经贸知识英语

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1、经贸知识英语试题类型 一 英汉短语互译(10)- 二 搭配题(5) 三 经贸术语翻译(20)- 四 用所给词的正确形式填空(10) 五 英译汉(15)- 六 汉译英(25) 七 回答问题(15)LessonlInternational Trade(I) i . 重点句子 (1) A country may develop a particular comparative advantagepurely through its own action, independent of the endowment ofnature. 一个国家可以不依赖于大自然的恩赐而完全通过自身的行动来发展某一具体比

2、较优势。 independent of sth:not depending on sth. 独立于。(2) Switzerlands comparative advantage in watch making istypical example.瑞士钟表制造业就是一 1V典型的例子。 in:prep.在. . .方面(3) Similarly, the United States has developed comparativeadvantage in many lines that use the most up-to-datetechnology.同样， 美国已经在使用最先进技术的许多行

3、业发展了比较优势。 line:行业 up-to-date:最新的 (4) Trade to exploit comparative advantage promotesefficiency among countries, since it can make one countrybetter off without making another worse off.利用比较利益进行贸易能够在各国间提高效益，可以改善一个国家的经济状况而不损害另一个国家的利益。 since:因为- i t 指上述情况 well off:境况良好 worse off:badly off 的比较级 (5) As a

4、 result, Country A would specialize in theproduction of computers and trade some of them forCountry Bs cars, and Country B would specialize in carsand exchange some of the cars for Country A,s computers.因为，甲国将专门生产计算机并用部分产品换取乙国的小汽车。而乙国将专门生产小汽车并用部分产品换取甲国的计算机。 as a result:因此specialize in:专攻( 专门研究)(6) B

5、ut according to the above theory, trade occurs only when eachcountry has an absolute advantage over the other in the productionof one commodity.但是，根据上述理论，只有当一个国家对另一个国家在某一商品的生产方面占绝对优势时，贸易才会发生。(7) On the other hand, one man in Country B can produce 40 cars ina year but only 20in Country A .从另一方面讲, 在乙国

6、每人每年能生产四十辆小汽车，但在甲国每人每年只能生产二十辆。 On the one hand,.on the other hand.:一 方面. . . 另一方面. . . . (8) So Country A is more efficient in producing computers thanCountry B, and we say that the former has an absolute advantageover the latter.所以，甲国的计算机生产能力要比乙国强。我们说前者对于后者来说有着绝对优势。 in doing sth.:在做. . . 方面 the for

7、mer the latter: 前者. . . 后者. . . (9) In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absoluteadvantage in any commodity.事实上， 对于一 国家来说， 生产任何一种商品都不占绝对优势的情况并不罕见。 in reality:事实上 rare:罕见的 (10) The theory of comparative advantage holds that evenif a country is less efficient than another in the producti

8、onof both commodities, there is still a basis for mutuallybeneficial trade.比较优势学说认为， 即使一个国家在生产两种商品时都比另一个国家效率高，这两个国家也存在着互利的贸易基础。 even ithough:即使. . . ( 引导条件状语从句) (11) The first country should specialize in the production andexport of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage issmaller, i.e. th

9、e commodity of its comparative advantage, andimport the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater,i.e. the commodity of its comparative disadvantage.甲国应该专生产和出口那些绝对劣势小、 也就是有相对优势的商品， 进口那些绝对劣势大、也就是有相对劣势的商品。 in which ( 不能用that)引导定语从句，修饰其前的commodity-i . e . （ 拉丁语缩写）：也就是说 (12) Some countries

10、 are abundant in resources, and whileelsewhere reserves are scarce or even nonexistent.有些国家资源非常丰富，而其他国家资源稀少，甚至根本就没有。 be abundant/rich in:富有 while:虽然 You like basketball, while I5d rather read.你爱打篮球，但我爱看书。 (13) For instance,举例来说，英国煤资源丰富，但金属资源匮乏。 For instance:例如： (14) Kuwait has vast oil deposits but

11、little farm produce.科威特石油储量巨大，但农产品缺乏。 little:几乎没有 (15) And Japan relies heavily on import for most of the primarycommodities.对于多数的初级产品，日本严重依赖进口。 rely on:依赖 We cannot rely on developed countries all the tim e.我们不能总是依赖着发达国家。- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) define:及物动词，解释。 distribution:名词, 分布，经销。 (3) natural resources:短

12、语，自然资源。 (4) abundant:形容词，丰富的；丰富 (5) scarce:形容词，缺少的；稀有的；多与介词连用形成词组 (6) in terms of (as regards sth.):从. . . 方面来讲 Think of it in terms of an investment.从投资的角度考虑那件事。 The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage/in percentageterms.这些数字是以百分数表达的。 China has an absolute advantage over any other countr

13、ies in termsof labor.在人力资源方面，中国比别的任何国家都有优势。 (7) incentive:名词，刺激，鼓励，同时该词还兼有形容词的词性，意指：刺激的；鼓励的。 (8) constitute:动词, 构成，形成。 (9) remainder:名词，剩余物，余数。 (10) hold:及物动词, 认为。 (11) in terms of:介词短语，在. . . 方面。例句：In terms ofmanpower we have a large population to take part in this activity在人力这一方面，我们有足够的人员去参加这活动。 (

14、12) specialization: In our text, it means one country producesmore of a commodity than it uses itself and sells the remainder toother countries.专门化：在本文指一个国家所生产的某种商品数量超出它的消费，并将所剩商品卖给其他国家。 (13) services: A useful business or job that does not produce goods.服务：不生产具体物品的一种职业或工作。 (14) primary commodities:

15、 Mainly means the non-processed or theprimarily, processed produce or products, it includes foods, drinks,material processing in agriculture and mineral, vegetable oil andanimal fat, and fuel manufacturing.初级产品：主要指未经加工或仅经初步加工的农林、牧、渔、矿等产品。分为食品、饮料、农矿原料、动植物油脂和燃料五大类。 三 练习与作业( p a g e l 2 )- 1.回答问题: 第1 题

16、、第2 题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译( 作业)- 5 汉译英( 作业为1、 2、 5 )Lesson 2International Trade(II) i . 重点句子 (1) These countries attract large numbers of tourists, who spendmoney for traveling,hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on.这些国家吸引着大批观光者，他们花钱旅游、食宿、乘出租车等。 large numbers of +可数名词：大量的- w ho引导非限制性定语从句。 (

17、2) This refers to the money sent back to home countries by peopleworking in a foreign land.这里指的是那些在国外工作的人汇回国内的钱。- 句中画线部分为过去分词短语作定语，修饰money。 working in a foreign land为现在分词短语作定语, 修饰people。 (3) Invisible trade can be as important to some countries as visibletrade is to others.如同有形贸易对一些国家非常重要一样，无形贸易对一些国

18、家一样非常重要。 as+adj.+其他+as结构的用法：像. . . 一样 (4) A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses theboundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the areaof a country.关税是商品跨越关税区时对该商品征收的税。 一般来说，关税区与一个国家的领域是一致的。 levy a tariff on:对征. . . 收关税A departure tax was levied on all travellers.- 句中画线

19、部分是过去分词短语，作tax的定语。 coincide with:与. . . 一致My ideas coincide with his.我的想法与他的一致。 (5) Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or acombination of the two-compound duties.进口 税可以是从量税、从价税、或两者的结合，即混合税。 either.or.：或者. . . 或者. . . (6) But a complete answer must also take into account other facto

20、rssuch as patterns of scale and , economies of scale and innovation orstyle,但是， 完整的答案还必须考虑到一些其他因素， 如需求结构、规模经济、以及革新或款式。 take sth. into account:把. . . 考虑在内 such as:例如 (7)For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue toproduce goods for which it does not have an advantage.出于战略或国内的原因，一个国家可能继

21、续生产其不具优势的商品。 for which为“ 介词+ 关系代词” 结构，引导定语从句，修饰先行词goods, for在这里是“ 对于” 的意思，即“ 对于这些商品，这个国家并不具优势” 。 (8) Where there are no differences among countries in the basiccapabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among themmay still exist.在那些生产商品的基础能力方面没有差异的国家中，其他方面的贸易基础仍然可能存在。 where引导一个地点状语从句。 (9

22、) For example, most consumers in one country may consider dogmeat a delicacy, while in another country the consumption of dogmeat is abhorrent.例如，在一个国家消费者可能把狗肉看作一种美食，而在另一个国家，吃狗肉则被认为是不雅的。 while:“ 而” 表示前后意思的对比。 abhorrent:adj.“可恶的” (10) Even though Country A produces enough cars at reasonablecosts to m

23、eet its own demand and even to export some, it stillimport cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style.即使甲国能以合理的民本生产足够的小汽车满足自己的需求， 甚至出口一些， 但是因革新与款式的需要， 它仍从别的国家进口一些小汽车。 even though/if:即使 meet:满足 meet sbs wishes, conditions, needs,etc.满足某人的希望，条件，需要等。 for：由于 Hes learning English for th

24、e fun of it.- 他为了好玩才学习英语的。 Summarize,归纳，总结。Can you summarize this passage? Seek to 试图。The two parties seek to bring the disagreement to and end S e e k 还可以与介词for连用，意思为:探求，寻求They are seeking for the solution to current problems. Take into account 考虑，认为We are taking into account the drawbackof the mee

25、ting. In reality,事实上， 实际上。 类似的短语还有in fact, in practice .In reality ,most of countries are lack of natualresource. affect意为影响，多为负面影响；influence为中性词。Smoking affects health.吸烟影响健康。 My teacher influenced my decision to study science.- 我的老师对我学理科的决定起了影响作用 介词With的用法 1 和一起Misery acquaints men with strange be

26、dfellows.（ 谚）落难时不择伙伴。to live with ones parentsstaying with a friend- 2带有的心情、态度等 He agreed that he was wrong with a good grace.- 他很大方地承认自己错了。 The formei前者Did he go there by air or by train? The former seems morelikely.他是乘飞机还是坐火车去的? 前者似乎可能性更大些。 the latter前者,he walk or swim? The latter seemsunlikely.他是

27、散步还是游泳？后者看来不太可能。 Refer to针对；有关; 指的是The new law does not refer to farm land.新法律与耕地无关。What I said refers to all of you. on the basis of 以为基础The principle is on the basis of fairness. In addition toIn addition to gene, intelligence also depends on an adequate diet,a good education and a decent home env

28、ironment.除了遗传基因外, 智力的高低还取决于良好的营养, 良好的教育和良好的家庭环境。 Attract vt 吸引She was attracted by the novel advertisement.她被这新颖的广告吸引住了。 Large number o次量的。用来修饰可数名词。A smaller number of families may raise children.少数家庭可以抚养孩子。 Large amount of 大量的。 depend Make effort to- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) concession:名词，让步。通常用短语“make a conce

29、ssion to.对作出让步。 (2) impose:动词，强 力 口 。Impose something on somebody把.强加于某人。 另外impose还可作不及物动词， 意指利用， 如impose onsbs kindness利用某人的善意。 non-tariff barriers,非关税壁垒， 指关税之外的一切直接或间接限制进口的法规和措施，如 ，进口限额等。随着关税壁垒在贸易保护中的作用减弱，非关税壁垒则被广泛采用。 (4) without reference to countries:与 国 家 无 关 ， 短 语 withoutreference to与. 无 关 。 如

30、 ：all the people, without reference to ageor sex,所 有 人 ，不论男女老少。 Visible trade:有形贸易，指商品的进出口。 reasonable costs:合理的成本，reasonable的含义是“ 适当的” 、“ 不过分的” 、“ 公道的” 、“ 合乎情理的” 。如果要表达“ 合理利用资源 、 合理化建议” 则不能用reasonable而该用rational,分别译作make rational use of resources和 rationalization proposal. (6) coincides.巧合， 偶 合 ， 用

31、时多与介词with相连用， 但也有例外,如 ：We do not coincide in opinion.我们意见不和。 refund: v.偿 还 ，退 还 。 (8) signatory: now签 约 人 ， 签 约 国 。 例 如 ：the signatories to a treaty各 缔 约国。 (9) impose:v .to establish (an additional payment) officially 1iE( 税 ) ，力口( 负担) 于 A new tax has been imposed on tabaco.对烟又征收了新税项。 (10) protectio

32、nistm.a person who wants to keep the system ofprotecting ones own countrys trade, esp.by tariffs ( 贸易) 保护主义者。 The U .S .A is one of protectionists in international trade.- 美国是国际贸易中一个保护主义者。 (11) unilateral ： adj.done by or having an effect on only oneside,esp.one of the political groups in an agreeme

33、nt： 一方的， 单方面的。 The treaty denies any unilateral withdrawal.该条约禁止任何单方面的撤出。 (12) label： n.a piece of other material,fixed to something. (13) customs union：关税同盟。 两个或多个国家缔约建立统一的关税，对内取消相互间的进口关税，实现内部商品自由流通；对外实行统一的关税，这样的联盟即为关税同盟。 (14) Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or acombination of

34、the two- compound duties. Specific duties,从量税，以商品的重量、 数量、 容量、 长度、 面积等计征的关税；ad valoremduties ；从价税，以商品的价格为标准征收的关税；compoundduties混合税、复合税，英语也称，对同一税目的商品，同时按从价和从量两种税率计征的关税。 (15) drawback:退税 (16) exploit vt. use; develop:不 ! J用 (A) Man should make more efforts to exploit natural resources. 人类应该更加努力地开发利用自然资

35、源。 (B) Man exploits waterpower very well.人类对水能开发利用得很好。 (17) assume vt. take as true before there is proof:假定 (A) Assuming that her story is true, what should we do?假如她说的是真的，我们怎么办？ (B) I assume that she has received my telegram,我猜测她已经接到了我的电报。 (18) take into account other factors:考虑其他因素。Take intoaccou

36、nt 是 个常用短语。 We must take into account all thedifferent opinions expressed at the meeting.我们必须考虑会上提出的不同意见。 三 练习与作业( p a g e 2 5 )- 1.回答问题: 第1 题、第6 题、第8 题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译（ 作业） 5 汉译英（ 作业为1 、 2 、 4）- 课后练习1参考答案： (1) yes, there are, for example, patterns of demand;economies of scales; innovation or

37、 style. (2)economy of scale is the cost advantages of large-scaleproduction . Trade may occur out of economies of scale. (3)the theory of international specialization seek to answerthe question which countries will produce whatgoods ,with what trade patterns among them. (4)no. it will not. For strat

38、agic or domestic reasons, acountry may continue to produce goods for which it doesnot have an advantage. (4). the benefits of specialization may also be affected bytransport cost. Protectionist measures which are oftentaken by governments are also harries to trade ,andtypical examples are tariffs an

39、d quotas. (5).tariff harries are the most common of trade restriction.a tariffs is tax levied on a commodity when it crosses thebounary of a customs area extending beyond nationalboundaries to include two or more independent nations iscalled a customs union. (6).the most-favoured-nation(MFN ) treatm

40、ent refers to atariffs treatment under which a country is required toextend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted toany participating country. MFN treatment is not reallyspecial treatment but is just normal trading status becauseit gives a country lowest tariffs only within the tariffssc

41、hedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs. (7).quotas or quantitative restrictions are the mostcommon form of non-tariff harries. A quotas limits theimports or export of a commodities during a given periodof time. (8).visible trade involves the export and import of goods.Invisible trade

42、 involves the exchange of services andtecknoledge between countries. Invisible trade includetransportation, insurance, tourism , immigrantremittance ,ect.Lesson 3International Payment- 重点句子 (l).Generally speaking, it is not difficult for buyers and sellers indomestic trade to get to know each others

43、 flnancial status andother information, and payment is likely to be made in astraightforward manner, say by remittance or by debiting thedebtor account. 一般而言，在国内贸易中，买卖双方相互了解对方的财务状况和其他相关信息并不难, 支付可能以一种直接的方式进行，例如，通过汇款或从债务人的帐户转帐。 generally speaking 为插入语 be likely to do sth:可能干某事 (3) in a straightforward

44、 manner: in a straightforward way 以一种直接的方式。- It在这里是形式主语，真正的主语是不定时短语。这主要是因为不定式短语过长。Eg. It is very difficult for me to understand what you aretalking about. Be likely to do sth.Eg. It is not likely to rain this afternoon.Eg. She is very likely to ring me tonight. Or it is likely that she willcall me t

45、onight.- Say 比如，假定；常用作插入语。Eg. You could learn to play chess in, say, three months.Eg. Let us take any writer ,say, Dickens. (2).pachase and sale of goods and services are carried out beyondnational boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the partiesconcerned in the transaction to get adequat

46、e information abouteach other *s financial standing and credit worthiness. 货物的购买和销售跨越国界进行， 交易中的有关当事人很难充分地得到彼此的财务状况和信誉方面的信息。carry ou t事实，执行，贯彻，落实，进行carry out a promise, a threat, a plan, an order Which makes it rather difflcult for the parties concerned in thetransaction to get adequate information a

47、bout each othersfinancial standing and credit worthiness. Which 引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个句子。句种it是形式宾语。真正的宾语是不定式短语。Eg. George made it clear that he disagreed.Eg. I thought it peculiar that she had not written.Standing n . 地位，名声，等级。They are making enquiries into its financial standing.She was an economist of con

48、siderable standing.(3)The importer might fail to pay in full for goods.进口商可能不支付全部货款。In full:全部的，全面的The bill has been paid in full.Write your name in full, please.Fail to do sth.不能干什么，无法干什么He failed to pass the driving test. (4)He might go bankrupt ;his government might ,for variousreasons, ban trade

49、 with the exporting country or ban imports ofcertain commodities; the buyer might run into diHiculties gettingthe foreign exchange to pay for the goods.他可能破产了 ；出于各种原因他大的政府可能禁止同出国进行贸易，或者禁止进口某些商品，为了得到外汇偿付货款，卖方可能陷入困境。Go bankrupt:破产,倒闭The company went bankrupt because it could not sell itsproducts.Run i

50、nto:遇到，碰上They ran into the bad storm.Trade sth. with sb.于某人交换什么Since Britain joining the Common Market, Britain trade goodswith other countries.getting the foreign exchange to pay for the goods是现在分词短语作状语.(5)The delay may be caused by problems in production ortransportation, and such delays may lead

51、to loss of business. Thereis also a risk that wrong goods might be sent as a result ofnegligence of the exporter or simply because of his lack ofintegrity.这种拖延可能是因为生产或是运输造成的， 并有可能导致损失业务。还有一种风险，即由于出口上的疏忽，或是不诚实造成发运出不合要求的货物。Lead to:导致，通向This misprint led to great confusion.All roads lead to Beijing.As

52、a result of:因为，由于The flight was delayed as a result of fog.She was late as a result of the snow.Lack of:缺乏，短缺Lack of rest made her tired.The project had to be abandoned because of lack of funds. that wrong goods might be sent as a result of negligence of theexporter or simply because of his lack of

53、integrity做risk的同位语。 (6)Political risk such as war, quotas.before parting withtheir money.政治风险，譬如战争，配额. . . . . .在付款之前就得到货物。Add up to:总计达到These numbers add up to 100.All this add up to a new concept of international division of labor.Release sb/sth from somewhere把某人或某物从省么中释放出来She released the rabbit

54、from the trap. prefer地用法。Prefer to do sth./prefer sth to sth/prefer doingsth/prefer that/prefer to .rather than.Eg. She preferred that he should it in the kitchen.Eg. He perferd to stay at home rather than go with us.Be hesitant to do sth.不情愿做谋事，不愿意做谋事Eg. He was hesitant to invite me to take party i

55、n her birthday party.Part w ith与什么分手Eg. He just parted with his former girlfriend.Various methods of j - j - t r a d e .在国际贸易中已经采用了许多措施以解决不同情况。C o p y w i t h对付，处理，解决。相当于d e a l w i t h或d o w i t hE g . h o w d o y o u c o p y w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m ?(8)when the political and.cash in advance.

56、当进口国的政治经济形势使付款不稳定或当买方的信誉让人感到怀疑时， 出口商喜欢采纳预付现金或部分预付现金。in advance提前，预先Most of the importers do not like pay in advan句中两个when引导的是两个并列的时间状语从句。(9)if the exporter wishes to.transaction.如果出 口 商愿意继续保持货物所有权，它可以采用寄售交易。enter into开始；进入eg. I dared not enter conversation with him.eg. he entered into negociation wi

57、th their rival firms.o r 即，亦即。a kilo ,or two pounds. (10).a lot of international transactions are paid for.inthe future.国际贸易中的许多交易是通过汇票支付的， 英文的汇票draft也称bill of exchange. 一定数额的款项。by means of用谋办法，借助于。The water may be carried by means of a pipe.refer to a s 把. . . 什么称作Do not refer to your sister as a s

58、illy cow!on demand按要求Passengers must show their tickets on demand.(11) in the case of.a later date.在承兑交单的情况下， 井口上在承兑了出口商所开出的汇票之后， 便可得到单据， 而付款则要在晚些时候进行。hand sth. over to sb.把什么交给某人The robber handed his weapon over to policeman.He was handed over to a military tribunal for trial.In the case o f在什么情况下i

59、n case以防；可能；倘若 Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.-倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。 in case of$B 果；万一 In case of rain they cant go. 万一下雨，他们就不能去了。 (12) So far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight ismore favorable than D/P after sight, and D/P after sight, and D/P ismore favorable than D/

60、P.就出口商的利益而言， 即期付款交单比远期付款交单有利，付款交单比承兑交单有利。 As/so far as sth./sb. Is concerned:就某事物( 某人) 而言 The rise in interest rates will be disastrous so far as many Arms areconcerned.利率的增加对于许多公司来说是大祸临头。 The car is fine as far as the engine is concerned but the body workneeds a lot of attention.at/onsight一见到. . .立

61、即 they were told to school looters on sight. (13) Generally speaking, it is not difficult for buyers and sellers indomestic trade to get to know each others financial status andother information, and payment is likely to be made in astraightforward manner, say by remittance or by debiting thedebtor

62、account. 一般而言，在国内贸易中，买卖双方相互了解对方的财务状况和其他相关信息并不难, 支付可能以一种直接的方式进行，例如，通过汇款或从债务人的帐户转帐。 generally speaking 为插入语 be likely to do sth:可能干某事 in a straightforward manner: in a straightforward way 以一种直接的方式。 (14) Both the exporter and the importer face risks as there isalways the possibility that the other part

63、y may not fulfill thecontract.出口商与进口商都面临着风险，因为对方不履行合同的可能性总是存在的。 as在此表示原因。 that在此引导同位语从句，修饰possibility. (6) The importer might fail to pay in full for the goods.进口 商可能不支付全部贷款。 in full完全地 a. publish report in full:全文发表一份报告 b. recite the text in full:背出全文 fail:be unable to do sth .未能( 做某事)- 2 .重点词汇 (1)

64、 open account:记账交易，实际上是卖方提供给买方的信贷，而又无任何担保、抵押，卖方风险极大，一般只有卖方充分信任买方时才采用。 (2) carry the cost of the goods:承担货物的费用。 (3) retain title or ownership to the goods:保留货物的所有权。Title,所有权，注意后面接用介词t。 ，不接。 f。 (4) go bankrupt:破产。 go在这里是系动词, go作系动词的例子很多。go bad变坏，go hungry挨饿；His face went red.他脸红了。 (5) may lead to loss

65、 of business:可能导致损失业务。Lead to:导致，其中 to是介词。再如：The dispute between the two countries led toa trade war.两国间的争执导致了一场贸易战。 (6) bulky:笨重的，体积大的。 This pair of shoes looks bulky.这双鞋看起来很笨重。 perishable: adj.易腐烂的，易碎的( 尤指食物) Glasswares are perishable.玻璃器品易碎。 (8) scarce:adj.缺乏的 a. Food was scarce during the w ar.战

66、争期间食物匮乏。 b. Pears are scarce and expensive this week.本周梨缺而贵。 (9) appeal:n.吸引力 a. Music has little appeal to m e.音乐对我几乎没有吸引力。 b. Rock music has lost its appeal.摇滚乐已经失去了吸引力。 (10) constitute: vt.构成 Seven days constitute a week. 一周有7天。 (11) draft (bill of exchange):汇票It is an unconditional order to aban

67、k or customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand orat a fixed time in the future.汇票是对某银行或客户下达的无条件的命令， 命令其立即或在未来的某个固定时间向某人支付一定数额的款项。 (12) drawer,出票人：The person who draws the draft, usually theexporter, is called the drawer.开出汇票的一方，通常是出口商，叫作出票人，或开票人。 (13)D/P a. D/P at sight,即期付款交单：It requires

68、immediate payment bythe importer to get hold of the documents.它要求进 口商立即付款从而取得单据。 b. D/P after sight,远期付款交单：It gives the importer a certainperiod after presentation of the documents, but documents are notreleased to him until he actually pays for the merchandise. 它在提示后给予进口商一段时间， 但只有其在确实履行付款以后才将单据交给他。

69、 (14) fluctuation :n. fluctuation:v.波动，起伏 a. People have got used to the fluctuating prices.人们已经习惯了 价格的波动。 b. The price of fruits fluctuates according to the season.水果的价格随季节而波动。 (15) hesitant:adj.踌躇的；犹豫的 She was hesitant about accepting the invitation.她对是否接受邀请犹豫不决。 (16) dubious:adj.怀疑 a. I remain du

70、bious about her motives.我对她的动机表示怀疑。 b. This is a dubious compliment.这是一个意义不明的恭维。 (17) .all add up to the problems in international trade,所有这些构成了国际贸易中的问题。 Add up t o 是amount t o 的含义。 如Allthis adds up to a new concept of international division of labour.这一切形成了对国际分工的新观念。 (18) drawee,受票人：the person to w

71、hom the draft is drawn iscalled the drawee.接受汇票的人称作受票人。 (19) payee,受款人：the person receiving the payment, who and thedrawer are generally but not necessarily the same person.也就是收受款项的人， 受款人同出票人通常是同一人， 但并不一定是同一人。 (20) documentary draft,跟单汇票：The draft is accompanied bythe relevant documents such as the

72、bill of lading, the invoice, theinsurance policy, etc.跟单汇票通常随附一些诸如提单、商业发票、保险单之类的单据。 Clean draft:光票。a draft without documents.不附带任何单据的汇票即为光票。 Documentary collections:/艮单托收。 (21)domestic a d j .本国的，国内的；豢养的，家庭的。a.A good newspaper publishes both domestic and foreignnews.b. In domestic science lesson ,gi

73、rls learn how to run a home. (22)status n. 地位，状 况 ；Women have very little status in many countries.What is your official status in the company? (23)default n. 不还债， 不出庭， 不做谋事； v . 不履行 The defendant made default yesterday. (24)Ban v . 禁止 n. 禁令The play was banned by the censor.He was banned from attend

74、ing the meeting. (25)hesitent a d j .犹豫的，迟疑的，不情愿的Why were you so hesitant about asking for help? (26)dubious a d j .半信半疑，可疑的。I remain dubious about her motives.I am dubious about the wisdom of this action. (27)sound a d j .健全的，良好的；合理的，正确的,明智的。He has sound fame in this small county. 三 练习与作业(page38)-

75、1. 回答问题: 第1题、第3题、第4题、第6题、第8题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译( 作业)- 5 汉译英( 作业为1 、 2 、 4) (1) If a bank, either nominated by the opening bank or atits own choice, buys the exporters draft submitted to itunder a credit, it is called a negotiating bank.如果一家银行，或者由开证行指定或者自己主动买下出口人呈交给它的信用证下的汇票，这家银行就称为议付行。 Draft有两个常

76、用意思。 rough preliminary written version of sth:草稿- 汇票Lesson 4The Letter of Credit( I ) i .重点句子 l.in international trade it is.paying the money.在国际贸易中，付款与实际交或几乎不可能同时进行，只就构成了买一中的矛盾，应为出口商喜欢在发货实现先拿到付款。 而进口商则心换在付款之前便能控制货物。 Constitute:组成；构成 7 days constitute a week- 七天构成一星期 England, Wales, Scotland, and No

77、rthern Ireland constitute /compose / make up the United kingdom.- 英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成联合王国。 授权，建立 (2) Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, andstipulations.信用证在格式、长短、语言和规定上都有所不同。 Varied:各种各样的，不同的；vary:改 变 ；变化 The weather varies from day to day.- 天 气 一 天 天 变 化 。 (3) They have no oblig

78、ation whether the goods comply with thecontract.银行对于货物是否符合合同不承担法律责任。 Comply(with sth): do as one is requested, commanded, etc; obey:服从，遵从 She was told to pay the fine, but refused to comply.通知她交纳罚款，但她拒绝交款。 The regulations must be complied with.这些规章制度必须遵守。 (4) The exporter or beneficiary will make a

79、careful examination ofall the contents of the credit and will request the opener to makeamendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safeand timely payment.出口人即受益人将对信用证的所有内容进行认真审核， 如果发现信用证中有任何与合同不符之处， 便要求开证人进行修改，以保证安全及时地收到货款。 (5) Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter

80、 ofcredit either because the credit amount is too large, or because hedoes not fully trust the opening bank.有时出口商会因为信用证金额太大或不完全信任开证行而要求开立保兑信用证。 (6) Then he will present the draft and the accompanyingdocuments to the advising bank that pays or accepts or negotiatesthe bill of exchange.然后, 他将向通知行提供汇票和

81、所附单据， 通知行则对汇票付款、承兑或议付。 present sth to sb: give or hand over sth to sb .给某人某物 They sent presents to their teacher.他们送礼物给老师。 accompany: A .兼带，附有 She accompanied me to the doctors.- 她陪我去看了医生。 The minister was accompanied by his secretary to the hospital. 部长由他的秘书陪同到医院去。 Please accompany me on the trip t

82、o my hometown.- 请陪我去故乡走一走。 B.伴随 Lightning usually accompanies thunder.- 雷声常常伴随着闪电而来。 The text is accompanied by illustrations. 正文附有插图。- c.伴奏 Mary sang and I accompanied her on the piano.- 玛丽唱歌，我弹琴给她伴奏。 The well-known singer was accompanied at the electronic organ byhis school teacher.- 那位著名的歌唱家的小学老师

83、用电子风琴为他伴奏。 Company:n伴侣； 同伴 I had no company on the journey.- 我在旅行中没有同伴。 Two、company, three、none.“两人成伴三人不欢。. (7) The opening bank sends the credit to its correspondent bank inthe exporters country, who will, after examining the credit, advisethe exporter of its receipt.开证行将信用证寄给它在出口国的关系行，后者在审核信用证后，便通

84、知出口人信用证已收到。 Advise sb of sth:通知或告知。主要用于商业事务。另 外advise的一般用法是 advise sb to do sth/ advise sb on s th ,指建议、劝告 Please advise us of the dispatch of the goods.货物发出时请通知我们。 He advises me to take a rest.他建议我休息一下。 He advises the government on economic affairs.他向政府提出经济方面的建议。 (8) “Letter of credit is often shor

85、tened as L/C or L.and issome-times referred to as “bankers commercial letter of credit”,“bankers credit, commercial credit5 5 or so simply credit”. 信用证经常简写成L/C或L.C.,有时称为“ 银行商业信用证” ， “ 银行信用证” ，“ 商业信用证” 或直截了当称为“ 信用证” 。 Refer to:提到 When I said some people are stupid, I wasnt referring to you.我说有些人很愚蠢，并

86、不是指你。 Don,t refer to that matter again, please.请不要再提那件事了。 (9) In international trade it is almost impossible to match paymentwith physical delivery of the goods, which constitutes conflictingproblems for trade, since the exporter prefers to get paid beforereleasing the goods and the importer prefers

87、 to gain control over在国际贸易中， 付款同实际交货几乎不可能同时进行， 这就构成了贸易中的矛盾，因为出口商喜欢在发货之前先得到付款， 而进口商则喜欢在付款之前便控制货物。 (10)it does not guarantee that the goods purchased will be thoseinvoiced or shipped.信用证不担保所购货物即是发票所开或所装运的货物guarantee： vt.担保，保证；后面可以跟that从句，也可以跟不定式to do sth.a. We can not guarantee that the punctual arriv

88、al of trains in foogyweather.b. He guranteed the debt will be paid.c. We guranteed to be here tomorrowThe goods purchased those invoiced or shipped 均为过去分词短语作定语 (ll)it is stipulated in . may late.Deal in 经营，做买卖 a shop that deals in goods of all kinds- 经营各种货物的商店 ( 与with连用) 对付；应付 How would you deal wit

89、h an armed burglar?- 遇到持有武器的盗贼，你将如何对付？- ( 与with连用) 与有贸易往来；与做买卖 Ive dealt with this shop for 20 years.- 我同这家商店做生意已经有20年了Relate to与. . .有关We should relate our work to society. (12)they will be considered.the credit.So long as只要，如果 You may borrow this book as long as you promise to give it back.- 只要你答应

90、归还，你就可以把这书借走。Comply with服从，顺从，遵守，符合 All the citizens must comply with the law. 一切公民都必须遵守法律。 You must comply with the library rules.- 遵守图书馆的规则 We can not y comply with your request (13)the quality and quantity. the goods Depend upon(on).依靠，取决 Can I depend on you? 我可以信任你吗 I havent a car, I have to dep

91、end on the buses.- 我没有汽车，只能靠公共汽车。 与。 n, upon连用还可以当视情况而定 That depends.- 视情形而定。 It all depends on how you tackle the problem. 那要看你如何应付这问题而定。- 2 .重点词汇 (1) an effective means：有效的手段。means作方法、手段讲，虽然形式上词尾用s ,但却是单数名词。 再如Revolution is a means notan end革命是手段，而不是目的。 (2) facilitate international payment：方便国际支付。

92、注意作为及物动词， 后面用表示事物或行为的名词或动名词作宾语。 而不能用动词不定式作宾语，也不能用表示人的词作宾语。 (3) dispatch： v.派遣，发生，文中指货物。 (4) negotiate：动词，强制，商定，转让，兑现，文中negotiate采用的是兑现之意，negotiating bank主要指议付行。(5) guarantee： v.担保，保佑，保证。(6) purchase： v.购买，与动词buy意思类似，多用于书面合同或文书之中。(7) inferior： adj.较低的，其用处为多与介词to连用，表示比后者次。 goods inferior to sample- 质地

93、不如样品的货物 No inferior products should be allowed to pass.- 决不允许放过任何次品。 His work is inferior to mine.- 他的工作不如我。(8) quantity： n.数 量 ，quantity和另一个单词quality ( 质 量 ) 表 示商品的两个不同方面。(9) obligation n.moral duty责 任 ，义务a.You re under no obligation to pay for goods which you did notorder.没有订购的货物就无须付款。b.Damaging t

94、he glasswares puts you under an obligation to buy them.你损坏了这些玻璃器皿你就得把它们买下来。c.I am under an obligation to help.我有责任帮忙(10) ultimately adv.最终a.Ultimately.,all the colonies will become independent.最终所有的殖民地都将独立。b.We hope ultimately to be able to buy a car of our own.我们希望最终能够自己买一辆车。c. The union leaders de

95、clared that the ultimate aim of their strugglewas to pay increase and improved working conditions for theworkers.工会领导人宣称他们斗争的最终目的是要增加工人工资和改善工作条 件 。 (11) gain control over：得到对. . . . 的控制 a.It is difficult to gain control over the army now.现在要控制部队已经不容易了。 b.The new teacher gained control over the class

96、 easily.新教师很容易地控制住了班里学生。 (12) applicant,信用证申请开证人：在信用证交易当中，进口商通常是申请开证人，或者叫做工证人、委托人等。 (13) opening bank,开证行：接受开证申请人的要求申请。开立信用证的银行称为开证行，其实还可以写成issuing bank或establishing bank.-( 14) 14) beneficiary,受益人：使用信用证得到付款的出口人被称作为信用证的受益人(15) bilateraka.双边的。 The two countries are doing what they can to improve the

97、bilateral relations.两国正做一切努力，以改善双边关系。 We have reached a bilateral agreement 我们已经达成 了双边协定。 (16) unique:a.唯一无二的；独特的。 That building is unique because all the others like it were destroyed.那座建筑很独特，因为所有像它那样的其他建筑都毁坏了。 If it is going to draw peoples attention, it must be unique.想要吸弓 | 人的注意,就必须具有独特性。 (17)su

98、bmit.提出，提交 I submitted my papers to the examiner.- 我把试卷交给主考老师。 I hope you can submit you term papers before the deadline.- 我希望你们能在最后欣期之前交上你们的学期论文。 (18)undertaking:n. 许诺 What is the sellers undertaking?卖方有什么许诺？ (19)nominate:vt.提名， 推荐， 任命， 命名 (20)expire:终止；截止 My season ticket will expire this week. 我的

99、月票到这周为止。 Our trade agreement with Holland will expire at the end of thisyear.- 我国同荷兰的贸易协定今年年底期满。 (21) unit price,单价，即指所购商品单位价格。 (22) partial shipment,分批装运： 分批装运指同一桩交易中的同一合同下的货物可以分几次装运给买方。 (23)seal:n.- 玺；印记，图章；封蜡，封铅，封印；火漆- 封条纸；封蜡；火漆- 密封的部分，密封垫 标志，记号 vt. 盖章，盖印，打印 封蜡；密封；加封条 We seal the back of envelope

100、s. 我们把信封的背面封上。- （ 与off连用）封；阻隔；封闭- （ 常与up连用）决定，确定 obligation ：n. underlying:underlie的现在分词形式- 义务；职责；责任 under an obligation 有义务；必须 We are under an obligation to help.- 我们有义务帮忙。 三 练习与作业（ p a g e 5 1 ）- 1.回答问题: 第1 题、第6 题、第8 题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译（ 作业）- 5 汉译英（ 作业为1、 2、 4 ）Lesson 5The Letter of Credit( I

101、I) i . 重点句子(l)They are generally used in non-trade settlement or in payment inadvance by means of the L/C光票信用证通常用于非贸易结算或以信用证方式进行预付货款。a.In advance：提前，预先Send your luggage in advance.Its unwise to spend your income in advance.b.By means of利用什么方式The stock is got to South American by means of air freight

102、.By all means不惜一切代价；by no means决不，一点也不These goods are by no means satisfactory.by no means放在句首用倒装语序 (2)most of the credit in international trade are. the draft.i.e=that is.是同位语引导词，类似的短语还有namely,or,suchas , especially,ect.b.Require sb./sth. To do sth.要求命令某人做什么The law requires you to submit all income

103、 to the taxauthorities.All passengers are required to show their tickets.Require后跟宾语从句时，要用虚拟语气。He required she (should) accompany him to new york. (2)safe and reliable, this type is extensively used in worldtrade.这种信用证既安全又可靠，在国际贸易中广泛使用。 Safe and reliable:是形容词作状语，相当于being+adj结构。其为止既可以在句首也可以在句中句未，形容词作

104、状语的结构还相当于when,if,because邓从句的省略， 在句中可以做时间，原因，伴随让步状语。如： He came though the storm safe and sound. Unable to reply, he pretend not to hear me. Young, rich and pretty, Jane has a lot of boy friends.(3) It must be noted that if there is no specific indication whether acredit is revocable or irrevocable, i

105、t should be regarded asirrevocable.必须指出的是，如果信用证上未标明“ 可撤销” 还是“ 不可撤销” ，应该为不可撤销信用证。a. It must be noted that if there is no specific indication whether acredit is revocable or irrevocable是主语从句。类似的句型还有b. It+be+过去分词+that从句； It+be+adj+that从句It was said that the president would come next day.It was essentia

106、l that the shortage of water should beimphasized.Specific:detailed, precise and exact 详细的，确切的 (4) If a credit does not specify whether it is transferable, it shouldbe regarded as a non-transferable documents according to thecredit stipulations.如果信用证上没有明确规定是否可以转让， 应视为不可转让信用证, 其受益人必须根据信用证的规定供应货物并准备有关的

107、单据。 Specify:确切说明( 细节、材料等) ：明确规定 Regard a s 视为，当作。 I regard him as my brother. She regarded him as being without principle. You cant regard him as a friend but a business associate. “ 你不能把他看作朋友， 只是个生意合伙人。” Titanic* is regarded as his best film so far. 泰坦尼克号， 被认为是到目前为止他拍得最好的影片。 (5) A sight credit is o

108、ne by which payment can be made uponpresentation of the draft and impeccable documents by thebeneficiary to the bank,即期信用证是指受益人向银行出示汇票和正确无误的单据时银行立即付款的信用证。 A.one=the credit. B. by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftand impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank是介词+关系代词引导

109、的定语从句 C.presentation:凭提示 Make payment upon presentation of draft to the bank. Free admission on presentation of the card. D.present:vt.介绍， 引见， 给， 赠送， 上演， 提出， 呈 现 adj.出席的；到场的There are twenty children present.- 在座的有20个孩子。 (6) .A usance credit, also referred to as term credit or time credit,is one by w

110、hich payment can not be made until a specific time afterthe date or after sight 远期信用证， 即. usance credit, term credit or time credit,是指在出票后或见票后一具体日期或一段时间后付款的信用证。 A. also referred to as term credit or time credit 是过去分词做定语 B.one=credit. C.not.until 直至！j.才 We cant start the job until we have the approva

111、l from theauthority concerned.- 没有有关当局的批准我们不能开始这项工作。 He waited until the volcano became quiet and he was able to returntwo days later. 他一直等到火山平息下来， 两天后他才得以重回火山上。 (7) If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to oneor more parties, it is a transferable credit.如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给一个或几个受益人，

112、它就是可转让信用证。 A.Transfer(vt.) sth to sb :转让 The property should be transferred to his son according to his will.根据遗嘱，财产应该由他的儿子来继承。 His employer transferred him to another office.- 老板把他调到了另一个办公室。 B.n.迁移；调任；转移 Can I have a transfer to a new office?- 我能调换到一个新办公室去吗？ (8) The original beneficiary is called t

113、he first beneficiary and theparty (or parties )the credit is transferred to is called the secondbeneficiary.原受益人又称为第一受益人， 而接受转让的一方( 或几方) 称为第二受益人。 A.本句中的 the credit is transferred to 做了 the party (or parties)的定语。 B.original:a.最初的；最早的 Who was the original owner of this house? 谁是这座房子最早的主人？ The original

114、 owner of the house- C.新奇的；有创造性的 a person with an original 有创作头脑的人 The speaker seems to have no original ideas; his speech was full ofplatitudes.- ” 演讲人似乎没有什么独到的见解， 他的讲话充满了陈词滥调。” (9) If the beneficiary wishes to get payment before the maturity ofthe draft, he can ask the bank to discount the accepta

115、nce, andimmediately pay him the net proceeds, i.e. the face value of thedraft minus the disount charges.如果受益人希望在汇票到期之前得到付款， 他可以要求银行对承兑的信用证进行贴现， 并且立即支付净值，即汇票值减去贴现费。- A .n .( 现在不可能实现的) 愿望 a wish to see the world- 想到世界各地看看的愿望- 所愿望的事物 The girl got her wish.- 那女孩如愿以偿。 祝愿 B. vt” vi.但愿；要是多好 I wish we had a

116、 car.- 要是我们有一辆车多好啊。 I wish you a very happy future.- 祝你一生幸福。 I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。 I wish I know.- 但愿我知道。 I wish I were a cat.- 如果我是只猫多好。 You have everything you could wish for.- 你想要的已经全有了。 When do you wish to leave?- 你希望什么时候离开？ Do you wish to eat alone? 您要一个人用餐吗？ （ 常与on, upon

117、连用）把强加于 C.preceed:vt.（ 常与to连用）开始进行 As soon as he came in he proceeded to tell us all his troubles.- 他一进来就把所有的烦恼告诉了我们。 The interview proceeded in a most friendly atmosphere.- 会见在极友好的气氛中进行。 As soon as he came in he proceeded to complain about all histroubles.- 他一进来就开始抱怨起他所遇到的种种麻烦事。 （ 与against连用）起诉；控诉

118、I advise you not to proceed against him. 我劝你不要起诉他。- （ 常与from连用）源于，起因于 Miserable sobs were heard to proceed from the next room.- 从隔壁房间里传出悲怆的呜咽声。（ 常与with, to + in f连用）继续进行 Tell us your name and then proceed with your story. ” 先把你的名字告诉我们， 然后说你的事情。” Let us proceed with our lesson.- 我们继续上课吧。 After stoppi

119、ng to rest, they proceeded up the hill.- 停下来休息以后，他们又继续上山。 On this point*, be proceeded, our attitude is clear.*- 他接着说: 在这点上我们的态度是明确的。- 前进 Do not proceed across a main road without first looking to theright and the left. ” 没有向左右两边看清楚之前, 不要横穿大马路。” (10)they mainly include payment credit and deferred pa

120、ymentcredit which are repectively similar to sight credit and usancecredit with the difference that no draft is drawn and presented inthe case of non-draft credit他们主要有付款信用证和延期信用证，这两种信用证分别同即期和远期信用证类似。 所不同的事， 在无汇票信用证情况下，不开立汇票也不提示汇票。 A.similar :adj.相像的，相似的；近似的 My new dress is similar to the one you hav

121、e.- 我的新衣服和你的那件相似。 All big cities are quite similar.- 所有的大城市差不多大同小异。- 形状相同的 B.respect:n.( 与of, for连 用 ) 尊 敬 ；尊重 to show respect to those who are older- 尊敬长者 The students have great respect for their history teacher.- 学生们非常尊敬他们的历史老师。 关心；注意 to pay (have) respect to 关心 (pl)敬意；问候 Give my respects to your

122、 wife.- 请代我向你太太问好。 B.vt.尊敬；尊重 I respect his courage. 我敬佩他的勇气。 ril respect your wishes.- 我尊重你的愿望。 Usually people don*t respect those who are too compliant. ” 一般来说人们看不起那种唯命是从， 唯唯诺诺的人。“ without respect to不管；不考虑 with respect to谈到 with respect to the recent flood谈到最近的洪水 in all respects无论从哪方面来看 in respect

123、 of关于；就来说 pay ones respects拜访 C. respectable :adj.可敬的，有名望的，高尚的， 值得尊敬的; a respectable young man 一位可敬的年轻人 respectfuLadj.恭敬的， 尊敬的， 尊重人的， 有礼貌的； pectful silence- 礼貌地保持安静 respective .adj.分别的， 各自的 to visit our respective mothers- 各自去看自己的母亲 (11) It has already been mentioned that the letter of credithas gre

124、atly facilitated and promoted international trade.前面已经提到，信用证极大地方便并促进了国际贸易。 (12) The seller may sustain losses because of the buyersdelay or even failure in the establishment of credit.卖方可能由于买方延误开证，甚至未能开证而蒙受损失。 (13) Besides, it is more expensive to use the letter of credit thanremittance or collectio

125、n as the bank will charge its client for all theservices it provides.除此之外，由于银行对其提供的所有服务都将向客户收取费用，使用信用证比汇款和托收费用要高。 A. to use the letter of credit than remittance or collection 是不定式 做主语。- B.as引导原因状语从句 C.charge:n.费用；价 钱 ；索价 a charge for the use of the telephone- 使用电话的费用 The charge for a front-row seat

126、is $3.- 前排座位票价每张三美元。 Charge:n.控 诉 ；指 控 ；控告 a charge of stealing- 偷窃罪的指控 The charge carries a possible sentence of three years.- 这项控告可能要判三年徒刑。 Charges.命 令 ；使负责 She charged me to look after her daughter.- 她要我负责看管她的女儿。- （ 常与with连 用 ）装 （ 弹 药 ）；载- 倒 （ 酒 ）- （ 常与up连 用 ）使充电 Does your car battery charged eas

127、ily?-你那辆汽车的蓄电池容易充电吗？ （ 与with连用） 使负责 vt., vi.要价；索价；要人支付；收费 The fruit seller charged me too much money. 这个水果商要了我很多的钱。 How much did he charge you for repairing the bicycle?- 他修理自行车收了你多少钱？ How much do you charge for your mushrooms? 你的蘑菇要什么价钱？ Do you charge for the use of the office telephone at off-duty

128、 time?- 下班时间打办公电话你们收不收费？ That seaside hotel charges exorbitant prices during the summerholidays.- 那家海滨旅馆在夏天休假期间漫天要价。- （ 常与with连用）责令；公开指责；控诉 He was charged with stealing a car.- 他被指控偷了一辆汽车。 Those young men were charged by the police with causing adisturbance in the neighbourhood.- 警察指控那些青年人在这一带犯了扰乱治安

129、罪。 The tax collector has been charged with extorting money fromseveral shopkeepers.- 收税员受到指控, 罪名是向几个店主勒索钱财 D.provide:供应；供给 They provide us with food.- 他们供给我们食物。 We provided food for the hungry children.- 我们为饥饿的孩子们提供食物。- 预约；规定 It is provided in the contract that the work should beaccomplished within

130、a year.- 契约上规定这项工作必须在一年内完成。 The law provides that valuable ancient buildings must bepreserved by the government.- 法律规定珍贵的古代建筑物必须由政府加以保护。 （ 常与for, against连用）预防，防范 Its wise to save some money and provide for the future.” 积蓄点钱， 为将来使用作些准备是明智的。”- 供养；准备给予 to provide food and clothes for ones family养家活口 He

131、 has a wife and seven children to provide for.- 他需要赡养妻子和七个孩子。- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) confirmed credit,保兑信用证：如果信用证被开证行以外的另外一家银行保兑，这个信用证便称为保兑信用证。- (2) sight credit,即期信用证： 即其信用证是指受益人向银行提示汇票和正确无误的单据时银行立即付款的信用证。 (3) usance credit,远期信用证 (4) consulting with:和. . . 协商。consult with 不同于 consult,后者的含义是请教，假如本句改为consult

132、the beneficiary则含义为“ 向受益人了解情况” 。 (5) all the parties concerned,所有当事人。 Party除作党派解外， 还常作1 ) 会议、活动等的参与者和有关方面，2 ) 参加某项活动的一组人，随行人员，3 ) 社交或娱乐性聚会。 (6) referred to as含义是“ 提到某人或革事物时称之为 ，如：MaoZedong was referred to as the great savior of the Chinese nation.毛泽东被称作中华民族的大救星。 (7) to issue an L/C in favor of the s

133、eller,开立以卖方为受益人的信用证。 开证可说issue an L/C,也常用open an L/C或establish an L/C.in favor of the seller 也可说in the sellers favor,或 with the selleras the beneficiary o ( 8) advise,在外贸英语中常用“ 通知” 解， 和inform可互换， 但advise的风格较正式，不要随便用tell来替换。 deal in:经营。 后面常接商品、 具体业务， 如： The company dealsin books*该公司经营书本。而deal with后面如

134、接人或公司表示“ 与做交易” ；如接表示“ 问题” 之类的词则表示“ 处理 (10) non-trade settlement,非贸易 结算：Non-trade settlementmainly means the settlement which occur not because of tradebetween the trading parties, but of the other reasons such as thegovernment agreement.非贸易结算主要指不是由于交易双方的贸易而引起的结算，而是由于诸如政府协定之类的其他原因。 (11) revocable cre

135、dit,可撤销信用证：The credit is a revocable oneif the commitment to pay on the part of the applicant and theissuing bank can be altered or even canceled without consultingwith the beneficiary.如果申请人或开证行对付款的承诺在未同受益人协商的情况下而被改变甚至取消， 那么该信用证即为可撤销信用证。 (12) irrevocable credits,不可撤销信用证：Irrevocable credits arethose

136、that cannot be amended or revoked without the consent of allthe parties concerned不可撤销信用证是指未经有关当事人同意，不可随意修改或撤销的信用证。 (13) goods shipped， 过去分词shipped作定语，修饰，含有 完成”的意思。 (14) a particular transaction, 一笔特定的交易。(15)categoiy:n.种类，范畴，目录 We deal only in the most expensive categories of wacthes. This book fall

137、into the category of reference books.(16)Fall under:归为. . .类别，归为. . .项下, 列入. . .项目 The subject falls under tree heads. Whales fall under the class of mammals(17)mechenism:机构，机制，结构方式The mechenism of the body;the mechenism of government;thecompany*s discount mechenism;market mechenism.(18)certainty:n.

138、 确实的事，肯定，无疑 Price have gone up thafs a certainty. Its a certainty that he will win the game. We can have no certainty of success.（19）alter :使改变，变更，变化。a.These clothes are too large; they must be altered.这些衣服太大，得修改。b.The design of the electric circuits of the digit-controlled lathe mustbe altered to m

139、eet the new requirement.这台数控机床的电路设计必须改动， 以适应新的要求。（ 20）commitment:承诺，约定，责任；承担义务a. a commitment to pay $50000 to Red Cross承诺向红十字会提供50000美元b.Ive taken on too many commitments.我承担的义务太多了。c.He doesnt want to get married because he is afraid of anycommitments.” 他不想结婚， 因为他害怕承担任何责（21）commit:vt.A.犯 （ 错误、罪）；做

140、（ 坏事）；作 （ 奸）； 犯 （ 法）A robbery was committed last night.昨晚发生了一起盗窃案。If you commit a crime you can never escape being punished.” 你要是犯罪， 就逃脱不了要受惩罚。”监禁；下狱；入精神病院to commit him to jail将他监禁B.承诺；约定；束缚to commit oneself to a promise受诺言的约束(22)Cancel:放弃, 取消；宣称无效a. She cancelled her order.她取消定货。b.She cancelled the

141、 trip to paris as she felt ill.vt.作废；盖注销戳a. a cancelled stamp.用过的邮票。b.she cancelled her orgder for a car.c.They cancelled the disputed clause in the contract.Vt.抵销；平衡, 划掉；相消(23)Consult:参考；查阅；咨询a.I consulted George about buying a car.我向乔治请教购买小汽车的事。b.I must consult my principal on this matter.这件事我必须与委

142、托人商量一下。( 常与with连用)商量；请教a.Consult with one*s fellow workersb.Before we can accept the firms offer we consult with the workers.(24)revoke:取消；废除a. to revoke an order 取消命令b. The quota on luxury items has been revoked(25)cosent:v .( 常与of连用)同意；答应；允许I asked my mother if I could go out, and she consented.我问

143、妈妈我是否能出去，她答应了。Has the minister consented to have his speech printed?部长已同意印发他的讲话了吗？n.同意；应允；允许I had to get my mothers consent before I went.我走之前需征得母亲同意。Marys parents refused their consent to her marriage.玛丽的父母不同意她的(26)involve:( 常与in连用)牵涉；拖累Don*t involve other people in your trouble.别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。( 常与i

144、n连用)使陷入包括，涉及All the children were involved in the school play.所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。This lesson involves a lot of work.这一课需要做的工作有很多Be involved in.专心于. . .I was involve in research project.Being involved in these imaginings she hnew nothing of time.(27)renew:vt.更新；翻新; 更换；换新to renew ones library ticket更换图书卡

145、重新开始；再度to renew correspondence再度开始通信Owing to a tight budget several professor are not renewed.(28)reinstate:vt.复职；复位He was dismissed ,but was later reinstated in his former job.The wotker union demanded that the sacked workers should bereinstated.(29)sustain:承受，忍 耐 ( 困 难 )；经得住， 维持；继续sustaining food维

146、持体力的食物加强；保持强壮支撑；支持will the ilgtht shelvf can sustain allthe books.(30)bankrupt:无力还债的， 破产了的， 完全丧失The company went bankrupt because of its poormanagement.公司管理经营不善而破产。vt.使破产The local government bankrupted the steel and iron plant 三 练习与作业( p a g e 6 4 )- 1.回答问题: 第2 题、第4 题、第9 题。 1 .clean credit only requ

147、ire clean draft ,i.e. draft not accompaniedwith shipping documents for payment while documentary creditsrequire shipping documents to be presented together with thedraft. The former is generally used in non-trade settlement or inpayment in advance by means of the letter of credit. irrevocable credit

148、 is the one that can not be amended or revokedwithout the consent of all parties concerned. If a credit does notspecify whether it is revocable or irrevocable, it should be regardedas irrevocable. 3.the confirmation is undertaken either by advising bank or byanother leading bank in the case of confi

149、rmed credit. 4.no. it is not completely right. Because a confirmed creditinvolves additional cost as a result of the confirmation.therefore, ifthe opening bank is a a relieable prime bank , confirmation maynot be confirmed. 5.a sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and help himspeed up

150、his capital turnover. 6.if the beneficiary wishes to get payment before the maturity ofthe draft, he can ask the bank to dis count the acceptance, andimmediately pay him the net proceeds,i.e. the face value of thedraft minus the discount charges.7 .A credit can be transferred only once, but transfer

151、ring a credit tomore parties at the same time is allowed provided partialshipments are permitted.8 .A revolving credit is particularly useful when the buyer and sellerhave regular trading relationship and in a specific quantity ofgoods each month or any particular period time .9 .no. it can not. The

152、 seller maysustain losses because of the buyersdelay or even failure in the establishment of credit. The buyer maysuffer losses as a result of the document presented by the sellerwhich do not truly represent the goods shipped.lO .non-draft credit is one by which payment is to be made bypresentation

153、of documents without the formality of drawing andpresenting a draft.2 搭配题 h , a , e , b , d , I , c , j , g , f3 完型填空( B a n k ; w r i t t e n ; r e q u e s t ; s h a l l ; h a v e ; t o ;p r o v i d e d ： s t a n d i n g ; a g a i n s t ; f o r )4 英汉翻译( 作业)O u t l a y : n.花费，支出，开销abuse:vt. abused,

154、abusing辱骂， 滥用；妄用；误用to abuse a privilege滥用特权，虐待；酷待to abuse a horse虐待一匹马Aggregate:adj.总的；合计的What were your aggregate wages last year?去年你的工资一共是多少？5 汉 译 英 （ 作业为2、3、6）Lesson 6The Business Contract i .重点句子Lit is enforceable by law , and any party that fails to fulflll his contractual obligations may be su

155、ed and forced to make compensation,though most contracts do not give rise to dis pute.虽然多数合同并不引起纠纷，但是，任何一方当事人未能履行合同义务，可能会引起诉讼并强制做出赔偿。 A.fail: vt/vi失败 The prototype failed its first test. vi., vt.失败；不及格 The teachers failed me on the written composition.- 教师们评我的笔头作文不及格。 He failed his English examinati

156、on.-他的英语考试不及格。 不足；无法做到； （ 作物）歉收 Last year the crops failed.- 去年农作物歉收。 They fail to recognize that our population is increasing fasterthan the supply of food, available resources and jobopportunities.- 他们没有认识到我们人口的增长超过了粮食的供给I资源的开发和就业的机会。- 使失望；辜负 His courage failed him in the end.- ” 到最后, 他泄气了。” We wi

157、ll never fail to live up to what our parents expect of us.- 我们决不辜负我们的父母对我们的期望。 His friends failed him when he most needed them.- 当他最需要朋友的时候，他们却令他失望。- 衰退；衰弱 The wind failed and the sea returned to calmness.- “ 风停了, 海面上恢复了一片寂静。” 履行; 遵守 to fulfill ones promise 履行诺言- 执行；完成；服从 He has fulfilled the orders

158、 that I gave him.- 他完成了我给他的命令。 They fulfilled their work ahead of time as we did ours. ” 同我们一样, 他们也提前完成了任务。”- 满足；实现；达到 His belief that the world would end was not fulfilled.- 他迷信世界末日的来临没有应验。 If hes lazy, hell never fulfll his ambition to achieve anything.*- “ 如果他不努力， 他将永远也不会实现有所成就的抱负”- 发挥潜力 She fuel

159、led herself as a mother.- 作为母亲她发挥了潜力。 She fulfilled herself both as a qualifled mother and as a successfulpainter.- 她充分发挥了自己的才能既是一个称职的母亲又是一个成功的画家。C.force:vt.forced, forcing强制；迫使The rider forced his horse on through the storm.骑士迫使他的马在暴风雨中前进。Its not proper to force your idea upon others.把自己的想法强加于人是不恰当

160、的。The enemy was forced to ground arms.敌人被迫放下武器。用力推force the window open用力推开窗勉强做出forced laughter强颜欢笑促成生长力，力量the force of the explosion爆炸力You must use force to open that bottle.你必须用力打开那个瓶子。The porter had to force the window open every morning.每天早晨门房只好用力硬把窗户打开。New emerging forces are invincible.新生力量是不可

161、战胜的。暴力The thief took the money from the old man by force.小偷用暴力夺走了老人的钱。n . 物力the force of gravity地心引力The force of gravity makes things fall to earth.地心引力使物体落向地面。威力；势力the forces of evil邪恶势力the forces of nature 自然力说服力force of example榜样的力量There is force in what he said.他的话有说服力。部队；兵力the police force警察部队(

162、pl)三军武装力量The air force is one of the armed forces.-空军是武装部队的一种。 (2) In case of a first enquiry,that is,an enquiry sent to an exporterwhom the importer has never dealt with,information should begiven in the enquiry as to how the name and address of theexporter have been obtained,the business line and

163、usual practice ofthe importer,etc.so as to facilitate the exporters work.若系首次询盘，即进口商向从未打过交道的出口商发出询盘， 询盘中应包括进口商是如何获得了出口商的行名和地址的， 还应包括进口人的经营范围和通常做法等等，以便出口商进行工作we。 (3) A written contract is generally prepared and signed as theproof of the arrangement and as the basis for its execution . 这时，通常要着手制作并签署一个

164、书面合同， 作为达成协议的凭证和执行该协议的基础。 prepare:制作 (4) When the contract is made by the seller, it is called a salescontract, and when made by the buyer, a purchase contract. 若合同由卖方制作，该合同称为销售合同。若由买方制作，则称为购货合同。- 这个句子是由and连接的两个并列句。后面一个并列句由于和前面一个并列句结构相同，所以有两部会进行了省略。 (5) The setting up of a contract is similar to tha

165、t of a tradeagreement or any other type of formal agreements.合同的构成同贸易协定或任何基他种类的正式协定类似。 that代替了前面的setting up (6) The offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and mayraise for further discussions his own proposals which constitute acounter-offer.收到发盘的人可能发现该盘的一部分不能接受， 并可能提出他自己的建议供进一步讨论，这就构成了一个还盘

166、。- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) cotton piece goods:棉布织品 (2) bleached: adj.漂白的，很明显 (3) produce: n. 产品，尤其指农产品; product指工业品； (4) contracting parties:缔约双方 (5) force majeure:不可抗力条款 (6) arbitration:仲裁条款 (7) business line:业务范围，经营范围 (8) contract proper:合同本身、 合同正文， 用在所修饰名词的后面,表示“ 本身的” ，“ 严格意义上的” ，如：指不包括郊县在内的北京市区。定典正文。 (9) T

167、he commodities involved:涉及的商品，有关的商品。过去分词作定语时常常放在所修饰名词的后面, 尤其是分词短语作定语更是如此。如：所需单据，5月发运的货物，以及本课下面的：达成的条款等。 (10) possible extension of the contract,合同可能的延期，其含义为合同不一定延期， 但是如有必要可以延期。 在这个条款荐下一般要规定延期的条件, 如在合同有效期终止前两个月由双方同意将合同延期等等。 (11) certificate: n. 证书 (12) China Commodity Inspection Bureau：中国商品检验局，简称商 检

168、局(CCIB),负责进出口商品的检验工作。 (13) specification: n. 规格 (14) business line,业务范围：业务范围是指缔约各方的业务所包括的范围。 (15) consignment,寄售：寄信指卖方将货稳操胜券发运至国外，由其在该国的代销人代为出售，在货物售出之前所有权仍属卖方。 (16) contracting parties.缔约方：缔约方是指签订合同的多个方面,缔约方可以是个人、公司或国家。 （17） offeree,受盘人：受盘人就是受报盘的对象。 （18） sales contractual,销售合同：如果合同是由卖方制定的，则此合同即为销售合同

169、； （19） purchase confirmation,购货确认书： 购货确认书没有合同那么详细，其中只包括最基本的交易条件。 （20）setforth:a.陈述，阐明，宣布，提出，列出 Is this condition set forth in the agreement? In his preface the author set forth his reasons for writing the book. B.动身，启程=setout We will set forth from beijing next week. （21）bind:a.缚；绑 Bind the prisoner

170、 arms together. 绑紧囚犯的双臂。 Bind the ganster to the seat with rope lest he should escape.- 把匪徒用绳子绑在座位上以免他逃跑。 Bind the prisoners hands together.- 把囚犯的手捆起来。 She bound (up) her hair. 她把头发扎起来。 B.装订 to bind a book 装订一本书 C.镶 ( 边 )；包( 边) The dress is bound with ribbon.- 这件衣服用丝带镶边。 D.粘住 This dough isnt wet eno

171、ugh to bind properly.- 这个面团不够湿，粘不到一块儿。- E.使受法规或诺言的约束 I am bound by this agreement.- 我受这项协议的约束。- f使应当 They bound me to remain silent. 他们使我保持沉默。 G.联合 Many things bind us (together).- 许多事情使我们结合在一起。 （22）enforce:enforced, enforcing 推行，实 施 （ 法律等） The police enforce the law.- 警察执法。- （ 与。 n连用）强迫，强制 坚持，强 调 （

172、 要求、主张等） Enforceable:强制的，可强制执行的。The term in a contract are enforceable by law. (23)sue:起诉，控告。 To sue sb. for damage. He is suing the company for 50,000 compensation (24)trade fairs:商品交易会To run a trade fair(25)Trunk call:长途电话 (26)vountaiy:自愿的；自发的；志愿的 She is a voluntary worker at the hospital.- 她是在这家医

173、院义务服务的。- 靠自愿捐助的- 随意的 the voluntary movements-随意动作 (27)indispensible:adj.绝对需要的；不可缺少的 She*s become quite indispensable to the company. 她已成了公司里少不了的人。 Air and water are indispensable to life.- 空气和水是生命所必需的东西。 He was the indispensible flgur. (28)invalid:adj.无效的 The claim has been declared invalid. Unless

174、it is signed, a check is invalid. (29)setting up:结构，构成。 He is new to office and does not know the setting up yet. The government planned to rebuild the city*s entire setting up. (30)hereby:adv.- ( 用于公文)以此，特此 I hereby declare Mr Rogers elected. “ 我特此宣布， 罗杰斯先生当选了。“ We hereby revoke the agreement of Ja

175、nuary 1st 1998 我在此撤销一九九八年一月的协议。 (31)herewith:adv.-随函；附上 We send you herewith two copies of the contract.- 我们随函附上合同一式两份。 A list of the names of the contributors is enclosed herewith. 随信附上捐款人的名单。 (32)bleach:vt., vi.使变白 Did you bleach this tablecloth?- 你把这块桌布漂白了吗？ Bleached:adj.漂白的，发白的。 There were only

176、a few dry bones left, bleached by the sun.只留下一些被太阳晒得发白的枯骨。(33)offer:A.vt., vi.提供；提出 I must offer them an apology for not going to attend theirget-gathering.- 我没有去出席他们的聚会, 必须向他们示歉意。 He offered me 300 dollars for that television.- 他出300美元向我买那部电视机。 ( 与to连用)表示愿意；试图 offer to go 自愿前往- 提议- 出价；报盘 an offer o

177、f 100 出价100英镑- 提供 I have been offered a large sum of money to go away, but I amdetermined to stay here. 有人曾向我提供大笔款项让我搬迁， 但我决心留在这里。 Thank you for your offer of help.- 感谢你提供的帮助。 (34)consign:交付；托管 to consign money in a bank- 在银行存款 to consign goods by rail 把货物交铁路运送 The goods have been consigned to you b

178、y air.- 货物已经由空运发出给你。 Consignment n.寄售；托付, 托卖的货物；交托的物品 Their consignment of bananas was / were bad.-他们托运的一批香蕉质量不好。 on consignment- 寄售 We usually only order goods on consignment.- 我们通常只能订购寄售的货物。 (35)arbitration: settlement of a dispute by the decision of someonechosen as a judge by both sides仲裁。 (36)f

179、oce majeure :something which happens out of the control ofthe parties who have signed a contract,such as war,flood,earthquake,strike.ect 三 练习与作业(page25)- 1 . 回答问题: 第1题、第6题、第8题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译(作业) 5 汉译英(作业为1 、 2 、 4)Lesson 7Major Documents Required in WorldTrade i .重点句子 (1) If they are not the

180、 correct ones, the importer will havedifficulties in taking delivery of the goods, and delays caused byincorrect documentation may affect future business relationsbetween the trading partners,如果单据不正确的话，进口商将在提货的时候遇到困难， 而由于不正确的单据所引起的延误可能会影响到贸易伙伴之间今后的贸易关系。 这里的they指的是前面所提到的documents. (2) In the case of

181、documentary letter of credit, any discrepancy,even in minor details,between the documents presented and thosespecified in the credit may lead to refusal by the bank to makepayment.在使用跟单信用证付款的情况下，所出示的单据和信用证中所规定的情况有任何不符, 甚至是微小的差异都可能导致银行拒绝付款。 (3) Different documents are required for different transacti

182、ons,depending on the nature of the deal, the term of delivery, the typeof commodity, stipulations of credit, regulations and practices indifferent countries etc.不同的交易需要不同的单据，这取决于交易的性质、交货条件、商品的种类、信用证的规定、不同国家的规定和做法等等。 depend on: be decided by sth follow from sth.视某情况而定；取决于某事物 (4) It is enforceable by

183、law , and any party that fails to fulfill hiscontractual obligations may be sued and forced to makecompensation, though most contracts do not give rise to disputes.虽然多数合同并不引起纠纷， 但合同是依法实施的， 任何一方当事人若未能履行合同义务，可能会受到起诉并被强制做出赔偿。 (5) The insurance policy and the insurance certificate are similar infunction

184、, the only difference being that the latter is a bit simplerthan the former.保险单同保险证书的作用是相似的，它们之间的唯一差别就职后者比前者简单一些。 (6) Written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by thebuyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such asquantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other

185、 terms.书面谈判往往以买方询盘开始, 发出询盘是为了了解欲定货物的有关信息，如，数量、规格、价格、装运时间和其他贸易条件。 (7) The main contents of such insurance documents include: the insured. Under CIF terms, the insured is generally thebeneficiary of the credit unless otherwise specified, while underCFR and FOB terms, the insured is usually the importe

186、r. cargo description including name, quantity, weight, shippingmarks, etc. (3) the amount insured and the risks covered.- 保险单主要包括以下内容：- 被保险人。在CIF条款下除非另有规定，被保险人一般即是信用证的受益人，而在CFR和FOB条款下，被保险人通常都是进口人。- 货物特征：名字、数量、重量、运输标志。- 担保数量及险种。 (8) The weight list,weight note, or weight memo are also similar tothe p

187、acking list in content and function but put emphasis on theweight of the goods and are generally used for goods which arebased on the weight for price calculation.重量单， 在内容和作用上同装箱单相似， 但更加强调货物的重量， 通常用于以重量计价的货物。 A. The weight list, weight note, or weight memo 作为主语， 后面跟了三个t胃语：a. are also similar to the

188、packing list in content andfunction; b. put emphasis on the weight of the goods; c. aregenerally used for goods which are based on the weight for pricecalculation. B. similar: resembling sb/sth but not the same;alike 相似的；类似的 We have similar tastes in music.我们在音乐方面爱好相似。 Gold is similar in color to br

189、ass.金与黄铜的颜色相似。 C. put emphasis on sth: place special meaning, value or importanceon sth .强调某事的特殊的意义、价值或重要性。 Some schools put great emphasis on language study.有些学校极注重语言学习。- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) bill of lading:提单 (2) carrier:承运人 (3) shipper:货主，托运人 (4) consignor:托运人 (5) carriage:运输 (6) consignee:收货人 (7) notify

190、 party:被通知人 (8) payable:应支付的，可支付的 airway bill:空运提单 (10) insurance policy:保险单 (11) legal holder:合法持有人。有时用bona fide holder善意持有人 ，指不是通过“ 偷 ” 、“ 抢” 、“ 骗 ” 等非法手段而得到的持有人。- (12) made out “to order”,抬头作成“ 凭指定” ，此种抬头的提单可以通过背书转让，由背书人单纯签字盖章的称作“ 空白背书” ，列明背书人名称的称作记名背书。 (13) shipping marks:唆头 ，即印刷在外包装上为便于运输过程中识别的

191、标记。 (14) port of shipment:装 运港、起运港 (15) apparent:“ 明显的” ， “ 显而易见的“ ； “ 外观上的” ， “ 表面上的” ,此处是第二种含义。 (16) cargo receipt:铁路运单，货运收据 (17) commercial invoice:商业发票 (18) legal holder:合法持有人 (19) insurance certificate:保险证书 (20) customs invoice:海关发票 (21) consular invoice:领事发票 (22) qualifying remarks:作特别说明的话； 批注

192、性的话。 本句的意思是提单上不能有表达货物包装或表面状况不符合要求的批注。 (23) bound to : 此处含义是有责任和义务去做某事(bound to dosth)这个短语也常作“ 必定” 。 (24) insurance policy:保险单，俗称大保单；insurance certificate保险证书，俗称小保单。 三 练习与作业(page25)- 1 . 回答问题: 第1题、第6题、第8题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译( 作业)- 5 汉译英( 作业为1 、 2 、 4)Lesson 8Incoterms 1 .重点句子 (1) The terms have be

193、en grouped in four basically differentcategories; namely starting with the only term whereby the sellermakes the goods available to the buyer at the sellers own premises(the E-term, Ex works); followed by the second group whereby theseller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed b

194、ythe buyer (the F-terms FGA, FAS and FOB); continuing with theC-terms where the seller has to contract for carriage, but withoutassuming the risk of loss or damage to the goods or additional costsdue to events occurring after shipment and dispatch (CFR, CIF, CPTand CIP); and , finally, the D-terms w

195、hereby the seller has to bearall costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU and DDP).这些术语按不同类别大致分为四个组，开始是第一组，只包括一个术语，卖方在自己的地点( 工厂或仓库) 将货物交付给买方(E组，工 厂 交 货 ) 。接着是第二组，系指卖方交至由买方指定的承运人(F组，货交乘运人；装运港船边交货) 。下面是第三组，C组，由卖方订立运输合同, 但不承担从装运地起运后所发生的货物丢失或损坏的风险及额外费用(

196、成本加运费；成本加保险费、运费；运费付至；运费、保险费付至) 。最后是D组，卖方必须负担将货物运往指定的进口国交货地点的一切风险和费用( 边境交货；目的港船上交货；目的港码头交货；未完税交货；完税后交货。) (2) Conversely, under some terms such as the D-terms, the buyeris not interested in costs which the seller might incur in order tobring the goods all the way to an agreed destination point. 而另一方面在

197、有些条款比如说D组的条款下，买方也无兴趣知道卖方为了将货物从远道运至指定目的港所花掉的费用。 Conversely承接上句，表达意思上的逆向。 under some terms .D-terms作句子的状语。引导的定语从句修饰 (3) Further, under all terms the respective obligations of theparties have been grouped under 10 headings where each headingon the sellers side mirrors the position of the buyer with res

198、pect tothe same subject matter.为进一步说明，在所有条款中，买卖双方各自的义务均排列在10项标题下。 从卖方下的每个标题即可看出同一标题下买方的地位。 (4) In the present 1990 version of Incoterms the trade terms arepresented in a new format which allows seller and buyer to followa step-by-step process to determine their respective obligations. 现行的90通则修订本以一种新

199、的格式出现如买方已从卖方得到电子提单， 买方就拥有他真正从卖方得到提单时应得到的同等的法律权利。使得买卖双方可以农步确定各自的义务。- 2 . 重点词汇 Negotiable transport document:可转让装运单据 FOB：装运港船上交货Free On Board CFT：成本加运费 Cost and Freight CIF：成本、保险费加运费 Cost, Insurance and Freight EXW：工厂交货Ex Work FCA：货交承运人 Free Carrier FAS：装运港传边交货 Free Alongside Ship CPT：运费付至 Carriage Pa

200、id To CIP：运费、保险费付至 Carriage and Insurance Paid To DAF：边境交货 Delivered At Frontier DES：目的的港船上交货Delivered Ex Ship DEQ：目的的港码头交货Delivered Ex Quay DDU：未完税交货 Delivered Duty Unpaid DDP：完税后交货 Delivered Duty Paid- 3. 经贸知识 (1) the necessity and purpose of having incoterms:Sellers andbuyers in international con

201、tract want their deals to be successfully;completed. When drawing up their contract buyer and seller havesome commonly understood rules specially refer to. They speciallyrefer to. They can be sure of defining and safety. The purpose ofINCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for theinter

202、pretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreigntrade. (2)International Chamber of Commerce,(ICC)is an internationalnon-offlcial commercial organization which was founded in 1920.An its headquarter is in Paris. There are three liaison offices inNew York, Geneva, and Bangkok for it. Incoter

203、ms are made byICC. There are more than one hundred member countries orregions all over the world for ICC. (3)negotiable:Negotiable means a kind of document can betransferred from one party to another legally after a fixed process. (4)EDI:EDI namely is electronic data interchange, it is usedbetween t

204、he trading parties to ensure that the buyer has the samelegal position as he would have obtained if he had received a bill oflading form the seller. (5)trade terms:Trade terms are terms used in international tradeto describe the general information about the trade such as the unitprice, port of dest

205、ination, port of shipment and the kind ofcurrency etc. (6)trading practices:Trading practices are widely acknowledgedcustomary deeds experienced from actual trade. (7) roll on and roll o忖:Roll on and roll off is a type oftransportation whereby the vehicles can roll on the ships,unloading the goods,

206、then the vehicles can roll off the ship. Thusthe goods are transferred to the ships. 三 练习与作业（page25）- 1 . 回答问题: 第1题、第6题、第8题。 2 搭配题- 3 完型填空- 4 英汉翻译（ 作业）- 5 汉译英（ 作业为1 、 2 、 4Lesson 9Transportation i . 重点句子 (1) The important common element in any definition oftransportation, however, is movement: chang

207、ing the physicallocation of freight or passengers.任何一条运输的定义都有一个重要的相同点，即位移，让货物或旅客改变实际的位置。 (2) In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as theeconomic movement of commodities and products and the effect ofsuch movement on the development and advancement of business.从正式的意义上来说, 货物运输可定义为商品和产品

208、为经济目的进行的移动以及这种移动对商业的发展和进步产生的影响。 (3) It allows the entrepreneur to assemble more easily the rawmaterial and labor inputs needed to make a specific product. 它使业主能更容易地集中原材料和劳动力投入去生产某项具体产品。 (4) The most important contribution that transportation has madeto the production process is that, by widening the

209、 market areasthat a producer can reach it has encouraged the introduction ofmore efficient, larger-scale production techniques.运输对生产过程所作的最大贡献是通过扩大制造厂能达到的市场范围， 鼓励采用效率更高的、更大规模的生产技术。 (5) A second factor that has thrusted the transportation functioninto the limelight in recent years is the growing utili

210、zation ofjust-in -time inventory systems.最近几年使运输功能引人注目的另一个因素就是越来越多地使用及时供应的库存系统。 (6) The past decade has seen an increasing tendency amongbusiness firms to provide their own transportation capability andbecome private carriers.过去的十年中， 商业公司自己提供运输服务能力的倾向越来越大并成为自有承运人。 (7) In this worldwide environment,

211、the transportation of bothproduction inputs and finished products presents a specialchallenge to distribution markets, will require a more sophisticatedlogistics system.在这个世界范围的环境中，对生产投入物和制成品的运输向分销经理提出了特殊的挑战。 对所有公司来说， 有竞争力地为世界市场服务将需要一个更为复杂的后勤体系。 (8) The utilization of this system has placed great pr

212、essure on thesuppliers transportation system because the supplier must be ableto deliver products exactly when the customer requires them. 这种系统的使用加大了对供货商的运输系统的压力， 因为供货商必须有能力在客户需要之时及时运来货物。- 2 . 重点词汇 (1) documentation:制单 (2) flnished products:成品 (3) deregulation:撤销管制规定，解除控制 (4) productivity:生产率 cost economies:节约成本，成本节约 (6) intermediate products:中间产品 (7) natural product province:产品自然领域