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1、TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)IntroductionnEnglish Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scotts death. William Blake and Robert Burns also belong to this literary genre, though they live prior to the Romantic perio
2、d.WhatisRomanticismnRomanticism is a movement that emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism 新古典主义, the age preceding the Romantic movement. The Neoclassical age was also called the “The age of Enlightenment”, which emphasized on reason and logic. The Romantic period wanted to break away from the
3、traditions and conventions that were dear to the Neoclassical age and make way for individuality and experimentation. DefinitionfromWikipedianRomanticism (or the Romantic Era or the Romantic Period) was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th ce
4、ntury in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part, it was a revolt反叛; 反抗against aristocratic social and political norms标准, 规范of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual a
5、rts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and natural history.HistoricalBackgroundnPolitically: the French Revolution nDeclaration of Rights of Man (1791-2), Thomas Paine nInquiry concerning Political Justice (1793), William Godwin nA Vindication of the Rights o
6、f Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft n Workers MovementnEconomically: the Industrial Revolution nContinued fast changes took place both in the country and in the cities; nMany farmhands driven out of land rushed into the city; nWomen and children were employed as cheap labor; nNew machines were set u
7、p, rendering many out of work; nDisparity was growing between the rich and the poor; nIdeologically The principle of Ration was giving way to an individualized, free, liberal, imaginative attitude towards life; a tendency to turn or escape from the tumultuous嘈杂的动乱的嘈杂的动乱的and confusing societyCharacte
8、risticsofRomanticismLoveofNature:TheRomanticsgreatlyemphasizedontheimportanceofnature,andoneofthemaincharacteristicsofRomanticisminpoetryisthebeautyofnaturefoundinthecountrylife.Thiswasmainlybecausetheindustrialrevolutionhadtakenmanfromthepeacefulcountrylifetowardsthecitylife,transformingmansnatural
9、order.NaturewasnotonlyappreciatedforitsphysicalbeautybytheRomantics,butalsoforitsabilitytohelptheurbanmanfindhistrueidentity.Emotionsvs.Rationality: Unlike the Neoclassical age which focused on rationality and intellect, Romanticism placed human emotions, feelings, instinct and intuition above every
10、thing else. While the poets in the former era adhered to the rules and regulations while selecting a subject and writing about it, the Romantic writers trusted their emotions and feelings to create poetry. This belief can be confirmed from the definition of poetry by William Wordsworth, where he say
11、s that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. The emphasis on emotions was also spread to music created in the Romantic period, and was seen in the compositions made by great musicians like Weber, Beethoven, Schumann, etc.nArtist,theCreator: As the Romantic period emphasized on emo
12、tions, the position or role of the artist or the poet also gained supremacy. In the earlier times, the artist was seen as a person who imitated the external world through his art. However, Romanticism reverted this belief. The poet or artist was seen as a creator of a piece of work which reflected h
13、is individuality and inner mind. It was also for the first time that the poems written in the first person were being accepted, as the poetic persona became one with the voice of the poet.nNationalism: The Romantics borrowed heavily from the folklore and the popular art. During the earlier periods,
14、literature and art were considered to belong to the high class educated people, and the country folks were not considered fit to enjoy them. Also, the language used in these works were highly poetic, which was totally different from that which was spoken by people. However, Romanticism changed all t
15、his. Their works were influenced from the ballads and folklore that were created by the masses or the common people, rather than from the literary works that were popular. Apart from poetry, adopting from the folklore and ballads is also one of the very important characteristics of Romanticism in mu
16、sic. As the Romantics became interested and focused on developing the folklore, culture, language, customs and traditions of their own country, they developed a sense of Nationalism which reflected in their works. Also, the language used in Romantic poems were simple which was usually used in everyd
17、ay life.nExoticism: Along with Nationalism, the Romantics even developed the love of the exotic. Hence, in many of the literary as well as artistic works of that period, the far off and mysterious locations were depicted. Though this was completely opposite from the ideal of Nationalism, they never
18、clashed with each other. The reason for this is that just like the exotic locations, the people did not know about the folklore of their places before, and so they seemed to be as vague as the far away places. Exoticism is also one of the most prominent characteristics of Romanticism in art, along w
19、ith sentimentality and spirituality.nSupernatural: Another characteristic of Romanticism is the belief in the supernatural. The Romantics were interested in the supernatural and included it in their works. This fascination for the mysterious and the unreal also lead to the development of the Gothic
20、romance which became popular during this period. Supernatural elements can be seen in Coleridges, Kubla Khan and in Keats poem La Belle Dame Sans Merci.Overview of Romantic literaturenThe romantic period is an age of poetry. Wordsworth and Coleridge are the most representative writers. They explore
21、new theories and innovate new techniques in versification诗律. They believe that poetry could purify individual souls and society. Lake poetsnWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of
22、the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy. Satanic PoetsOther greatest Romanti
23、c poets are: John Keats, P.B. Shelley and G. G. Byron. They are referred to as Satanic Poets by Robert Southey for their violent imagination and rebellious spirit.Feminist worksnMary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.n Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that p
24、redominates in the late 18th century and continues to show its influence in early 19th century. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley and The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe are masterpieces of English gothic novel.Romanti
25、c FictionsnEnglish fiction gropes its way amidst the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its popularity in the hands of Jane Austen & Walter Scott.nWalter Scott is noted for his historical novel based on Scottish history and legends. He exerted great influence on European literature of his time
26、. nJane Austen is the first and foremost English women novelist. Following the neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the description of uneventful everyday life.Newpoeticfeaturesnlanguage:simple,everydaylifespeech,commonvocabularyandaccentdialecte.g.Blake,Wordsworthnform:lyrics(sonnet,ode),n
27、arrative(ballad)npurpose:emotional,confessionalandvisionary/propheticnprinciples:imaginationnsubject:naturentherural/pastoralnthepast/historicalnthealien/exotic,orientalnthesupernatural/mysterious(dreamsordream-like)nthepersonalnthecommon/lowclassntherevolutionarynthepatrioticWilliamWordsworth(1770-
28、1850)英国浪漫主义文学先驱，英国浪漫主义文学先驱，“湖畔派湖畔派”诗人中创作成就最大的一位诗人中创作成就最大的一位Wordsworths Life a lawyers family death of parentsgrammar schoollake districtCambridge, vocation1790,summer tour to FranceAfter getting his degree in Cambridge1791, back to Francefinancial difficulties1797, Coleridgeweakened revolutionary sp
29、iritseclusion in Lake District1843,Poet Laureatedied in 1850, at the age of 80MajorLiteraryWorksnDescriptive Sketches, an Evening Walk (1793): his first volume written in the 18th century feeling for natural descriptionnLyrical Ballads (1798): the manifesto of English RomanticismnThe Prelude (1805):
30、 posthumously in 1850; his greatest worknPoems in Two Volumes (1807): contains “Ode: Intimations of Immortality”, the autobiographical narrative “Resolution and Independence” nThe Excursion (1814)SubjectsnPoemsonnaturen“ToaButterfly”n“ToaSkylark”n“TotheCuckoo”n“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”n“TinternAbbey
31、”nPoemsonsimplerusticlifeinthecountrysidenLucypoemsn“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”nOtherpoemsaboutcommonpeopleandtheirhumblelifen“Michael”n“TheSolitaryReaper”Characteristics of Wordsworths poetynWordsworths personality and poetry were deeply influenced by his love of nature, especially by the sight
32、s and scenes of the Lake Country.nA profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he displayed a high seriousness comparable, at times, to Miltons but tempered with tenderness and a love of simplicity.nPioneer in the use of the language of ordinary speech. (criticized for this quality)Wordsworthstheoryofp
33、oetry“Theprincipalobject,then,whichIproposedtomyselfinthesepoemsaretochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlifeandtorelateordescribethem,throughout,asfaraswaspossible,inaselectionoflanguagereallyusedbymen;and,atthesametime,tothrowoverthemacertaincolouringofimagination,wherebyordinarythingsshouldbepr
34、esentedtothemindinanunusualway;andaboveall,tomaketheseincidentsandsituationsinterestingbytracinginthem,trulythoughnotostentatiously,theprimarylawsofournature:chieflyasfarasregardsthemannerinwhichweassociateideasinastateofexcitement.”(PrefacetothesecondeditionoftheLyrical Ballads)关于诗歌的题材问题以微贱的田园生活作题材
35、关于诗歌的语言问题采用人们（农村的下层民众）真正使用的语言来加以描述或描写关于诗的本质问题诗是强烈情感的自然流露诗人的特殊才能想象力和语言表达能力抒情歌谣集序言Significance:nWithSamuelTaylorColeridgeusheredintheEnglishRomanticmovementnManyconsiderhimthemostimportantEnglishRomanticpoetnsucceededSoutheyasPoetLaureate她住在人迹罕至的小路间她住在人迹罕至的小路间SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWayn她住在人迹罕至的小路间她住
36、在人迹罕至的小路间n在鸽子谷的清泉旁在鸽子谷的清泉旁n一个无人赞扬一个无人赞扬n也很少人爱的姑娘。也很少人爱的姑娘。n青苔边的一朵紫罗兰青苔边的一朵紫罗兰n一半令人看不见一半令人看不见n美得像颗星星，孤孤单单美得像颗星星，孤孤单单n在天上闪现。在天上闪现。n她默默无闻，很少有人晓得她默默无闻，很少有人晓得n露西死于何时露西死于何时n但她已在墓中，啊！但她已在墓中，啊！n我怅然若失！我怅然若失！nItisathree-stanzapoem,isthebestknownofWordsworthsseriesoffiveworkswhichcomprisehisLucyseries,andwasaf
37、avouriteamongstearlyreaders.nItwascomposedbothasameditationonhisownfeelingsoflonelinessandloss,andasanodetothebeautyanddignityofanidealisedwomanwholivedunnoticedbyallothersexceptbythepoethimself.我曾远游海外我曾远游海外ITravelledamongUnknownMann我我曾远游海外，曾远游海外，n周围都是陌生的眼光周围都是陌生的眼光; ;n英格兰，不知爱你有多深沉，英格兰，不知爱你有多深沉，n只因未
38、曾去过异国他乡只因未曾去过异国他乡! ! n忧郁的梦全都散去，忧郁的梦全都散去，n远游的念头旱已消亡，远游的念头旱已消亡，n只因爱你越发深沉，只因爱你越发深沉，n我不愿再次背起行我不愿再次背起行囊。囊。n你的崇山中有我的欢乐，你的崇山中有我的欢乐，n你的峻岭下有我的期望你的峻岭下有我的期望; ;n傍着英格兰炉火摇着纺车，傍着英格兰炉火摇着纺车，n还有我那心爱的姑娘。还有我那心爱的姑娘。n n你的展曦照着她在林阴流连，你的展曦照着她在林阴流连，n你的夜幕伴着她在茅舍徜徉你的夜幕伴着她在茅舍徜徉; ;n还有你那碧绿的田野还有你那碧绿的田野。n引来露西最后深情的眺望引来露西最后深情的眺望。IWand
39、eredLonelyasacloud我如行云独自游我如行云独自游IWanderedLonelyasacloudn我好似一朵孤独的流云， n 高高地飘游在山谷之上， n突然我看到一大片鲜花， n 是金色的水仙遍地开放。 n它们开在湖畔，开在树下 n它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡。 n它们密集如银河的星星， n 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹； n它们沿着海湾向前伸展， n 通往远方仿佛无穷无尽； n一眼看去就有千朵万朵， n万花摇首舞得多么高兴。 n粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳， n 却不如这水仙舞得轻俏； n诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴， n 又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃进； n我久久凝视-却未领悟 n这景象所给予我的精神至宝。 n后
40、来多少次我郁郁独卧， n 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠； n这景象便在脑海中闪现， n 多少次安慰过我的寂寞； n我的心又随水仙跳起舞来， n我的心又重新充满了欢乐.nThis is simply a superb poem depicting poets love for nature. It is a lyric poem focusing on the poets response to the beauty of nature. The poet is never alone when he is with nature.Poet never felt himself isolated in
41、the company of nature. He is truely a Pantheist, who loves nature as a mother. nThe poem tells us that the bliss we can enjoy in the real sense of the term if we can merge in the nature. 威斯敏斯特桥上威斯敏斯特桥上ComposedUponWestminsterBridge(sonnet)n大地再没有比这儿更美的风貌：大地再没有比这儿更美的风貌：若有谁，对如此壮丽动人的景物若有谁，对如此壮丽动人的景物竟无动于衷
42、，那才是灵魂麻木；竟无动于衷，那才是灵魂麻木；瞧这座城市，像披上一领新袍，瞧这座城市，像披上一领新袍，披上了明艳的晨光；环顾周遭：披上了明艳的晨光；环顾周遭：船舶，尖塔，剧院，教堂，华屋，船舶，尖塔，剧院，教堂，华屋，都寂然、坦然，向郊野、向天穹赤露，都寂然、坦然，向郊野、向天穹赤露，在烟尘未染的大气里粲然闪在烟尘未染的大气里粲然闪耀。耀。n旭日金挥洒布于峡谷山陵，旭日金挥洒布于峡谷山陵，也不比这片晨光更为奇丽；也不比这片晨光更为奇丽；我何尝见过、感受过这深沉的宁静！我何尝见过、感受过这深沉的宁静！河上徐流，由着自己的心意；河上徐流，由着自己的心意；上帝呵！千门万户都沉睡未醒，上帝呵！千门万户
43、都沉睡未醒，这整个宏大的心脏仍然在歇息！这整个宏大的心脏仍然在歇息！nnThepoemisasonnetdescribingLondon,viewedfromoneofthebridgesovertheThames,intheearlymorning.Itwasfirstpublishedin1807.nInthepoemthethemeisthatofNature.Thisreiterateshisconvictionthatthecity,atthisparticularpointofday,doesnotclashwithnaturebutbecomesapartofit.Thesoli
44、taryreaper孤独的割麦女孤独的割麦女看，一个孤独的高原姑娘看，一个孤独的高原姑娘在远远的田野间收割，在远远的田野间收割，一边割一边独自歌唱，一边割一边独自歌唱，请你站住或者俏悄走过！请你站住或者俏悄走过！她独自把麦子割了又捆，她独自把麦子割了又捆，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，唱出无限悲凉的歌声，屏息听吧！深广的谷地屏息听吧！深广的谷地已被歌声涨满而漫溢！已被歌声涨满而漫溢！ 还从未有过夜莺百啭，还从未有过夜莺百啭，唱出过如此迷人的歌，唱出过如此迷人的歌，在沙漠中的绿荫间在沙漠中的绿荫间抚慰过疲惫的旅客；抚慰过疲惫的旅客；还从未有过杜鹃迎春，还从未有过杜鹃迎春，声声啼得如此震动灵魂，声声啼得如此
45、震动灵魂，在遥远的赫布利底群岛在遥远的赫布利底群岛打破过大海的寂寥。打破过大海的寂寥。n她唱什么，谁能告诉我？她唱什么，谁能告诉我？忧伤的音符不断流涌，忧伤的音符不断流涌，是把遥远的不聿诉说？是把遥远的不聿诉说？是把古代的战争吟咏？是把古代的战争吟咏？也许她的歌比较卑谦，也许她的歌比较卑谦，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱今日平凡的悲欢，只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛只是唱自然的哀伤苦痛昨天经受过，明天又将重昨天经受过，明天又将重逢？逢？n姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，姑娘唱什么，我猜不着，她的歌如流水永无尽头；她的歌如流水永无尽头；只见她一面唱一面干活，只见她一面唱一面干活，弯腰挥镰，操劳不休弯腰挥镰，操劳不休我
46、凝神不动我凝神不动，听她歌唱，听她歌唱，然后，当我登上了山岗，然后，当我登上了山岗，尽管歌声早已不能听到，尽管歌声早已不能听到，它却仍在我心头缭绕。它却仍在我心头缭绕。ThemesnThe poem mainly discusses the theme of poetrynWordsworth maintained that poetry should not rely on artificial diction for its effort. Rather, it should be written in more ordinary language and simpler form so
47、that all classes might appreciate it.ByronLifenFamily:nBornlameinanimpoverishnoblefamilynFatherdiedwhenhewasthree;livedinlonelinessandpovertywithhismotherinScotlandnMadeLordByronat10bythedeathofhisgrandunclenEarlyexperience:nCambridge:Hours of Idleness(1807); andEnglish Bards and Scotch Reviewerstwo
48、yearslaternTourontheContinent(1809-1811):visitedPortugal,Spain,Albania,GreeceandTurkeynReturntoEngland:nEmbarkedonhispoliticalcareer;madespeechesintheparliamenttosupporttheproletariatnPublishedthefirsttwocantosofChilde Harolds Pilgrimage(1812); wrote some narrative poems which were called “Oriental
49、Tales”nMarriedAnnMilbankwholefthimoneyearafterthemarriagenYearsontheContinentnInSwitzerland:madeacquaintancewithShelleynInItaly:finishedChilde Harolds Pilgrimage;wroteDon Juan, CainnInGreece:plungedhimselfintoGreekpeoplesstrugglefornationalindependence;diedoffeverMajorWorksnEnglish Bards and Scotch
50、Reviewers (1809)nOrientalTalesnThe Giaour(1813)nThe Corsair(1814)nLara(1814)nChilde Harolds Pilgrimage(1812-1818)nDon Juan(1818-1819)nPoeticDrama:nManfred(1817)nCain(1821)nThe Two Foscari (1821) Childe Harolds Pilgrimagen4cantos,writtenintheSpenserianstanzanCantoI:Portugal&SpainnCantoII:Albania&Gree
51、cenCantoIII:hisdaughter&thepoliticalstrugglesofthedaynCantoIV:ItalyDon JuannByronsmasterpiece,writtenintheprimeofhiscreativepowernintention:“toremovetheclokewhichthemannersandmaximsofsocietythrowovertheirsecretsins,andshewthemtotheworldastheyreallyare”(topresentapanoramicviewofdifferenttypesofsociet
52、y;thedifferencebetweenlifesappearanceanditsactuality)nEpicsatire:asatireonabusesofthepresentsociety;ArtisticFeaturesnRevolutionaryspiritnByronicheronVarietyinstylenfrompassionateoutcriestopatheticutterance,nfromsolemnexpressionstoironicmockeries,nfromseriousmusingstoplayfulfancies,nfromhighlylyrical
53、passagestoeverydayprosaicspeech,nfromloftyphrasesingrandstyletoclownishplayonwords.Byronic Heronaproudrevolutionaryfigureofnobleorigin,risingsinglehandedagainstanykindoftyrannicrulesingovernmentorreligionormoralsocietywithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.Thesetoweringfiguresstandinsharpcon
54、trastwiththeheroesintheversenarrativesoftheLakePoets,whoareeithersubmissiveagentsofGodorofothersupernaturalforcesorarewrappedinthemysteriousatmosphereofmysticismormagic.EvaluationnHavinggreatinfluenceontheromanticpoetrywiththenoveltyofhisorientalscenery,theromanticcharacteroftheByronichero,andtheeas
55、y,fluentandnaturalbeautyofhisverse.nTwocontroversialopinions:nInEngland:thepervertedman,thesatanicpoetnOntheContinent:thechampionofliberty,poetofthepeopleShelleyLifenBornintoanaristocraticfamilynenteredtheOxfordUniversityCollegein1810;expelledfromthecollegeforpublishingThe Necessity Of Atheism in181
56、1nelopedwiththe16-yearoldHarrietWestbrook;spentthefollowingtwoyearstravelinginEnglandandIreland,distributingpamphletsandspeakingagainstpoliticalinjustice.nIn1813publishedhisfirstimportantpoem,theatheisticQueen Mab.nIn1814traveledabroadwithMaryWollstonecraftGodwin;marriedMaryWollstonecraftafterHarrie
57、tdrownedherselfin1816nWroteThe Spirit of Solitude(1816)andThe Revolt of Islam(1817)nmovedtoItaly;drownedin1822MajorWorksnInEngland:nQueen MabnThe Spirit of Solitude nThe Revolt of Islam nInItaly:nTwopoeticdramas:nPrometheus UnboundnThe CencinProse:A Defense of PoetrynPoems:nPoliticallyrics:nThe Mask
58、 of AnarchynSong to the Men of EnglandnLyricsonnatureandlovenOde to the West WindnTo a SkylarknElegy: AdonaisOdenalyricpoemofsomelength,dealingwithaloftythemeinadignifiedmannerandoriginallyintendedtobesungRomanticodenEvolvedfromtheancientGreekode,writteninaseroustonetocelebrateaneventortopraiseanind
59、ividualnNotintendedtobesung,yetquiteemotionalnTheauthorfocusesonascene,pondersitsmeaning,andpresentsahighlypersonalreactiontoitthatincludesaspecialinsightattheendofthepoemOde to the West WindnContentsThisisoneofShelleysbestknownlyrics.Thepoetdescribesvividlytheactivitiesofthewestwindontheearth,inthe
60、skyandontheseaandthenexpresseshisenvyfortheboundlessfreedomofthewestwindandhiswishtobefreelikeitandtoscatterhiswordsamongmankind.Thecelebratedfinallineofthepoem,Ifwintercomes,canSpringbefarbehindhasoftenbeencitedtoillustrateShelleysoptimisticbeliefinthefutureofmankind.Characteristicsnagreatvarietyof
61、poeticalstylenrichinmyth,symbolsandclassicalallusionsnastrongdramaticpowernanintellectualthoughtnabundantinpersonificationandmetaphorandotherfiguresofspeechShelleyandByronComparednByron:onlyattachedpoliticaltyranny;thoughtmoreofonespersonalhappinessandsorrowandbelievedchieflyinthemightofindividualhe
62、roesbuthadcontemptforthecommonpeoplenShelley:alsosawthecruelrelationsofeconomicexploitationinthefeudalbourgeoisworld;hadfaithinthecollectivestrengthofthepeopleandworkedfortheinterestsofthemassesJohn KeatsLife nBornin1795;sonofalivery-stablekeepernapprenticedat15tolearnsurgeryndevotehimselftopoetryun
63、dertheinfluenceofLeighHuntandtheartistHaydonin1816nLiterarycreationfrom1816-1820:nPublishedhisearlypoemsinThe Examiner(1816)nPublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetry,metwithveryseverecriticism(1818)nPublishedhissecondvolumeofpoetry(1820)nFellillwithtuberculosis;traveledtoItalyupontheinvitationofShelley(1820)
64、nDiedofillness(1821)MajorWorksnOn First Looking into Chapmans Homer nEndymionnLamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, &Other Poems nOdes: nOde to a NightingalenOde on a Grecian UrnnOde to PsychenOde on MelancholynTo AutumnOde on a Grecian UrnOde on a Grecian UrnnTimenTheodewaswritteninMay1819outofcol
65、lectionofmemoryofseveralvisitstoexhibition.n你，嫁给静寂的，童贞的新娘，你，嫁给静寂的，童贞的新娘，你，被静默和悠远收养的孩子，你，被静默和悠远收养的孩子，林野的史家，擅长在画上宣扬林野的史家，擅长在画上宣扬艳压诗篇的，繁花一般的传奇：艳压诗篇的，繁花一般的传奇：身上环绕的，绿叶缘饰的传说身上环绕的，绿叶缘饰的传说讲述神还是凡人，或兼有两者？讲述神还是凡人，或兼有两者？在腾佩，或怀抱溪谷的阿卡迪？在腾佩，或怀抱溪谷的阿卡迪？什么人或神？少女竟如此难惹？什么人或神？少女竟如此难惹？多疯的追求？怎样挣扎的逃脱？多疯的追求？怎样挣扎的逃脱？什么笛子手鼓？多
66、野性的狂喜什么笛子手鼓？多野性的狂喜 n清歌闻之甚美，然而未听见的清歌闻之甚美，然而未听见的更妙；婉转的笛子，请你吹吧更妙；婉转的笛子，请你吹吧不是为感官的双耳，你要变得不是为感官的双耳，你要变得更奇妙，为精神吹出无声的歌：更奇妙，为精神吹出无声的歌：碧树下的美少年，你不会离开碧树下的美少年，你不会离开你的歌，绿荫也不会抛开树木你的歌，绿荫也不会抛开树木莽撞的恋人，你永世都吻不上，莽撞的恋人，你永世都吻不上，虽然万分接近虽然万分接近但不要悲哀，但不要悲哀，她与衰老无缘，虽无艳福可享，她与衰老无缘，虽无艳福可享，你却永坠爱河，如她芳华常驻你却永坠爱河，如她芳华常驻！ n啊，喜悦层生的枝条！你不会
67、啊，喜悦层生的枝条！你不会飘落绿叶，也不会向春天挥别；飘落绿叶，也不会向春天挥别；而你，欢快的乐手，永不疲惫而你，欢快的乐手，永不疲惫永远在吹奏，永远新鲜的仙乐永远在吹奏，永远新鲜的仙乐更多欢畅的爱！更多幸福的爱！更多欢畅的爱！更多幸福的爱！总是暖意融融，只等欢乐纵情总是暖意融融，只等欢乐纵情永远都在搏动，永远青春四射；永远都在搏动，永远青春四射；所有呼吸的人欲，都远远抛开所有呼吸的人欲，都远远抛开离开悲痛莫名的，厌烦的心灵，离开悲痛莫名的，厌烦的心灵，高烧不退的额头，焦渴的唇高烧不退的额头，焦渴的唇舌舌 n是一群什么人，赶来参加祭献？是一群什么人，赶来参加祭献？对着天空鸣叫的，那头小母牛，对
68、着天空鸣叫的，那头小母牛，丝滑的腰身上，围着缤纷花环丝滑的腰身上，围着缤纷花环噢，神秘的祭司，你把它牵走噢，神秘的祭司，你把它牵走要去哪座绿色祭坛？什么小镇要去哪座绿色祭坛？什么小镇在河畔还是海滨，还是在山间在河畔还是海滨，还是在山间傍着幽静的山寨，为这乡俗里傍着幽静的山寨，为这乡俗里敬神的早晨，腾出所有的人民？敬神的早晨，腾出所有的人民？你的街道永远沉默，无人重返你的街道永远沉默，无人重返就没人讲述，你为何如此孤寂。就没人讲述，你为何如此孤寂。n噢，雅典的形体！情态的美妙！噢，雅典的形体！情态的美妙！ 大理石的繁带，密布男女身上大理石的繁带，密布男女身上还有佳木的枝叶，踏过的野草还有佳木的枝
69、叶，踏过的野草你，沉默的塑形，像永恒一样你，沉默的塑形，像永恒一样引我们超越思想：凉的田园诗！引我们超越思想：凉的田园诗！年华逝去，将催老我们这一辈，年华逝去，将催老我们这一辈，你在别样的悲伤中，不曾代谢你在别样的悲伤中，不曾代谢一个人类的朋友，对我们感喟一个人类的朋友，对我们感喟“美是真，真也是美美是真，真也是美”这就是这就是你知道，和你需要知道的一切。你知道，和你需要知道的一切。 nSummarynHerethepoetgiveshiscommentonaGreekvasewhich,asarelicofancientculture,hascaughthisimagination.Onth
70、esurfaceofthevasethereisanornamentalbandofsculpturewithfiguresoftrees,pipes,andloversonit.Thoughtheyarequietforms,theypossessandconveythebeauty,thesignificanceandtheeternityofart,whichappealedtoKeats.Soattheendofthepoem,thepoetemphasizestherelationshipbetweenbeautyandtruth:“Beautyistruth,andtruthbea
71、uty”,thusdeclaringhisworshipofbeauty,esp.inthefieldofart.nThemenItshowsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetransienceofhumanpassion.nComment nFull of personal feelings: ever-lasting youth and happy lovers;poor health and hopeless lovenExclamation of his artistic idea: “Beauty is truth, truth b
72、eauty”Walter ScottPoemsnMinstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802-03)nThe Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805)nMarmion (1808)nThe Lady of the Lake (1810)HistoricalnovelsnThehistoricalnovelisaliterarygenrecharacterizedbytheattempttofusestrongdramaticplotlinesandcrediblehumanpsychology,withinasettingconstitu
73、tedfromspecifichistoricaldetail(typicallybasedupondiligentresearchintoactualevents,locations,andcharacters,aswellasculturalcustoms,costume,andspeech).ThreegroupsnOnthehistoryofScotlandnWaverleynOldMortalitynRobRoynTheHeartofMidlothiannOnEnglishhistorynIvanhoenOnthethehistoryofFranceandotherEuropeanc
74、ountriesnQuentinDurwardFeaturesofScottsHistoricalNovelsnPicturesquerepresentationofmanyhistoricalpersonagesandeventsnHistoricaleventscloselyinterwovenwiththefatesofindividualsnNumerouspen-portraitsofthepeoplefromdifferentsocialstrataCommentsnAmasterofhistoricalnovelsnAconservativeIvanhoenSetting:nTi
75、me: late 12th century; reign of King Richard I nPlace: nAshby and Coningsburgh (actual places) nRotherwood, Torquilstone, and Templestowe, (imaginary places) nHistorical informationnConflicts between the Saxons and the NormannThe CrusadesnStructure: (three places, three events)ntournament held at As
76、hby-de-la-Zouchensiege of the castle of Torquilstonentrial-by-combat at Templestowe nLiterarycreationfrom1816-1820:nPublishedhisearlypoemsinThe Examiner(1816)nPublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetry,metwithveryseverecriticism(1818)nPublishedhissecondvolumeofpoetry(1820)nFellillwithtuberculosis;traveledtoItalyupontheinvitationofShelley(1820)nDiedofillness(1821)nPrinceJohn nBriandeBois-Guilbert nMauricedeBracy nReginaldFront-de-Boeuf nMajor themes:nconquestanddispossession nHatred nMinor themes:nCivilunrest nHonoramongthievesandtheprofessionofoutlawry nThecrueltyofanti-Semitism
