has avoided the “moral breakdown“ of Western countries.He attributes his nations success to strong family ties, a reliance on education as the engine ofadvancement and social philosophy that he claims is superior to Americas.In an inte

102、rview with Readers Digest, he said that the United States has “lost its bearings” byemphasizing individual rights at the expense of society. t4An ethical society,v he said, “is onewhich matches human rights with responsibilities.”1. What characterizes Singapores advancement is its_ .A. computer moni

103、toring.B. work efficiency.C. high productivity.D. value on ethics.2. From Nixons perspective, Lee is_ .A. almost as great as Churchill.B. not as great as Churchill.C. only second to Churchill in being a leader.D. just as great as Churchill.3. In the last paragraph, lost its bearings may mean_ .A. be

104、come impatient.B. failed to find the right position.C. lost its foundation.D. grown band-mannered.4. “You can be anything here”(Paragraph 5) may be paraphrased as_ .A. You can hope for a very bright prospect.B. You may be able to do anything needed.C. You can choose any job as you like.D. You will b

105、ecome an outstanding worker.5. In Singapore, the concept of efficiency_.A. has been emphasized throughout the country.B. has become an essential quality for citizens to aim at.C. is brought forward by the government in order to compete with America.D. is known as the basis for building the intellige

106、nt Island.答案：DDBABChinese Americans today have higher incomes than Americans in general and higheroccupational status. The Chinese have risen to this position despite some of the harshestdiscrimination and violence faced by any immigrants to the United States in the history of thiscountry. Long conf

107、ined to a narrow range of occupations they succeeded in those occupations andthen spread out into other areas in later years, when opportunities finally opened up for them.Today much of the Chinese prosperity is due to the simple fact that they work more and have more(usually better) education than

108、others. Almost one out of five Chinese families has three or moreincome earners compared to one out of thirteen for Puerto Ricans, one out of ten among AmericanIndians, and one out of eight among Whites. When the Chinese advantages in working andeducational are held constant, they have no advantage

109、over other Americans. That is in a ChineseFamily with a given number of people working and with a given amount of education by the headof the family, the income is not only about average for such families, and offer a little less thanaverage.While Chinese Americans as a group are prosperous and well

110、-educated Chinatowns arepockets of poverty, and illiteracy is much higher among the Chinese than among Americans ingeneral. Those paradoxes are due to sharp internal differences. Descendants of the ChineseAmericans who emigrated long ago from Toishan Province have maintained Chinese values andhave a

111、dded acculturation to American society with remarkable success. More recent Hong KongChinese are from more diverse cultural origins, and acquired western values and styles in HongKong, without having acquired the skills to proper and support those aspirations in the Americaneconomy. Foreign-bom Chin

112、ese men in the United States are one-fourth lower incomes thannative-born Chinese even though the foreign-bom have been in the United States an average ofseventeen years. While the older Hong Kong Chinese work tenaciously to sustain and advancethemselves, the Hong Kong Chinese youths often react wit

113、h resentment and antisocial behavior,including terrorism and murder. The need to maintain tourism in Chinatown causes the Chineseleaders to mute or downplay these problems as much as possible.1. According to the passage, today, Chinese Americans owe their prosperity to_ .A. their diligence and bette

114、r education than others.B. their support of American government.C. their fight against discriminations.D. advantages in working only.2. The passage is mainly concerned with_ .A. Chinese Americans today.B. social status of Chinese Americans today.C. incomes and occupational status of Chinese American

115、s today.D. problems of Chinese Americans today.3. Chinatowns are pockets of poverty, as is probably associated with_ .A. most descendants of Chinese Americans are rebelling.B. most descendants of Chinese Americans are illiterate.C. sharp internal difference between Chinese coming from different cult

116、ural backgrounds.D. only a few Chinese Americans are rich.4. Which of the following statements is not true according to this article?A. As part of the minority, Chinese Americans are still experiencing discrimination inAmerican today.B. Nowadays, Chinese Americans are working in wider fields.C. Fore

117、ign-born Chinese earn lower income than native-born Chinese Americans with thesimilar advantages in the U. S.D. None of the above.5. According to the author, which of the following can best describe the older Hong KongChinese and the younger?A. Tenacious; rebellion.B. Conservative; open-minded.C. Ou

118、t-of-date; fashionable.D. Obedient; disobedient.答案：ACCCALet children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by beingcorrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times aday the difference between the languages he uses and t

119、he language those around him use. Bit bybit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people. In the same way,when children learn to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught-to walk, run,climb, whistle, ride a bicycle-compare those performances with those o

120、f more skilled people, andslowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his ownmistakes for himself, let alone correct them. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that hewould never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it un

121、less he was made to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let him do it himself. Let him work out, with the helpof other children if he wants it, what this word says, what answer is to that problem, whether thisis a good way of saying or doing this or not.If it is a matter of right answers, as i

122、t may be in mathematics or science, give him the answerbook. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work?Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he cant find the way to get the rightanswer. Lets end this nonsense of grades, exams, marks, L

123、et us throw them all out, and let thechildren learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their ownunderstanding, how to know what they know or do not know.Let them get on with this job in the way that seems sensible to them. With our help as schoolteachers if they ask for it

124、. The idea that there is a body of knowledge to be learnt at school andused for the rest of ones life is nonsense in a world as complicated and rapidly changing as ours.Anxious parents and teachers say, “But suppose they fail to learn something essential they willneed to get in the world? Dont worry

125、! If it is essential, they will go out into the world and learnit.1. What does the author think is the best way for children to learn things?A. by copying what other people do.B. by making mistakes and having them corrected.C. by listening to explanations from skilled people.D. by asking a great man

126、y questions.2. What does the author think teachers do which they should not do?A. They give children correct answers.B. They point out childrens mistakes to them.C. They allow children to mark their own work.D. They encourage children to mark to copy from one another.3. The passage suggests that lea

127、rning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are_ .A. not really important skills.B. more important than other skills.C. basically different from learning adult skills.D. basically the same as learning other skills.4. Exams, grades, and marks should be abolished because childrens progress should on

128、ly beestimated by_.A. educated persons.B. the children themselves.C. teachers.D. parents.5. The author fears that children will grow up into adults while being_ .A. too independent of others.B. too critical of themselves.C. incapable to think for themselves.D. incapable to use basic skills.答案：ABDBCW

129、e can begin our discussion of population as global issue?, with what most persons meanwhen they discuss “the population problem: too many people on earth and a too rapid increase inthe number added each year. The facts are not in dispute, It was quite right to employ the analogythat likened demograp

130、hic growth to “a long, thin powder fuse that burns steadily and haltinglyuntil it finally reaches the charge and explodes.To understand the current situation, which is characterized by rapid increases in population, itis necessary to understand the history of population trends. Rapid growth is a com

131、paratively recentphenomenon. Looking back at the 8,000 years of demographic history, we find that populationshave been virtually stable or growing very slightly for most of human history. For most of ourancestors, life was hard, often nasty, and very short. There was high fertility in most places, b

132、utthis was usually balanced by high mortality. For most of human history, it was seldom the casethat one in ten persons would live past forty, while infancy and childhood were especially riskyperiods. Often, societies were in clear danger of extinction because death rates could exceed theirbirthrate

133、s. Thus, the population problem throughout most of history was how to prevent extinctionof the human race.This pattern is important to notice. Not only does it put the current problems of demographicgrowth into a historical perspective, but it suggests that the cause of rapid increase in population

134、inrecent years is not a sudden enthusiasm for more children, but an improvement in the conditionsthat traditionally have caused high mortality.Demographic history can be divided into two major periods: a time of long, slow growthwhich extended from about 8,000 BC. till approximately AD. 1650. In the

135、 first period of some9600 years, the population increased from some 8 million to 500 million in 1650. Between 1650and the present, the population has increased from 500 million to more than 4 billion. And it isestimated that by the year 2000 there will be 6.2 billion people throughout the world. One

136、 way toappreciate this dramatic difference in such abstract numbers is to reduce the time frame tosomething that is more manageable. Between 8000BC and 1650, an average of only 50,000persons was being added annually to the worlds population each year. At present, this number isadded every six hours.

137、 The increase is about 80,000,000 persons annually.1. Which of the following demographic growth pattern is most suitable for the long thinpowder fuse analogy?A. A virtually stable or slightly decreasing period and then a sudden explosion of population.B. A slow growth for a long time and then a peri

138、od of rapid, dramatic increase.C. Too many people on earth and a few rapid increase in the number added each year.D. A long period when death rates exceeds birthrates and then a short period with higherfertility and lower mortality.2. During the first period of demographic history, societies were of

139、ten in danger of extinctionbecause_.A. only one in ten persons could live past 40.B. there was higher mortality than fertility in most places.C. it was too dangerous to have babies due to the poor conditions.D. our ancestors had little enthusiasm for more children.3. Which statement is true about po

140、pulation increase?A. There might be an increase of 2.2 billion persons from now to the year 2000.B. About 50,000 babies are born every six hours at present.C. Between 8000 BC and the present, the population increase is about 80,000,000 personseach year.D. The population increased faster between 8000

141、BC and 1650 than between 1650 and thepresent.4. The author of the passage intends to_.A. warn people against the population explosion in the near future.B. compare the demographic growth pattern in the past with that after 1650.C. find out the cause for rapid increase in population in recent years.D

142、. present us a clear and complete picture of the demographic growth.5. The word “demographic“ in the first paragraph means_.A. statistics of human.B. surroundings study.C. accumulation of human.D. development of human.答案：ABADAMost of us are taught to pay attention to what is saidthe words. Words do

143、provide us withsome information, but meanings are derived from so many othersources that it would hinder oureffectiveness as a partner to a relationship to re ly too heavily on words alone. Words are used todescribe only a small part of the many ideas we associate with any given message. Sometimes w

144、ecan gain insight into some of those associations if we listen for more than words. We dont alwayssay what we mean or mean what we say. Sometimes our words dont mean anything except Imletting off some steam. I dont really want you to pay close attention to what Im saying. Just payattention to what F

145、m feeling. Mostly we mean several things at once. A person wanting topurchase a house says to the current owner, “This step has to be fixed before Pll buy. The ownersays, “ Its been like that for years., Actually, the step hasnt been like that for years, but theunspoken message is: I dont want to fi

146、x it. We put up with it. Why cant you?” The search for amore expansive view of meaning can be developed of examining a message in terms of who saidit, when it occurred, the related conditions or situation, and how it was said.When a message occurs can also reveal associated meaning. Let us assume tw

147、o couples doexactly the same amount of kissing and arguing. But one couple always kisses after an argumentand the other couple always argues after a kiss. The ordering of the behaviors may mean a greatdeal more than the frequency of the behavior. A friends unusually docile behavior may only beunders

148、tood by noting that it was preceded by situations that required an abnormal amount ofassertiveness. Some responses may be directly linked to a developing pattern of responses anddefy logic. For example, a person who says No!” to a serials of charges like Youre dumb,“Youre lazy, and Youre dishonest,m

149、ay also say No! and try to justify his or her response ifthe next statement is “And youre good looking.”We would do well to listen for how messages are presented. The words, t4If sure has beennice to have you over, can be said with emphasis and excitement or ritualistically. The phrase canbe said on

150、ce or repeated several times. And the meanings we associate with the phrase will changeaccordingly. Sometimes if we say something infrequently it assumes more importance; sometimesthe more we say something the less importance it assumes.1. Effective communication is rendered possible between two con

151、versing partners, if_ .A. they use proper words to carry their ideas.B. they both speak truly of their own feelings.C. they try to understand each others ideas beyond words.D. they are capable of associating meaning with their words.2. Tm letting off some steam in paragraph 1 means_.A. Tm just calli

152、ng your attention.B. Tm just kidding.C. Tm just saying the opposite.D. Tm just giving oflf some sound.3. The house-owners example shows that he actually means_ .A. the step has been like that for years.B. he doesnt think it necessary to fix the step.C. the condition of the step is only a minor fault

153、.D. the cost involved in the fixing should be shared.4. Some responses and behaviors may appear very illogical, but are justifiable if_ .A. linked to an abnormal amount of assertiveness.B. seen as ones habitual pattern of behavior.C. taken as part of an ordering sequence.D. expressed to a series of

154、charges.5. The word “rilualisticaHy in the last paragraph equals something done_ .A. without true intention.B. light-heartedly.C. in a way of ceremony.D. with less emphasis.答案：DBABCWhich is safer-staying at home, traveling to work on public transport, or working in theoffice? Surprisingly, each of t

155、hese carries the same risk, which is very low. However, what aboutflying compared to working in the chemical industry? Unfortunately, the former is 65 times riskierthan the latter! In fact, the accident rate of workers in the chemical industry is less than that ofalmost any of human activity, and al

156、most as safe as staying at home.The trouble with the chemical industry is that when things go wrong they often cause death tothose living nearby. It is this which makes chemical accidents so newsworthy. Fortunately, theyare extremely rare. The most famous ones happened at Texas City (1947),Flixborou

157、gh (1974),Seveso (1976), Pemex (1984) and Bhopal (1984).Some of these are always in the minds of the people even though the loss of life was small.No one died at Seveso, and only 28 workers at Flixborough. The worst accident of all was Bhopal,where up to 3,000 were killed. The Texas City explosion o

158、f fertilizer killed 552. The Pemex fire ata storage plant for natural gas in the suburbs of Mexico City took 542 lives, just a month beforethe unfortunate event at Bhopal.Some experts have discussed these accidents and used each accident to illustrate a particulardanger. Thus the Texas City explosio

159、n was caused by tons of ammonium nitrate ( 不肖酸镂) ，whichis safe unless stored in great quantity. The Flixborough fireball was the fault of management,which took risks to keep production going during essential repairs. The Seveso accident showswhat happens if the local authorities lack knowledge of th

160、e danger on their doorstep. When thepoisonous gas drifted over the town, local leaders were incapable of taking effective action. ThePemex fire was made worse by an overloaded site in an overcrowded suburb. The fire set off achain reaction os exploding storage tanks. Yet, by a miracle, the two large

161、st tanks did not explode.Had these caught fire, then 3,000 strong rescue team and fire fighters would all have died.1. Which of the following statements is true?A. Working at the office is safer than staying at home.B. Traverlling to work on public transport is safer than working at the office.C. St

162、aying at home is safer than working in the chemical industry.D. Working in the chemical industry is safer than traveling by air.2. Chemical accidents are usually important enough to be reported as news b e c a u s e .A. they are very rareB. they often cause loss of lifeC. they always occur in big ci

163、tiesD. they arouse the interest of all the readers3. According to passage, the chemical accident that caused by the fault of managementhappened at_.A. Texas city B. Flixborough C. Seveso D. Mexico City4. From the passage we know that ammonium nitrate is a kind of.A. natural gas, which can easily cat

164、ch fireB. fertilizer, which cant be stored in a great quantityC. poisonous substance, which cant be used in overcrowded areasD. fuel, which is stored in large tanks5. From the discussion among some experts we may coclude t ha t .A. to avoid any accidents we should not repair the facilities in chemic

165、al industryB. the local authorities should not be concerned with the production of the chemical industryC. all these accidents could have been avoided or controlled if effective measure had beentakenD. natural gas stored in very large tanks is always safe答案：DBABCWhat we know of prenatal development

166、makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold thecharacter of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seemutterly impossible. How could such extremely complex influences pass from the mother to thechild? There is no connection between their nervous systems. Even t

167、he blood vessels of motherand child do not join directly. An emotional shock to the mother will affect her child, because itchanges the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in themothers blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a l

168、ooking formathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius inthe child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inheritmust be of some very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of beh

169、avior. Itis certain that no one inherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that childreninherit more or less of a rather general ability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligentchildren become deeply interested in mathematics, they will probably make a success of that study.A

170、s for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiarstructure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make itcomparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorousemotions. If the

171、se factors are all organized around music, the child may become a musician. Thesame factors, in other circumstance might be organized about some other center of interest. Therich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capable fingers might develop skillin surgery. It is not the kno

172、wledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love of it, but acertain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill.Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decidedentirely by forces in the environment in

173、which a child grows up.1. Which of the following statements is not true?A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjectsduring their pregnancy.B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.C. The blood vessels of mother and c

174、hild do not join directly.D. There are no connection between mothers nervous systems and her unborn childs.2. A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition t ha t .A. she is emotionally shockedB. she has a good knowledge of inheritanceC. she takes part in all kind of activitiesD. she sticks

175、to studying3. According to the passage, a child may i n h e r i t .A. everything from his motherB. a knowledge of mathematicsC. a rather general ability that we call intelligenceD. her mothers musical ability4. If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a pec

176、uliarstructure of the hands or of the vocal organs, he will_.A. surely become musicianB. mostly become a poetC. possibly become a teacherD. become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Role of Inher

177、itance. B. An Unborn Child.C. Function of instincts. D. Inherited Talents.答案：BACDAThe case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All highschool graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because collegewill help them earn more money

178、, become “better“ people, and learn to be more responsiblecitizens than those who dont go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to halfour high school graduates are attending, those who dont fit the pattern are becoming morenumerous, and more obvious. Col

179、lege graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; collegestudents interfere with each others experiments and write false letters of recommendation in theintense competition for admission to graduate school. Other find no stimulation in their studies,and drop out- often encouraged by college admini

180、strators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselvesthey are spoiled and theyare expecting too much. But that is a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesnt explainall campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right. We havebeen told

181、that young people have to go to college because our economy cant absorb an army ofuntrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longer absorban army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest t

182、hat college maynot be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of highschool. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, andthrough the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesnt makepeo

183、ple intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn thingsmay it is just the other wayaround, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones whohave been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduateswould

184、have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of uswho have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better.But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.1. According to the author,_ .A. people used to question the va

185、lue of college education.B. people used to have full confidence in higher education.C. all high school graduates went to college.D. very few high school graduates chose to go to college.2. In the 2nd paragraph, those who dont fit the pattem refer to_.A. high school graduates who arent suitable for c

186、ollege education.B. college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxis.C. college students who arent any better for their higher education.D. high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college.3. The dropout rate of college students seems to go up because_ .A. young people are disappo

187、inted with the conventional way of teaching at college.B. many people are required to join the army.C. young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher education.D. young people dont like the intense competition for admission to graduate school.4._According to the passage, the problems of co

188、llege education partly originate in the factthat .A. society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained graduates.B. High school graduates do not fit the pattern of college education.C. Too many students have to earn their own living.D. College administrators encourage students to drop out.5. I

189、n this passage the author argues that_.A. more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for highschool graduates.B. College education is not enough if one wants to be successful.C. College education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning people.D. Int

190、elligent people may learn quicker if they dont go to college.答案：BCCAAA controversy erupted in the scientific community in early 1998 over the use of DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid ) fingerprinting in criminal investigations. DNA fingerprinting wasintroduced in 1987 as a method to identify individuals bas

191、ed on a pattern seen in their DNA, themolecule of which genes are made. DNA is present in every cell of the body except red blood cells.DNA fingerprinting has been used successfully in various ways, such as to determine paternitywhere it is not clear who the father of a particular child is. However,

192、 it is in the area of criminalinvestigations that DNA fingeiprinting has potentially powerful and controversial uses.DNA fingerprinting and other DNA analysis techniques have revolutionized criminalinvestigations by giving investigators powerful new tools in the attempt to trove guilt, not justestab

193、lish innocence. When used in criminal investigations, a DNA fingerprint pattern from asuspect is compared with a DNA fingerprint pattern obtained from such material as hairs or bloodfound at the scene of a crime. A match between the two DNA samples can be used as evidence toconvict a suspect.The con

194、troversy in 1998 stemmed form a report published in December 1991 by populationgeneticists Richard C. Lewontin of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., and Daniel L. Hartlcalled into question the methods to calculate how likely it is that a match between two DNAfingerprints might occur by chance a

195、lone. In particular, they argued that the current method cannotproperly determine the likelihood that two DNA samples will match because they came from thesame individual rather than simply from two different individuals who are members of the sameethnic group. Lewontin and Hartl called for better s

196、urveys of DNA patterns methods are adequate.In response to their criticisms, population geneticists Ranajit Chakraborty of the Universityof Texas in Dallas and Kenneth K. Kidd of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., argued thatenough data are already available to show that the methods currently bein

197、g used are adequate. InJanuary 1998, however, the federal Bureau of Investigation and laboratories that conduct DNAtests announced that they would collect additional DNA samples form various ethnic groups in anattempt to resolve some of these questions. And, in April, a National Academy of Sciences

198、calledfor strict standards and system of accreditation for DNA testing laboratories.1. Before DNA fingerprinting is used, s u s p e c ts .A. would have to leave their fingerprints for further investigationsB. would have to submit evidence for their innocenceC. could easily escape conviction of guilt

199、D. cold be convicted of guilt as well2. DNA fingerprinting can be unreliable wh e n .A. the methods used for blood- cell calculation are not accurateB. two different individuals of the same ethnic group may have the same DNA fingerprintingpatternC. a match is by chance left with fingerprints that ha

200、ppen to belong to two differentindividualsD. two different individuals leave two DNA samples.3. To geneticists like Lewontin and Hartl, the current m e t h o d .A. is not so convincing as to exclude the likelihood that two DNA samples can never comefrom two individualsB. is arguable because two indi

201、viduals of the same ethnic group are likely to have the sameDNA pattern.C. Is not based on adequate scientific theory of geneticsD. Is theoretically contradictory to what they have been studying4. The attitude of the Federal Bereau of Investigation shows t ha t .A. enough data are yet to be collecte

202、d form various ethnic groups to confirm the unlikelihoodof two DNA samples coming from two individual membersB. enough data of DNA samples should be collected to confirm that only DNA samples formthe same person can matchC. enough data are yet to be collected from various ethnic groups to determine

203、the likelihoodof two different DNA samples coming form the same personD. additional samples from various ethnic groups should be collected to determine that twoDNA samples are unlikely to come from the same person5. National Academy of Sciences holds the stance t ha t .A. DNA testing should be syste

204、matizedB. Only authorized laboratories can conduct DNA testingC. The academy only is authorized to work out standards for testingD. The academy has the right to accredit laboratories for DNA testing答案：CBABBRacket, din clamor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is Americas mostwidesp

205、read nuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and presentdanger to peoples health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce seriousphysical and psychological stress. No one is immune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust tonoise by ignoring it

206、, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still respondssometimes withextreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of thestress building up inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators ha

207、ve madepublic annoyance the basis of many noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serioushealth hazards associated with stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much lessattention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by noise, we should consider thesesymptoms f

208、air warning that other thing may be happening to us, some of which may be damagingto our health.Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurableby health professionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be arisk that exposu

209、re to the stress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The moresusceptible among us may experience noise as a complicating factor in heart problems and otherdiseases. Noise that causes annoyance and irritability in health persons may have seriousconsequences for these already i

210、ll in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on theunborn child when mothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy andchildhood, youngsters exposed to high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtainin

211、gnecessary amounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the linkbetween noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated.Perhaps it is because we tend to dismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern

212、world. Il may also be because we still think of hearing loss as only an occupational hazard.1. In Paragraph 1, the phrase “immune to“ are used to mean_ .A. unaffected byB. hurt byC. unlikely to be seen byD. unknown by2. The authors attitude toward noise would best be described as_ .A. unrealisticB.

213、traditionalC. concernedD. hysterical3. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?A. Noise is a major problem; most people recognize its importance.B. Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problem.C. Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as such.D.

214、 Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done.4. The author condemns noise essentially because it_ .A. is against the lawB. can make some people irritableC. is a nuisanceD. in a ganger to peoples health5. The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people t

215、o beA. unimportantB. impossible.C. a waste of moneyD. essential答案：ACCDDIs language, like food, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a criticalperiod of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick I inthe thirteenth century, it may be hoping to

216、discover what language a child would speak if he heardno mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of languagehere. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of lifeespecially

217、, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some childrenare still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to thesignals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn l

218、anguage rapidly. If these sensitiveperiods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned soeasily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at right time, but the process is slow and hardonce the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech

219、stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, butthere are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes bowel - like sounds; at twelve months he can speaksimple words and understand simple commands; a

220、t eighteen months he has a vocabulary of threeto fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in born with the capacity to speak. What is specialabout mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the co

221、mplex system which enables achild to commect the sight and feel of, say, a toy - bear with the sound pattern “toy - bear. Andeven more incredible is the young brains ability to pick out an order in language from the mixtureof sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a lang

222、uage in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and thechild, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbling, grasping and smiling, andresponds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because thechi

223、ld gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals,. Sensitivity to the childs non -verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.1. The purpose of Frederick Vs experiment wa s .A. to prove that children are bom with ability to speakB. to discover what language a chil

224、d would speak without hearing any human speakC. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speakD. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language2. The reason that some children are backward in speaking is most likely t ha t .A. they are incapable of

225、learning language rapidlyB. they are exposed to too much language at onceC. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speakD. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them3. What is particularly remarkable about a child is t ha t .A. he is born with the capacity to speakB. he h

226、as a brain more complex than an animaPsC. he can produce his own sentencesD. he owes his speech ability to good nursing4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The faculty of speech is inborn in man.B. The childs brain is highly selective.C. Most children learn their language in

227、 definite stages.D. All the above5. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in future.A. have a high IQ B. be less intelligentC. be insensitive to verbal signals D. not necessarily be backward答案：BCCDDHong Kong, major commercial center for Asia, and with a population which has grown at

228、analarming rate to over 5 million, is a city highly dependent on mass transit of all sorts, both localand long distance. The average Hong Kong worker or businessman, going about his dailyactivities, simply must use public transportation at one time or another.Because Hong Kong is in two parts, Kowlo

229、on, on the mainland side, and Hong Kong, theisland, with Hong Kongs harbor in between, Hong Kongs mass transit systems, in addition togoing over land must also cross water.Going from home to work, or going shopping from one side of the harbor to the other, theHong Kong resident has three choices. On

230、e way is to take a bus, which will cross the harborthrough an underwater traffic tunnel moving slowly through bumper-to-bumper traffic. Anotherway is by ferryboat, a pleasant ride which crosses the harbor in from seven to fifteen minutes.But by far the fastest way of crossing the harbor is the newly

231、 built underground electricrailway, the Hong Kong Metro. If one boards the train in the Central District, the commercial areaof Hong Kong on the island side, he can speed across the harbor in an astonishing three minutes.On the other side of the harbor the railway continues, snaking back and forth t

232、hrough the outlyingdistricts of Kowloon, allowing one to get off a short distance from his destination.The story of the Metro is an encouraging one for supporters of mass transit. Althoughbuilding the system was certainly a challenging task, the Japanese firm hired to construct it did soin record ti

233、me. Construction got underway in 1979 and it was completed in 1980.For the average commuter the system has only one disadvantages: it is more expensive thanby bus or ferry. One can ride the bus across the harbor for half as much, or he can ride the ferryacross for less than one-fifth as much.1. Hong

234、 Kong_.A. can do without mass transit.B. finds public transportation too expensive.C. needs public transportation.D. has an insufficient mass transit system.2. Hong Kong Public transportation extends_.A. over hills and valleys.B. across land and water.C. through mountains.D. throughout the Kowloon a

235、rea.3. The traffic in the underwater traffic tunnel is_ .A. heavyB. lightC. fastD. dangerous4. Crossing the harbor by train is_.A. by far the most economical method.B. the most pleasant method.C. the least pleasant method.D. the fastest method.5. The business area on the island side of Hong Kong is

236、referred to be as_ .A. KowloonB. the Central DistrictC. the Hong Kong MetroD. the Hong Kongs harbor.答案：CBADBThe Readers digest investigation asked Americans which was the biggest threat to thenations futurebig business, big labor or big government. A whopping 67 percent replied ” biggovernmentOpinio

237、n researchers rarely see such a vast change in public attitude. When put in historicalperspective, from the time of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal to the present, the fallen status ofgovernment as a protector and benefactor is extraordinary. Weve returned to the instinctiveAmerican wariness of Washing

238、ton so common before the Great Depression.In our poll, taken before the November elections, the overwhelming majority of ourrespondents wanted to stop or roll back the impact of government. In answer to another questionposed by The Digest, 79 percent said they wanted either no more than the current

239、level ofgovernment services and taxes, or less government and lower taxes.“It seems to me that we in the middle class bear most of the burden, says Jone Nell Norman,61, a nurse in Dyersburg, Tenn., who often wonders about the government judgement inspending her money.Of Americans in our sample, 62 p

240、ercent believe that politicians ethics and honesty havefallen. And what about Congress? Is it doing a good job? Or do members “ spend more timethinking about their political futures than passing good legislation? Across generations, athumping 89 percent thought the latter. Congress always seems to b

241、e screwing up,“ says oneyoung Xer.However, Americans are satisfied with their own lives and jobs. Four of five respondentswere completely ” or44 somewhat44 satisfied. The figures held up across all ages - including Xer,whom many pundits have claimed are pessimistic about their future.Looking deeper

242、at jobs, we found 70 percent of Americans believe they are about where theyshould be, given their talents and effort. This is an issue where age always makes a difference,since older people, who are more established in their jobs tend to be more satisfied, while youngerworkers are still trying to fi

243、nd the right niche. Sure enough, Xers scored 65 percent, about fivepoints below average.1. The U. S. government status in the public mind before the Great D e p re s s io n .A. was regarded as quite normalB. used to be very lowC. remained a difficult problem for the federal governmentD. reminded peo

244、ple of the principles laid down by Washington2. “Xers is repeated several times to refer toA. accusers B. younger respondentsC. college students D, blue-collar workers3. The 61-years-old nurse Norman is mentioned in the article to show t ha t .A. the government has cheated her out of her moneyB. it

245、is hard for her to earn a livingC. even a retired nurse has lost faith in the governmentD. the more the government does the greater stake tax - payers money will be put at4.”Screwing up “ in paragraph 5 may be paraphrased as.A. indecisive in making decisions B. benefiting the nation in earnestC. mak

246、ing a mess of everything D. debating hotly5. “Political future “ in paragraph 5 may be paraphrased as.A. the future of the whole nation B. peoples well - being in the futureC. a position of higher rank D. awareness of consistency in policies答案：BBDCCEveryone has a moment in history, which belongs par

247、ticularly to him. It is the moment whenhis emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to thisperson “the world today or “life or “reality“ he will assume that you mean this moment, even ifit is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed （ 释放的）emotions, imp

248、rinted itself uponhim, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.For me, this moment- four years in a moment in history- was the war. The war was and isreality for me. I still instinctively live and think in its atmosphere. These are some of itscharacteristics: Franklin Delano Roosevel

249、t is the president of the United States, and he always hasbeen. The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. America is not,never has been, and never will be what the song and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat,gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too man

250、y jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easyto earn but rather hard to spend, because there isnt very much to buy. Trains are always late andalways crowded with “service men”. The war will always be fought very far from America, and itwill never end. Nothing in America stands still for very lon

251、g, including the people who are alwayseither leaving or on leave. People in America cry often. Sixteen is the key and crucial and naturalage for a human being to be, and people of all other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead ofand behind you as a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds

252、of the world. When you aresixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you. This is a puzzle finallysolved by the realization that they foresee your military future: fighting for them. You do notforesee it. To waste anything in America is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures

253、. Newspapersare always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, and every few months the earth seemsto lurch （ 突然倾斜）from its path when you see something in the newspapers, such as the timeMussolini, who almost seemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside downon a meat hook.1

254、. Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?A. Reality is what you make of it.B. Time is like a river.C. Emotions are powerful.D. Every person has a special moment.2. Why does the author still clearly remember the war?A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.B. It was his p

255、ersonal reality and part of his life.C. There was not much to buy.D. The war would never end.3. Which statement best describes the authors feelings about the war?A. It was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.B. It was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.C. It was very

256、unreal to him.D. The war was very disruptive to the people at home.4. Why does the author think that adults are impressed with sixteen-year-olds?A. Adults would like to be young.B. Sixteen-year-olds do not waste things.C. Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.D. They will be fighting soon for adults.5.

257、Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?A. The war has made them scarce.B. They are useful to sixteen-year-olds.C. He liked them when he was sixteen.D. People are very wasteful.答案：DBADAIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（ 官僚主义

258、的） management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oilingis done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and“human - relations, experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has becomepowerless, that he is bored

259、 with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have becomeeconomic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of ajob; they are anxious also because they are unable to

260、acquire any real satisfaction of interestinglife. They live an die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existenceas emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less em

261、pty thanthose of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highlycompetitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matterof self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as

262、for theright mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again andagain - by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judgetheir behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is asg

263、ood as or better than ones fellow - competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the verycauses of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preidustrial mode of production or tonineteenth-century “free enterprise capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved byr

264、eturning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social systemform a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption areends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of hispotentialities - those of

265、all love and of reason - are the aims of social arrangements. Productionand consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By 4t a well-oiled cog in the machinery the author intends to deliver the idea that man isA. a necessary part of the society thou

266、gh each individuafs function is negligibleB. working in complete harmony with the rest of the societyC. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the societyD. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is

267、 t ha t .A. they are likely to lose their hobsB. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in lifeC. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existenceD. they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs

268、 to t h o s e .A. who are at the bottom of the societyB. who are higher up in their social statusC. who prove better than their fellow - competitorsD. who could dip far away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts foruard a suggestion that we shouldA. resor

269、t to the production mode of our ancestorsB. offer higher wages to the workers and employeesC. enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD. take the fundamental realities for granted5. The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of.A. approval B. dissatisfactionC. s

270、uspicion D. susceptibility答案：CDDCBIs it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, whichhas existed for at least six thousand years. It was always bad and usually foolish, but in the pasthuman race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Eith

271、er man will abolishwar, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most seriousdanger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. Ifwe succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be d

272、one untilwe have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look uponinternational questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the sidewhich is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles ofl

273、aw. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. Ibelieve this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic statements that are, at best,doubtful, and at worst, t

274、otally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they arewilling to go to war in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as wecan welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course verydifficult

275、 problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a betterone than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decidewhether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do notfind these agree

276、ments wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflictnowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb.1. This passage implies that war is now_.A. worse than in the past.B. as bad as in the pastC. not so dangerous as in the pastD. as necess

277、ary as in the past2. In the sentence “To do this, we need to persuade mankind (Para 1), “this” refers to_.A. abolish warB. improve weaponsC. solve international problemsD. live a peaceful life3. From Paragraph 2 we learn that the author of the passage_.A. is an adherent of some modern ideologies.B.

278、does not think that adoption of any ideology could prevent war.C. believe that the adoption of some ideology could prevent war.D. does not doubt the truth of any ideologies.4. According to the author,_ .A. war is the only way to solve international disputes.B. war will be less dangerous because of t

279、he improvement of weapons.C. it is impossible for the people to live without war.D. war must be abolished if man wants to survive.5. The last paragraph suggests that_ .A. international agreements can be reached more easily now.B. man begins to realize the danger of nuclear war.C. nuclear war will de

280、finitely not take place.D. world opinion welcomes nuclear war答案：AABDBWestern airliner manufacturers seem to be tripping over themselves in their eagerness to signcollaborative agreements with Asian partners as a low-cost route to developing new airliners.Their potential Asian partners seem to be tri

281、pping over themselves to sign such agreements, as alow-cost route to acquiring new airliner technology. If they are not careful the two sides will endup tripping over each other: the one by selling its birth-right for short-term gain, the other bytrying to break into a market which isnt big enough t

282、o sustain it.Technology transfer works in a growing market, where the aspirations of the new entrantreceiving that technology can be met through expansion. The airliner market is not such a device.Even the most optimistic projections of airliner sales for the next 20 years show that airlinermanufact

283、ure can only be profitable if a small number of aircraft builders share the available sales.It follows that if new manufacturers come into the market and take sales, their sales must comefrom substitution, not expansion.Given the complexity of todays airliners, it is unlikely that any new entrant wi

284、ll have boththe financial and technical resources to come into the market without the involvement of anestablished manufacturer. In the short term, such involvement may not be to the exclusive benefitof the new entrant: most of the established manufacturers are searching for ways to reduce costs ofm

285、anufacture.In the short term, it can be of benefit to an established Western manufacturer to have eithercomponents of complete air - frames made or assembled in lower-wage economics such a China,Taiwan or Korea, while retaining the design, development and marketing of aircraft for itself. Itwould be

286、 a very unwise Western manufacturer which did not heed the fact that these developingeconomies are acquiring skills ( like computing ) at least as quickly as they are acquiring skills inmetallbashing.The danger comes when the new entrant no longer needs the established Western partnerbecause it has

287、acquired the technical and intellectual ability to design and build its own aircraft.An Asian partner may well find itself in the happy position of having the low-cost labour base, thehigh-cost technology base and the vital financial base to build a new airliner.1. The authors attitude towards Weste

288、rn/eastern collaboration can be depicted as.A. positive B. progressive C. conservative D. negative2. “The airliner market is not such a device “ means that the airliner ma r k e t .A. does not encourage technology transferB. is too limited to offer chances of successC. requires hi-tech rather than u

289、naccepted devicesD. is full of competitions even for new entrants3. Established manufacturers search for partners in order to.A. save the cost of the airframe B. improve some aircraft componentsC. save the cost of labour D. develop new technology4. According to the author, a wise established manufac

290、turer s h o u l d .A. try to benefit from both financial and technical resourcesB. break up his partnership with the East once profits are madeC:keep a tight told over hi-tech development and marketing of airlinersD. collaborate with Asian partners for a short time5. The word “base” in the last para

291、graph r e p r e s e n t s .A. a production placeB. the initial operation of building aircraftC. a research instituteD. a position where to start building答案：CDADAThere are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another.Three basic ways may be described as the market sys

292、tem, the administered system, and thetraditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in themarketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities tothem. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or

293、 money exchange. In a barter economy,real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, findingsomebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easytask. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases tran

294、sactions considerably.In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over alltransactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and serviceshould be produced,

295、exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may beone way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, showsthe amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to differenthouseholds for consumption. This is an example of c

296、omplete planning of production, consumption,and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; everypersons place within the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tr

297、adition, too. People belonging to a certain group or castemay have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for theirhealth, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on thebasis of tradition alone, progress may be dif

298、ficult to achieve. A stagnant society may result.1. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To outline contrasting types of economic systems.B. To explain the science of economics.C. To argue for the superiority of one economic system.D. To compare barter and money-exchange markets.2. In the seco

299、nd paragraph, the word real” in real goods could best be replaced by_,A. high qualityB. concreteC. utterD. authentic.3. According to the passage, a barter economy can generate_ .A. rapid speed of transactions.B. misunderstandings.C. inflationD. difficulties for the traders.4. According to the passag

300、e, who has the greatest degree of control in the administeredsystem?A. Individual householdsB. Small businesses.C. Major corporations.D. The government.5. Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining apersons position in a traditional society?A. Family backgro

301、undB. AgeC. Religious beliefs.D. Custom答案：ABDDBThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced byspending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want mos

302、t. Privatebusinessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with otherbusinessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determineshow these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is thedemand of

303、individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits andthe desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall beproduced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which c

304、onsumerdemands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, thismechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response torelative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in shortsupply relative

305、 to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminatedfrom the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost,this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the priceand permit more consum

306、ers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in theAmerica economic system.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individual are allowed to ownproductive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control overnatural resources, a

307、nd produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but alsocertain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contractwith another private individua

308、l.1. In Para. 1, “ the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes means_ .A. Americans never feel satisfied with their incomes.B. Americans tend to overstate the amount of their incomes.C. Americans want to have their incomes increased.D. Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their

309、 incomes.2. The first two sentences in the second paragraph clarity the idea to us that_ .A. producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production.B. consumers can express their demands through producers.C. producers decide the prices of products.D. supply and demand regulate prices.3. The wo

310、rd “embraces“ in Para. 3 probably parallels_ .A. enfoldB. hugC. comprehendD. support4. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by_ .A. private property and rights concerned.B. manpower and natural resources control.C. ownership of productive resourcesD. free contracts

311、 and prices.5. The passage is mainly talking about_ .A. how American goods are produced.B. how American consumers buy their goods.C. how American economic system works.D. how American businessman make their profits.答案：DDCACThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by milit

312、ary personnel,meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows thatpainstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but thelowly desert locust.( 蝗虫) In recent months, bill

313、ions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors havedescended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops andvegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in theMiddle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current cri

314、sis began in late 1985 near theRed Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breedinggrounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yetanother African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth

315、of an ounce) in vegetationevery 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees andcrops in a single night.All $ 150 million may be needed this year. The U. S. has provided two spraying planes andabout 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donate

316、d $ 3.8 million in aid and theSoviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe outthe pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, whichquickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most ef

317、fective locust killerdieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of theaffected African nations. More then 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals;another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia

318、, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet inAlgiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, butwhatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can bebrought under control.1. The main idea of the first sentence i

319、n the passage is that_.A. the command post is stationed with people all the time.B. the command post is crowed with people all the time.C. there are clocks around the command post.D. the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.2. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is_.A. ri

320、ch soil.B. wet landC. paces covered crops and vegetationD. the Red Sea3. People are alert at the threat of the locust because_ .A. the insects are likely to create another African famine.B. the insects may blacked the sky.C. the number of the insects increases drastically.D. the insects are gatherin

321、g and moving in great speed.4. Which of the following is true?A. Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.B. Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.C. Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countri

322、es.D. Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killing chemicalsby the end of June.5. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is_.A. to devise antilocust plans.B. to wipe out the swarms in two years.C. to call out for additional financial aid fr

323、om other nations.D. to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.答案：BBADAImprobable as it may seem, an increasing number of Germans are giving up their elegantMercedeses, sleek BMWs and ferociously fast Porsches and getting behind the wheels of importedAmerican models 一 fro plush

324、Cadillacs to more prosaic Fords. Unlike the cars produced byDetroits European subsidiaries, these cars are as American as apple pie and watery beer. Andthanks to a favorable exchange rate, they are more affordable than ever Last year Germans bought12 477 new U. S. -built cars; sales are expected to

325、double this year.Like blue jeans, this buy - America fad appeals to Germans from all walks of life. Onceregarded as faulty, flashy, gas - guzzling Goliaths, American autos are - thanks in large measureto foreign competition -more stylish and reliable than in years past. Tugged, off- road vehicleslik

326、e the four-wheel drive Jeep Cherokee are now the hot wheels to drive among Germanys thirtysomething set. Owners and Aficionados of American - made care also boast their cars are cheaperto maintain.But thats not the main reason German motorists are choosing U. S. imports - Its their price.Even after

327、the cost of overseas shipping is included, American - made cars offer more value - anddeluxe features - for less money than German models. A Chrysler LeBaron convertible sells for 35000 marks; a BMW 320i convertible, by comparison, commands 10 000 marks more. And U. S.autos come with standard equipm

328、ent - electric windows, automatic locks and sun roofs - thatsavailable only as expensive options on German models.Owning an American car in Germany is not for everybody. But the worst headaches comeform the German bureaucracy. Johann Erben, a Greiburg dental lab technician, purchased aLeBaron conver

329、tible during a U. S. trip in November - and has yet to drive it one kilometer. First,he waited months for the proper registration documents to arrive; then he spent more than 1 000marks to have it comply with German regulations. Even so, safety inspectors refused to approve ituntil he changed the he

330、adlights and windows to European Community standards. There I waswith my supermodern, $ 20,000 car and unable to get it through inspection/* Erben recalled.1. Detroits European s u b s i d i a r i e s .A. produce the same models as Detroit supplies in the U. S. marketB. provide cars of European styl

331、esC. produce cars that are thought to be un-American by GermansD. could hardly meet the demand for American cars last year2. The buy-American fad that appeals to Germans most seems to be.A. blue jeans B. apple pieC. U. S.-made cars D. watery beer3. As for Germans, American cars not only are cheaper

332、but.A. endures wear and tear B. are adaptable to road conditionsC. provides greater space D. offers more deluxe features4. Which of the following statements is true?A. American cars used to consume a lot of oil.B. Japanese cars still lead the German market.C. The U. S. motor industry is now confiden

333、t to cope with recession.D. German cars are going to provide the same standard equipment as American-made cars.5. European Community standards probably are.A. a law to control the amount of imported goods from other continentsB. a set of standards to inspect imported carsC. a system to regulate meas

334、ures of manufactured goodsD. a set of standards to control product quality答案：CADACHow often do you sit still and do absolutely nothing? The usual answer these days is “never”,or hardly ever”. As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation.Once you are in the habi

335、t of rushing through life, being on the go from morning till night, it is hardto slow down and unwind. But relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life. There is no way to avoid it, since it takes many andvaried forms driving in traffic, problems with

336、 personal relationships are all different forms ofstress. Stress, in fact, is not the “baddy“ it is often reputed to be. A certain amount of stress is vitalto provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that itcan lead to level perfomnance and ill heal

337、th.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Somepeople thrive on stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerialresponsibilities. Others crumple at the sight of unusual difficulties.When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react bot

338、h chemically and physically. In fact,we invoke the fight” mechanism, which in more primitive days made the difference between lifeand death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however minimal the stress,it involves the same response. All the energy is diverted to cope with t

339、he stress, with the result thatother functions, such as digestion, are neglected.It is when such a reaction is prolonged, through continued exposure to stress, that healthbecomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure, coronary heart disease（ 冠心病）all have established links with s

340、tress. The way stress affects a person also varies with theindividual. Stress in some people produces stomach disorders, while others succumb to tensionheadaches. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives, we need to find ways to cope with it.1. The reason that many people find it very difficult

341、to relax these days is that_.A. they are working harder than they used to be.B. they are often too busy to find the time.C. they are suffering from the effects of stress.D. they are not clear of how to relax by themselves.2. We learn from the passage that_.A. how much stress one can bear depends gre

342、atly on whether he knows the art of relaxation.B. people in primitive days survived from stress because they found certain mechanism tocope with it.C. if one gets into the habit of relaxing every day he can overcome stress easily.D. stress can lead to serious health problem if one is exposed to it f

343、or too long.3. The sentence “Stress, in fact, is not the baddy it is often reputed to be“ suggests that_.A. stress used to have a bad reputation of causing ill health.B. we should not take it for granted that stress is unavoidable.C. stress is not so terrible as people often believe it to be.D. peop

344、le do not think stress is as harmful as it was before.4. The pronoun “it” at the end of the passage refers back to .A. ill healthB. exposureC. reactionD. stress.5. What is writers attitude to stress according to the passage?A. Stress as well as relaxation is essential for a healthy mind and body.B.

345、Stress produces both positive and negative effects on people.C. Stress should not be eliminated completely from the life.D. People usually work better under stress if they are healthy.答案：BDCDBFor four lonely years, Evelyn Jones of Rockford, Illinois, lived friendless and forgotten inone room of a ch

346、eap hotel. wasnt sick, but I was acting sick,“ the 78-year-old widow says.“Every day was the sameI would just lie on my bed and maybe cook up some soup. Then, sixmonths ago, she was invited to “The Brighter Side”Rockfords day care center for the elderly.Every weekday morning since then, she has left

347、 her home to meet nine other old people in achurch for a rich program of charity work, trips, games, andmost important of allfriendlycompanionship.Just a few years ago, there were few choices for the elderly between a normal life in theirown homes and being totally confined in nursing homes. Many of

348、 them were sent to rest homeslong before they needed full-time care. Others like Mrs. Jones, were left to take care of themselves.But in 1971, the White House Conference on Aging called for the development of alternatives tocare in nursing homes for old people, and since then, government-supported d

349、ay-care programslike The Brighter Side have been developed in most big American cities.叮his represents a real alternative to the feared institution and makes old people believe theyhave not left the world of living,says Alice Brophy, 64, director of New York Citys Office forthe Aging. They do well a

350、t the centers, and I hate it when people describe us as elderlyplaypens/, New Yorks 138 centers encourage continuing contact for the aged with thecommunitys life. The centers serve more than 15,000 members, and volunteer workers are alwayslooking for new ones. If someone doesnt show up at the center

351、 for several days in a row, a workerat the center calls to make sure all is well. And although participation in the center is free, thosewho want to can pay for their lunches.No normal studies have been made of these centers for the elderly, but government officialsare enthusiastic. In the future, t

352、he Public Health Service will do a study to decide if the programscan receive federal Medicare money. And the old people themselves are very happy with theprograms. tThere is no way,“ says Evelyn Jones, smiling at her new companions at the BrighterSide, “that I will ever go back to spending my day w

353、ith all those loses at the hotel.M1. What is the main idea of the article?A. Day care centers may be able to receive federal Medicare money.B. Day care centers can make life better for elderly people.C. Many old people in the United States are lonely.D. Old people have no place in their society.2. A

354、ccording to Para 2, why did many old people have to go to nursing homes?A. They need full-time care.B. They wanted to go there.C. They were sent there.D. They were volunteers there.3. According to Alice Brophy (in Paragraph 3)_.A. the centers are like elderly playpens.B. the old people do well at th

355、e day care centers.C. old people like nursing institutions.D. outside the Brighter side they dont work for the old.4.“This represents a real alternative to the feared institution. (in Paragraph 3) In the sentence“this” means_.A. most big American cities.B. rest homes.C. day care programs.D. the Whit

356、e House Conference on aging.5. How does the writer of the article seem to feel about day care centers for the elderly?A. The writer approves of them.B. The writer disapproves of them.C. The writer thinks nursing homes are better.D. He doesnt say anything about it.答案：BCBCADrunken dri ving sometimes c

357、alled Americas socially accepted form of murder has becomea national epidemic. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed bydrunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade.A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.10 blood alcohol content o

358、r roughly threebeers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be anacceptable part of the American macho image and judges were lenient in most courts, but thedrunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involvingyoung c

359、hildren, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant.Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s toreduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-olddrivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it ba

360、ck to 21.Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompaniedby educational programs to help young people to develop responsible attitudes“ about drinkingand teach them to resist peer pressure to drink.Though new laws have led to increased arrests and tests an

361、d, in many areas already, to amarked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too manydrinks. A tavern in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customerwho obviously intoxicated and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-

362、old boy.As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning tospeak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1919, what PresidentHoover called the “ noble experiment. They forgot that legal prohibition didnt stop drinking, butencou

363、raged political corruption and organized crime. As with the booming drug trade generally,there is no easy solution.1. Drunken driving had become a major problem in America because_ .A. most Americans are heavy drinkers.B. Americans are now less shocked by road accidents.C. accidents attract so much

364、publicity.D. drinking is a socially accepted habit in America.2. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A. Because detailed statistics are now available.B. Because the news media have highlighted the problem.C. Because judges are giving more severe sentences.D. Because drivers are

365、more conscious of their image.3. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that_ .A. many drivers were not of legal age.B. young drivers were often bad drivers.C. the level of drinking increased in the 1960s.D. the legal drinking age should be raised.4. Laws recently introduced in some states have_

366、.A. reduced the number of convictions.B. resulted in fewer serious accidents.C. prevented bars from serving drunken customers.D. specified the amount drivers can drink.5. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A. Because alcohol is easily obtained.B. Because drinking is linked

367、 to organized crime.C. Because legal prohibition has already failed.D. Because legislation alone is not sufficient.答案：DBDBDFresh water life itself, has never come easy in the Middle East. Ever since the OldTestament( 旧约圣经) God punished man with 40 days and 40 nights of rain, water supplies herehave

368、been dwindling. The rainfall only comes in winter, Inshallah-Good willing -and drainsquickly through the semiarid land, leaving the soil to bake and to thirst for next November.The regions accelerating population, expanding agriculture, industrialization, and higherliving standards demand more fresh

369、 water. Drought and pollution limit its availability. War andmismanagement squander it. Says Joyce Starr of the Global Water Summit Initiative, based inWashington, D. C. Nations like Israel and Jordan are swiftly sliding into that zone where they aresuing all the water resources available to them. T

370、hey have only 15 to 20 years left before theiragriculture, and ultimately their food security, is threatened.”I came here to examine this crisis in the making, to investigate fears that “water wars ”areimminent, that water has replaced oil as the regions most contentious commodity. For more thantwo

371、months I traveled through three river valleys and seven nations-from southern Turkeydown the Euphrates River Syria, Iraq, and on to Kuwait; to Israel and Jordan, neighbors across thevalley of the Jordan; to the timeless Egyptian Nile.Even amid the scarcity there are haves and have - notes. Compared

372、with the United States,which in 1990 had a freshwater potential of 10000 cubic meters(2.6 million galloons) a year foreach citizen, Iraq had 5 500, Turkey had 4 000, and Syria had more than 2 800. Egypts potentialwas only 1 100. Israel had 460, Jordan a meager 260. But these are not firm figures, be

373、causeupstream use of river water can dramatically alter the potential downstream.Scarcity is only one element of the crisis. Inefficiency is another, as is the reluctance of somewater - poor nations to change priorities from agriculture to less water - intensive enterprises.Some experts suggest that

374、 if nations would share both water technology and resources, they couldsatisfy the regions population, currently 159 million. But in this patchwork of ethnic and religiousrivalries, water seldom stands alone as an issue. It is entangled in the politics that keep peoplefrom trusting and seeking help

375、from one another. Here, where water, like truth, is precious, eachnation tends to find its own water and supply its own truth.As Israeli hydrology professor Uri Shamir told me : If there is political will for peace, waterwill not be a hindrance. If you want reasons to fight, water will not e a hindr

376、ance. If you wantreasons to fight, water will give you ample opportunities.1. Why for next November (para.l)? Be c a u s e .A. according to the Ole Testament fresh water is available only in NovemberB. rainfall comes only in winter starting form NovemberC. running water systems will not be ready unt

377、il next NovemberD. it is a custom in that region that irrigation to crops is done only in November2. What is the cause for the imminent water war?A. Lack of water resources B. Lack. of rainfallC. Inefficient use of water D. All the above3. One way for the region to use water efficiently is toA. deve

378、lop other enteiprises that cost less waterB. draw a plan of irrigation for the various nationsC. import water from water - rich nationsD. stop wars of any sort for good and all4. Uri Shamirs viewpoint is that.A. nations in that region are just fighting for waterB. people there are thirsty for peace

379、instead of waterC. water is no problem as long as there is peaceD. those nations have every reason to fight for water5. The authors tone in the article can be described asA. depressing B. urgent C. joking D. mocking答案：BDACBThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the pare

380、nts during thesensitive “attachment“ period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and predispose toemotional problems in later life. Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parentalsep

381、aration it entails, and many people do believe this. But there are also arguments against such astrong conclusion.Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parentsfound in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, we s

382、awearlier that among the Ngoni the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone-farfrom it. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not so widespread today if parents,caretakers found children had problems with it. Statistical studies of this kind have not yet beencarried

383、 out, and even if they were, the results would be certain to be complicated and controversial.Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children inday care, and they have uniformly reported that day care had a neutral or slightly positive effect onchildrens

384、 development. But tests that have had to be used to measure this development are notwidely enough accepted to settle the issue.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that early day care has delayed effects. Thepossibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20

385、years later canonly be explored by the use of statistics. Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes findthe immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leavingtheir parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all ch

386、ildren findthe transition to nursery easy, and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use ofchild care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and availableevidence indicate that early care is reasonable for infants.1. This passage primarily argues that_

387、.A. infants under the age of three should not be sent to nursery schools.B. whether children under the age of three should be sent to nursery schools.C. there is not negative long-term effect on infants who are sent to school before they arethree.D. there is some negative effect on children when the

388、y are sent to school after the age of three.2. The phrase predispose to” (Para. 1, line 3) most probably means_ .A. lead toB. dispose toC. get intoD. tend to suffer3. According to Bowlbys analysis, it is quite possible that_ .A. childrens personalities will be changed to some extent through separati

389、on from theirparents.B. early day care can delay the occurrence of mental illness in children.C. children will be exposed to many negative effects from early day care later on.D. some long-term effects can hardly be reduced from childrens development.4. It is implied but not stated in the second par

390、agraph that_ .A. traditional societies separate the child from the parent at an early age.B. Children in modern societies cause more troubles than those in traditional societies.C. A child did not live together with his parents among the Ngoni.D. Children in some societies did not have emotional pro

391、blems when separated from theparents.5. The writer concludes that_ .A. it is difficult to make clear what is the right age for nursery school.B. It is not settled now whether early care is reasonable for children.C. It is not beneficial for children to be sent to nursery school.D. It is reasonable t

392、o subject a child above three to nursery school.答案：BDCADThe life story of the human species goes back a million years, and there is no doubt that mancame only recently to the western hemisphere. None of the thousands of sites of aboriginal ( 土著的） habitation uncovered in North and South America has a

393、ntiquity comparable to that of oldWorld sites. Mans occupation of the New World may date several tens of thousands of years, butno one rationally argues that he has been here even 100,000 years.Speculation as to how man found his way to America was lively at the outset, and theproposed routes boxed

394、the compass. With one or two notable exceptions, however, students ofAmerican anthropology soon settled for the plausible idea that the first immigrants came b way ofa land bridge that had connected the northeast comer of Asia to the northwest corner of NorthAmerica across the Bering Strait. Mariner

395、s were able to supply the reassuring information that thestrait is not only narrow - it is 56 miles wide - but also shallow, a lowering of the sea level thereby 100 feet or so would transform the strait into an isthmus （ 地峡） . With little eels in the way ofevidence to sustain the Bering Strait land

396、bridge, anthropologists （ 人类学家） embraced the ideathat man walked dryshod （ 不湿鞋的） from Asia to America.Toward the end of the last century, however, it became apparent that the Western Hemispherewas the New World not only for man but also for a host of animals and plants. Zoologists andbotanists showe

397、d that numerous subjects of their respective kingdoms must have originated inAsia and spread to America. These findings were neither astonishing nor wholly unexpected. Suchspread of populations is not to be envisioned as an exodus or mass migration, even in the case ofanimals. It is, rather, a spill

398、ing into new territory that accompanies increase in numbers, withmovement in the direction of least population pressure and most favorable ecological conditions.But the immense traffic in plant and animafs forms placed a heavy burden on the Bering Straitland bridge as the anthropologists ahead envis

399、ioned it. Whereas purposeful men could make theirway across a narrow bridge, the slow diffusion of plant and animals would require an avenue as acontinent and available for ages at a stretch.1. The movement of plants and animals form Asia to America i n d i c a t e s .A. that they could not have tra

400、veled across the Bering StraitB. that Asia and the Western hemisphere were connected by a large land massC. that the Bering Sea was an isthmus at one timeD. that migration was in the one direction only2. The author is refuting the notion t hat .A. life arose in America independently of life in Europ

401、eB. the first settlers in America came during the sixteenth centuryC. a large continent once existed which has disappearedD. man was a host to animals and plants3. By using the words “boxed the compass ”（ in Line 7） the author implies t hat .A. the migration of mankind was from West to EastB. the mi

402、gration of mankind was from East to WestC. mankind traveled in all directionsD. mankind walked from Asia to America4. One reason for the migration not mentioned by the author is.A. overcrowdingB. favorable environmental conditionsC. famineD. the existence of a land bridge5. We may assume that in the

403、 paragraph that follows this passage the author arguesa b o u t .A. the contributions of anthropologistB. the contributions of zoologists and botanistsC. the contributions made by the American IndiansD. the existence of a large land mass between Asia and North America答案：BCCCDThere was on shop in the

404、 town of Mufulira, which was notorious for its color bar. It was adrugstore. While Europeans were served at the counter, a long line of Africans queued at thewindow and often not only were kept waiting but, when their turn came to be served, were rudelytreated by the shop assistants. One day I was d

405、etermined to make a public protest against this kindof thing, and many of the schoolboys in my class followed me to the store and waited outside tosee what would happen when I went in.I simply went into the shop and asked the manager politely for some medicine. As soon as hesaw me standing in the pl

406、ace where only European customers were allowed to stand he shouted atme in a bastard language that is only used by an employed when speaking to his servants. I stoodat the counter and politely requested in English that I should be served. The manager becameexasperated and said to me in English, 4If

407、you stand there till Christmas I will never serve you.I went to the District commissioners office. Fortunately the District Commissioner was out,for he was one of the old school; however, I saw a young District Officer who was a friend ofmine. He was very concerned to hear my story and told me that

408、if ever I wanted anything morefrom the drugstore all I had to do was come to him personally and he would buy my medicine forme. I protested that that was not good enough. I asked him to accompany me back to the store andto make a protest to the manager. This he did, and I well remember him saying to

409、 the manager,“Here is Mr. Kaunda who is a responsible member of the Urban Advisory Council, and you treathim like a common servant. The manager of the drugstore apologized and said, “If only he hadintroduced himself and explained who he was, then, of course I should have given him properservice.I ha

410、d to explain once again that he had missed my point. Why should I have to introducemyself every time I went into a store.any more than I should have to buy my medicine by goingto a European friend? I want to prove that any man of any color, whatever his position, shouldhave the right to go into any

411、shop and buy what he wanted.1/Color bar“ in the first paragraph comes closest in meaning to_.A. a bar which is painted in different colors.B. the fact that white and black customers are served separately.C. a bar of chocolate having different colors.D. a counter where people of different colors are

412、served with beer.2. The writer was, at the time of the story,_.A. a black school teacherB. an African servantC. a black, but a friend of EuropeansD. a rich black3. The manager of the drugstore shouted at the writer in a bastard language because_.A. he hadnt learned to speak polite English.B. he thou

413、ght the writer wouldnt understand English.C. that was the usual language used by Europeans when speaking to Africans.D. that was the only language he could speak when he was angry.4. In the third paragraph, 4he was one of the old school“ means_.A. he believed in the age-old practice of racial discri

414、mination.B. he was a very old man.C. he graduated from an old, conservative school.D. he was in charge of an old school.5. Why didnt the writer wait at the window of the drugstore like other black African?A. Because he thought he was educated and should be treated differently.B. Because he thought,

415、being an important person, he should not be kept waiting.C. Because he thought his white friends would help him out.D. Because he wanted to protest against racial discrimination.答案：BACADJogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even somemystical ones, have been

416、advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is thatjogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain (or achieve )physical fitness.The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatorysystems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready

417、 for almost any sport and for almost any suddendemand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strengthfor weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great power s infootball, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver o

418、xygen more efficiently to all parts ofyour body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease,the number one cause of death in America.Only one sort of equipment is needed - a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginningjoggers not to run in a tenni

419、s or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the lastseveral years that make an excellent running shoe in dispensable if a runner wishes to develop asquickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have asoft pad for absorbing shock, as well a

420、s a slightly built-up heel and a full heelcup that will give theknee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent bilisters and the foot,ankle and knee injures and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.No other special equipment is needed; you can jog

421、 in any clothing you desire, even yourstreet clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm -up suits, but just as many wear asimple pair of gym shoes and T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last years clothes. In coldweather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or

422、coat. If joggers arewearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American JoggingAssociation has a twelve - week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (whichalmost anyone ca

423、n manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure ofcommon sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.I. They main purpose of this passage is to.A. discuss jogging as a physical fitness programB. describe the type of clothing needed for joggingC. pro

424、vide scientific evidence of the benefits of joggingD. distinguish between jogging as a “common sense “fitness program and a cult ( 崇拜)movement2. The most useful kind of exercise is exercise t hat .A. trains the body for weigh liftingB. enables a person to run straight ahead for short distances with

425、great powerC. is both beneficial and inexpensiveD. develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems3. We can conclude from this passage t hat .A. because of jogging, heart disease is no longer an American problemB. jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly preparedC. warm-up suits are p

426、referable to gym shoes and T-shirtsD. jogging is bad for the ankles and knees4. The authors t one.A. skeptical B. aggressive C. approving D. purely objective5. As used in this passage, the word “mystical “ me ans .A. awesome B. horrifying C. a spirtual discipline D. vicious答案：ADBCCJogging has become

427、 the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even somemystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is thatjogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain (or achieve )physical fitness.The most useful sort of exercise is exercise tha

428、t develops the heart, lungs, and circulatorysystems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any suddendemand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strengthfor weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for sho

429、rt distances with great power s infootball, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts ofyour body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease,the number one cause of death in America.Only one sort of equi

430、pment is needed - a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginningjoggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the lastseveral years that make an excellent running shoe in dispensable if a runner wishes to develop asquickly as possible, with as little chan

431、ce of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have asoft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heelcup that will give theknee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent bilisters and the foot,ankle and knee injures and will also enab

432、le the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.No other special equipment is needed; you can jog in any clothing you desire, even yourstreet clothes. Many joggers wear expensive, flashy warm -up suits, but just as many wear asimple pair of gym shoes and T-shirt; in fact, many people just jog in last

433、 years clothes. In coldweather, several layers of clothing are better than one heavy sweater or coat. If joggers arewearing several layers of clothing, they can add or subtract layers as conditions change.It takes surprisingly little time to develop the ability to run. The American JoggingAssociatio

434、n has a twelve - week program designed to move form a fifteen-minute walk (whichalmost anyone can manage who is in reasonable health) to a thirty-minute run. A measure ofcommon sense, a physical examination, and a planned schedule are all it takes.1. They main purpose of this passage is to.A. discus

435、s jogging as a physical fitness programB. describe the type of clothing needed for joggingC. provide scientific evidence of the benefits of joggingD. distinguish between jogging as a “common sense “fitness program and a cult （ 崇拜）movement2. The most useful kind of exercise is exercise t hat .A. trai

436、ns the body for weigh liftingB. enables a person to run straight ahead for short distances with great powerC. is both beneficial and inexpensiveD. develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems3. We can conclude from this passage t hat .A. because of jogging, heart disease is no longer an Americ

437、an problemB. jogging can be harmful if the runner is not properly preparedC. warm-up suits are preferable to gym shoes and T-shirtsD. jogging is bad for the ankles and knees4. The authors t one.A. skeptical B. aggressive C. approving D. purely objective5. As used in this passage, the word mystical “

438、 me ans .A. awesome B. horrifying C. a spirtual discipline D. vicious答案：ADBCCThere are spectacular differences between financial markets on the Continent of Europe onthe one hand, and in Britain on the other hand. In Britain, the market is really the City of London.It is a free market, and it contro

439、ls most of the flow of savings to investment. On the Continent,either a few banks or government officials direct the flow of funds to suit their economic plans. InGermany the flow is directed by all-powerful banks. In Britain there is more free interplay ofmarket forces and far fewer regulations, ru

440、les and “red tape”. A French banker summed it up thisway: On the Continent you cant do anything unless youre been told you can; in England on theother hand you can do everything as long as you havent been told not to.”There are many basic reasons for these differences. One is that Continental savers

441、 tend toprefer gold, cash or short-term assets. They invest only 10% of their savings in institutions likepension funds or insurance companies. But in Britain 50% of savings goes to them, and they, inturn, invest directly in equity market. A far lower proportion of savings is put in the banks in the

442、form of liquid assets than on the Continent. Continental governments intervene directly or throughthe banks to collect savings together and transform them into medium or long-term loans forinvestment. The equity market is largely bypassed. On the Continent economic planning tends tobe far more centr

443、alized than in Britain. In Britain it is possible to influence decisions affecting thecountrys economy from within the City. It attracts a skilled and highly qualified work force. InFrance, on the other hand, an intelligent young man who wants a career in finance would probablyfind the civil service

444、 more attractive.In Britain the market, or more accurately, money tends to be regarded as an end in itself. Onthe Continent it is regarded as a means to an end: investment in the economy. To British eyescontinental systems with possible exception of the Dutch seem slow and inefficient. But there iso

445、ne outstanding fact the City should not overlook. Britains growth rates and levels of investmentover the last ten years have been much lower than on the Continent. There are many reasons forthis, but the City must take part of the blame. If it is accepted that the basic function of a financialmarket

446、 is to supply industry and commerce with finance in order to achieve desired rates ofgrowth, it can be said that by concentrating on the market for its own sake the City has tended toforget that basic function.1. What is the best title of the passage?A. Savings and the Growth Rate.B. Banking and Fin

447、ance: Two Different Realities.C. Monetary Policy in Britain.D. The European Continent and Britain.2. What seems to be the most fundamental reason for this difference?A. The British tend to regard money as an end, whereas Continental European consider it ameans to an end.B. The British invest only 10

448、% of their savings in pension funds.C. On the Continent you cant do anything unless you have been told you can.D. Intelligent young men who want a career tend to go to civil service on the Continent.3. According to the passage, the Dutch way of finance and banking_ .A. is similar to that of the Fren

449、ch.B. makes no difference whatever system it is compared to.C. is perhaps resembling that of the British.D. has a low efficiency.4. The word oulslanding“ in Line 4, Para 3_A. beatingB. surplusC. noticeableD. seemingly5. In what way does the continental system seem better?A. The Continent maintains a

450、 higher growth rate and levels of investment.B. It has less proportion of savings in the form of liquid assets.C. It attracts intelligent young men.D. In functions properly despite the fact that the British discount it.答案：BACCAThe gift of being able to describe a face accurately is a rare one, as ev

451、ery experiencedpolice officer knows to his cost. As the Lancet put it recently: When we try to describe facesprecisely words fail us, and we resort to identikit （ 拼脸型图） procedures.Yet, according to one authority on the subject, we can each probably recognise more than1,000 faces, the majority of whi

452、ch differ in fine details. This, when one comes to think of it, is atremendous feat, though, curiously enough, relatively little attention has been devoted to thefundamental problems of how and why we acquire this gift for recognizing and rememberingfaces. Is it an inborn property of our brains, or

453、an acquired one? As so often happens, the expertstend to differ.Thus, some argue that it is inborn, and that there are “special characteristics about the brainsability to distinguish faces”. In support of this these they note how much better we are atrecognizing a face after a single encounter than

454、we are, for example, in recognizing an individualhorse. On the other hand, there are those, and they are probably in the majority, who claim that thegift is an acquired one.The arguments in favour of this latter view, it must be confessed, are impressive. It is a habitthat is acquired soon after bir

455、th. Watch, for instance, how a quite young baby recognises hismember by sight. Granted that his other senses help - the sound other voice, his sense of smell,the distinctive way she handles him.But of all these, sight is predominant. Formed at the very beginning of life, the ability torecognize face

456、s quickly becomes an established habit, and one that is, essential for daily living, ifnot necessarily for survival. How essential and valuable it is we probably do not appreciate untilwe encounter people who have been deprived of the faculty.This unfortunate inability to recognize familiar faces is

457、 known to all, but such people canoften recognize individuals by their voices, their walking manners or their spectacles. With typicalhuman ingenuity many of these unfortunate people overcome their handicap by recognizing othercharacteristic features.1. It is stated in the passage t hat .A. it is un

458、usual for a person to be able to identify a face satisfactorilyB. the ability to recognize faces unhesitatingly is an unusual giftC. quit a few people can visualize faces they have seenD. few people can give exact details of the appearance of a face2. What the author feels strange about is t hat .A.

459、 people have the tremendous ability to recognize more than 1,000 facesB. people dont think much of the problem of how and why we acquire the ability torecognize and remember facesC. people dont realize how essential and valuable it is for them to have the ability torecognize facesD. people have been

460、 arguing much over the way people recognize and remember faces3. What is the first suggested explanation of the origin of the ability?A. It is one of the characteristics peculiar to human beings.B. It is acquired soon after birth.C. It is something we can do from the very moment we are born.D. It is

461、 learned from our environment and experiences.4. According to the passage, how important is the ability to recognize faces?A. It is useful in daily life but is not necessarily essential.B. It is absence would make normal everyday life impossible.C. Under certain circumstances we could not exist with

462、out it.D. Normal social life would be difficult without it.5. This passage seems to emphasize t hat .A. the ability to recognize individuals is dependent on other senses as well as sightB. sight is indispensable to recognizing individualsC. the ability to recognise faces is a special inborn ability

463、of the brainD. the importance of the ability of recognize faces in fully appreciated by people.答案：DBCBAScattered through the seas of the world are billions of tons of small plants and animals calledplankton. Most of these plants and animals are too small for the human eye to see. They driftabout laz

464、ily with the currents, providing a basic food for many larger animals.Plankton has been described as the equivalent of the grasses that grow on the dry landcontinents, and the comparison is an appropriate one. In potential food value however, planktonfar outweighs that of the land grasses. One scien

465、tist has estimated that while grasses of the worldproduce about 49 billion tons of valuable carbohydrates each year. The seas plankton generatesmore than twice as much.Despite its enormous food potential, little effort was made until recently to farm plankton aswe farm grasses on land. Now marine sc

466、ientists have at last begun to study this possibility,especially as the seas resources loom even more important as a means of feeding an expandingworld population.No one yet has seriously suggested that “planktonburgers may soon become popular aroundthe world. As a possible farmed supplementary food

467、 source, however, plankton is gainingconsiderable interest among marine scientists.One type of plankton that seems to have great harvest possibilities is a tiny shrimplikecreature called krill. Growing to two or three inches long, krill provide the major food for the giantblue whale, the largest ani

468、mal ever to inhabit the Earth. Realizing that this whale may grow 100feet and weigh 150 tons at maturity, it is not surprising that each one devours more than one ton ofkrill daily.Krill swim about just below the surface in huge schools sometimes miles wide, mainly in thecold Antarctic. Because of t

469、heir pink color, they often appear as a solid reddish mass when viewedfrom a ship or from the air. Krill are very high in food value. A pound of these crustaceanscontains about 460 caloriesabout the same as shrimp or lobster, to which they are related.If the krill can feed such huge creatures as wha

470、les, many scientists reason, they mustcertainly be contenders as new food source for humans.1. Which of the following best portrays the organization of the passage?A. The author presents the advantages and disadvantages of plankton as a food source.B. The author quotes public opinion to support the

471、argument for farming plankton.C. The author classifies the different food sources according to amount of carbohydrate.D. The author makes a general statement about plankton as a food source and then moves to aspecific example.2. According to the passage, why is plankton regarded to be more valuable

472、than land grasses?A. It is easier to cultivate.B. It produces more carbohydrates.C. It does not require soil.D. It is more palatable.3. Why does the author mention “planktonburgers?A. To describe the appearance of one type of plankton.B. To illustrate how much plankton a whale consumes.C. To suggest

473、 plankton as a possible food sources.D. To compare the food values of beef and plankton.4. What is mentioned as one conspicuous feature of krill?A. They are the smallest marine animals.B. They are pink in color.C. They are similar in size to lobsters.D. They have grass like bodies.5. The author ment

474、ions all of the following as reasons why plankton could be considered ahuman food source except that it is_.A. high in food value.B. in abundant supply in the oceans.C. an appropriate food for other animals.D. free of chemicals and pollutants.答案：DBCBDIn the last 12 years total employment in the Unit

475、ed States grew faster than at any time inthe peacetime history of any country - from 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985 - that is, bya full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in no 一blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and

476、is, indeed, even more pronounced inJapan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the UnitedStates and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the labor force I n manufacturing thandeveloped countries now employ in farming - at most, 10 percent. Today the Uni

477、ted Statesemploys around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, thenumber is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be evensharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry willem

478、ploy more than one -third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even thoughproduction might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increasemanufacturing production and at the same time sharply reduce the blue-collar work fo

479、rce, itcannot hope to remain competitive - or even to remain “developed. The attempt to preserve suchblue - collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general publiccan easily understand or accept. What conf

480、uses the issue even more it that the United States isexperiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is theacceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke ofmechanization a few decades ago, we now speak of robotization o

481、r automation. This isactually more a change in terminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced theassembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man - hours required to produce a motor car by some80 percent in two or three years -far more than anyone expects to result from even the mos

482、tcomplete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new, sharp acceleration in thereplacement of manual workers by machines -that is, by the products of knowledge.1. According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor forced e m o n s tr a te s .A. the degree to which a

483、countrys production is robotizedB. a reduction in a countrys manufacturing industriesC. a worsening relationship between labor and managementD. the difference between a developed country and a developing country2. According to the author, in coming 25years, a developed country or industry, in order

484、tremain competitive, ought to.A. reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB. preserve blue - collar jobs for international competitionC. accelerate motor - can manufacturing in Henry Fords styleD. solve the problem of unemployment3. American politicians and labor leaders tend to d i s l i

485、k e .A. confusion in manufacturing economyB. an increase in blue - collar work forceC. internal competition in manufacturing productionD. a drop in the blue - collar job opportunities4. The word “prescription in a prescription for unemployment” may be the equivalent toA. something recommended as med

486、ical treatmentB. a way suggested to overcome some difficultyC. some measures taken in advanceD. a device to dire5. This passage may have been excepted fromA. a magazine about capital investmentB. an article on automationC. a motor-car magazineD. an article on global economy答案：AADCDWhat does the futu

487、re hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on themeaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at leastpossible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writersof science fiction, from H.

488、 G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They haveconveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus tomake life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will bemade of. Perhaps some new building materia

489、l, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered orinvented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar（ 泥灰，灰浆） will long have gone outof fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists havealready pointed out that unless something is done eithe

490、r to restrict the worlds rapid growth inpopulation or to discover and develop new sources of food （ or both） , millions of people will bedying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. Butnobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populati

491、ons. Admittedly the worstsituations will occur in the hottest pails of the world, where housing can be light structure or inbackward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requiresmaterials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns the low-standard “housing“ o

492、f flattenedpetrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in manyother places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the alreadygrowing popu

493、lation and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor （ 肮脏）anddisease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocksof tenements （ 贫民住宅）are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small partof what will certainly become a v

494、ast problem and not merely a housing problem, because whenpopulation grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospitalservices, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as HongKong to draw upon and the search for quicker and chea

495、per methods of construction must nevercease.1. What is the authors opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?A. They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B. They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C. They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.

496、D. They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2. The writer is sure that in the distant future_ .A. bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B. a new building material will have been invented.C. bricks and mortar will not be used by people w

497、ho want their house to be fashionable.D. a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3. The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end ofthe century_.A. is difficult to foresee.B. will be how to feed the ever growing population.C. will be

498、how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D. is the question of finding enough ground space.4. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world orin backward areas, he is refeiTing to the fact that in these parts_.A. standards of buildi

499、ng are low.B. only minimum shelter will be possible.C. there is not enough ground space.D. the population growth will be the greatest.5. Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A. Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully d

500、ealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C. Hong Kongs crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of otherproblems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by HongKong and may find it much harder to deal with t

501、hem.答案：AABDDIt is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard， the social sciencesas “soft,“ and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean thatour knowledge of physical system is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, andthese

502、in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity ofsample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes areat least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able tosample earth

503、s social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample ofthe total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is inmany ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Eventhe folk knowledge in s

504、ocial systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending,organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilarfrom the more sophisticated images of the social system derived form the social sciences, eventhough it is built upon the very imper

505、fect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even if earths geological history, caeasily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. Ifwe define the “security“ of our image of various parts of the total syste

506、m as the probability of theirsuffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order for hardness and as the most secure,the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere inbetween. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simpl

507、y because weobserve such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping is trivial records ofbiological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we learnt things asthey were long age, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moo

508、n, which we have actually visited, theoriesabout its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Ourknowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and insecure.1. The word “paradox” (Line 1, Para. 1) means A. implication B. contradictionC. interpretation D. co

509、nfusion2. Accroding to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as“hard” and the social sciences as “soft b e c a u s e .A. a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencesB. our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of

510、 social systemsC. our understanding of the social systems is approximately correctD. we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena3. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that ofphysical systems b e c a u s e .A. it is not based on

511、personal experienceB. new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesC. it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataD. the records of social systems are more reliable4. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest becauseA. contradictory

512、theories keep emerging all the timeB. new information is constantly coming inC. the direction of their development is difficult to predictD. our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate5. We know less about the astronomical universe than we don about any social systemb e c a u s e .A. theories

513、of its origin and history are variedB. our knowledge of it is highly insecureC. only a very small sample of it has been observedD. few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy答案：ACDADThe promise of finding long-term technological solutions to the problem of world foodshortages seems difficu

514、lt to fulfill. Many innovations that were once heavily supported andpublicized have since fallen by the wayside. The proposals themselves were technically feasible,but they proved to be economically unviable and to yield food products culturally unacceptable totheir consumers.One characteristic comm

515、on to unsuccessful food innovations has been that, even withextensive government support, they often have not been technologically adapted or culturallyacceptable to the people for whom they had been developed. A successful new technology,therefore, must fit the entire social cultural system in whic

516、h it is to find a place. Security of cropyield, practicality of storage, and costs are much more significant than previously been realized bythe advocates of new technologies.The adoption of new food technologies depends on more than these technical and culturalconsiderations; economic factors and g

517、overnmental policies also strongly influence the ultimatesuccess of any innovation. Economists in the Anglo-American tradition have taken the lead ininvestigating the economics of technological innovation. Although they exaggerate in claimingthat profitability is the key factor guiding technical cha

518、ngethey completely disregard thesubstantial effects of culturethey are correct in stressing the importance of profits. Mosttechnological innovations in agriculture can be fully used only by large landowners and are onlyadopted if these profit-oriented business people believe that the innovation will

519、 increase theirincomes. Thus, innovations that carry high rewards for big agribusiness groups will be adoptedeven if they harm segments of the population and reduce the availability of food in a country.Further, should a new technology promise to alter substantially the profits and losses associated

520、with any production system, those with economic power will strive to maintain and improve theirown positions. Therefore, although technical advances in food production and processing willperhaps be needed to ensure food availability, meeting food needs will depend much more onequalizing economic pow

521、er among the various segments of the populations within the developingcountries themselves.1. The passage mentions all of the following as factors important to the success of a new foodcrop except the_.A. practicality of storage of the crop.B. security of the crop yield.C. quality of the crops prote

522、in.D. cultural acceptability of the crop.2. The author suggests that, in most emerging countries, extensive government interventionaccompanying the introduction of a food innovation will_.A. usually be sufficient to guarantee the financial success of the innovation.B. be necessary to ensure that the

523、 benefits of the innovation will be spread throughout thesociety.C. normally occur only when the innovation favors large landowners.D. generally cost the country more than will be earned by the innovation.3. The first paragraph of the passage best supports which of the following statements?A. TDO mu

524、ch publicity can harm the chances for the success of a new food innovation.B. Innovations that produce culturally acceptable crops will generally be successful.C. A food-product innovation can be technically feasible and still not be economically viable.D. It is difficult to decide whether a food-pr

525、oduct innovation has actually been a success.4. The author provides a sustained argument to uphold which of the following assertions?A. Profitability is neither necessary nor sufficient for a new technology to be adopted.B. Profitability is the key factor guiding technological change.C. Economic fac

526、tors and governmental policies strongly influence the ultimate success of anyinnovation.D. Innovations carrying high rewards for big agribusiness groups harm the poor.5. The primary purpose of the passage is to discuss the_ .A. means of assessing the extent of the world food shortage.B. difficulties

527、 of applying technological solutions to the problem of food shortages.C. costs of introducing a new food technology into a developing country.D. nature of the new technological innovations in the area of food production.答案：CBCCBWhat most people dont realize is that wealth isnt the same as income. If

528、 you make $ 1million a year and spend $ 1 million, youre not getting wealthier, you5re just living high. Wealthis what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses,cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these thi

529、ngs offer little or no return. The wealthywould rather put their money into investments or their businesses. Its an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life -style too.Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and t

530、he prices ofnearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich mans attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. SamWalton, billionaire founder of the Wal - Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not incom

531、e. Instead of taking their moneyhome, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why?Because the government doesnt tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, themore the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to

532、put every dollar he can into investments,not consumption. All the while, of course, hes reinvesting his earnings from investments andwatching his net worth soar. Thats the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice.Those who spend heav

533、ily on cars, boats and buses, Tve found, tend to skimp on investment advice.Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal andfinancial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or theymay want to leave an

534、 estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: theyhave a dollar figure in mind-the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps - and they workunceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth - not just income - your goal, the luxuryhouse youve b

535、een dreaming about wont seem so alluring. Youll have the attitude.1. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in ones wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth i

536、s more of what one has made than anything else.2. By the authors opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and c a r s .A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich3. The rich put the

537、ir money into business b e c a u s e .A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government4. The U. S. government doesn,t tax what

538、you spend money on.A. cars Bhouses C. stock D. boats5. To become wealthy, one s h o u l d .A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings答案：DCACBIt being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-old boys are at greatest ri

539、skof growing up to be persistent offenders, what are we doing with the information? Just about thelast thing that we should do is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and thenattack them with the provisions of the new Criminal Justice Bill.If this bill becomes law, magistrates

540、will have the power to impose residential care orders.More young people will be drawn into institutional life when all the evidence shows that thisworsens rather than improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks in detentioncenters will simply give more young people a taste of so

541、mething else they dont need; the wholeregime of detention centers is one of toughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone tobe anti-establishment, UI cant think of a better way to do it, says the writer of this report.The Cambridge Institute of Criminology comes up with five key factors t

542、hat are likely tomake for delinquency: a low income family a large family, parents deemed by social workers to bebad at raising children, parents who themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in thechild. Not surprisingly, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the sample who h

543、ad at leastthree of them when they were ten, half became juvenile delinquents- compared with only a fifthof the sample as a whole.Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judged troublesome by teachersat the age of ten, having a father with at least two criminal convictions and ha

544、ving anothermember of the family with a criminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factorsin their background 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were in trouble with the law.Among those key factors, far and away the most important was having a parent with acriminal record,

545、 even if that had been acquired in the distant past, even though very few parentsdid other than condemn delinquent behavior in their children.The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The most reliable prediction of allon the futures of boys came from teachers5 ratings of how troubleso

546、me they were at the age of ten.If the information is there in the classroom there must be a response that brings more attention tothose troublesome children: a search for things to give them credit for other than academicachievement, a refusal to allow them to go on playing truant, and a fostering o

547、f ambition andopportunity which should start early in their school careers.1. According to the author, delinquency should be tackled_ .A. before adolescenceB. during institutional treatmentC. during adolescenceD. when the problem becomes acute2. The number of young offenders could be reduced by the

548、way of_ .A. new legal measuresB. better residential careC. brief periods of harsh punishmentD. examination of their backgrounds3. What is the outcome result of putting young offenders into detention centers?A. They become more violentB. They receive useful trainingC. They become used to institutions

549、D. They turn against society4. Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually_ .A. spoilt children from small families.B. bright children in a poor family.C. dull children with many brothers and sisters.D. children whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly.5. The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped by_ .A. spending more time at schoolB. more encouragement at schoolC. more activities outside schoolD. stricter treatment from teachers答案：ADDCB