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1、主语主语主语在系表结构中是句子陈述的对象，主语在系表结构中是句子陈述的对象，说明是谁或说明是谁或什么什么Hiswordsareright.Whathesaysisright.主语在主谓宾结构中是主语在主谓宾结构中是执行句子的行为或动作的主体执行句子的行为或动作的主体Hisdeedsupsetme.Whathedidupsetme主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常通常放在主句谓语动词之前放在主句谓语动词之前或或由形式主语由形式主语it代替代替,而本身放在句子末尾。而本身放在句子末尾。Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotclear.Itis
2、obviousthatheisthebeststudentintheclass.主语从句的结构主语从句的结构ThatTomdiedyesterdayisagreatshocktous.*连词连词从句从句系动词系动词表语表语1.从句做主语从句做主语2.从句的连词位于从句句首而且不可以省略从句的连词位于从句句首而且不可以省略3.从句陈述语序从句陈述语序4.从句被视为三人称单数从句被视为三人称单数（有例外）（有例外）5.从句时态不受主句的限制和影响从句时态不受主句的限制和影响引导主语从句的连接词词有三类：引导主语从句的连接词词有三类：1)连词连词that，whether。（不做句子成分）。（不做句子
3、成分）2)连接代词连接代词who，what，which（主语和宾语）（主语和宾语）3)连接副词连接副词when,where,how,why等（状语）等（状语）4)根据具体的意思和结构选用不同的连接词根据具体的意思和结构选用不同的连接词 *连词的选用连词的选用*Example.Thatyoumissedthechanceisapity.Whetherhewillcomeisuncertain.that/whether不做任何成分不做任何成分Wherehehasgoneisunknown.连接副词在从句中作状语连接副词在从句中作状语Whatyoudoiswrong.连接代词在从句从中做宾语连接代词
4、在从句从中做宾语what与与that在引导主语从句时的区别在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如如主语、宾语、主语、宾语、表语表语,定语定语而而that则不然。则不然。1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisgoodnews.连接词的比较连接词的比较宾语宾语不作成分不作成分whether引导的主语从句含有是否的意思引导的主语从句含有是否的意思that引导的主语从句是一个事实引导的主语从句是一个事实Tomcansucceedremainsunknown.T
5、ompassedtheexammademehappy.连词连词 whether and thatWhetherThat*特殊词特殊词whateverandwhoeverwhatever=anythingthatwhoever=anyonewho不管是谁犯了法不管是谁犯了法,他都应该受到惩罚。他都应该受到惩罚。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.=Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.WhateveryouchoosewillbeOK.=AnythingthatyouchoosewillbeOK.2主谓一致主谓一致谓语动词
6、一般用单数谓语动词一般用单数无论他说什么都不重要。无论他说什么都不重要。_isofnoimportance.特殊情况一特殊情况一What引导的名词性从句引导的名词性从句+系动词系动词+名词名词*WhatIneed_money.=MoneyiswhatIneed*WhatIneed_books.=BooksarewhatIneed.Whatever he saysisare主语从句后置主语从句后置Thatweshallbelateiscertain.Itscertainthatweshallbelate.1.Thattheearthisroundisknowntoall.2.Thatyoumis
7、sedthechanceisapity.Itisapitythatyoumissedthechance.Itsknowntoallthattheearthisround.It的用法的用法:(形式主语形式主语)Itis+形容词形容词+that-clauseItspossible/important/necessary/clearthatItispossiblethatwecanfinishthetaskontime.Itis+名词名词+that-clauseItsapity/shamethat很可惜很可惜Itsafactthat是一个事实是一个事实Itsnowonderthat难怪难怪Itisa
8、pitythatyoudidntcomeyesterday.It+不及物动词不及物动词+that-clauseItseemsthat似乎似乎Itturnedoutthat结果结果Ithappensthat碰巧碰巧Itoccurstosb.that某人突然想起某人突然想起*Tomysurprise,itturnedoutthatIwaswrong.让我惊讶的是，最后竟是我错了让我惊讶的是，最后竟是我错了*ItoccurstomethatIhaventfinishedmyhomeworkyet.ItneveroccurredtomethatIwouldmeetLuXun.It+过去分词过去分词+t
9、hat-clauseItssaidthat据说据说翻译：据说他发现了一种新的植物。翻译：据说他发现了一种新的植物。Itsreportedthat.据报道据报道翻译：据报道，有翻译：据报道，有500人死于地震中。人死于地震中。Ithasbeenprovedthat已经被证实已经被证实Ithasbeenprovedthatheisinnocent.Ithasntbeendecided翻译：新的餐馆什么时候开放还没有决定。翻译：新的餐馆什么时候开放还没有决定。Itiswell-knownthat很出名很出名It is said that he has discovered a new plant.I
10、t is reported that 500 people died in the quake.It hasnt been decided yet when the new restaurant will open.主语从句的虚拟式主语从句的虚拟式Itis+形容词形容词+that+虚拟语气虚拟语气这类形容词有这类形容词有necessary/important/strange/urgent/natural*Itisnecessarythatyoushouldhavearest.Itisurgentthatameeting_beforethefinaldecisionismade.A.willbe
11、arrangedB.mustbearrangedC.bearrangedD.wouldbearrangedC要求要求demand;desire;request；require;建议建议suggest;advise;propose;命令命令order;command坚决主张坚决主张insist;这一类词构成了主语从句这一类词构成了主语从句从句要用虚拟语气。从句要用虚拟语气。*Itissuggestedthatchildrenshouldbeprotectedfirstwhendangercomes.有人建议当危险来临的时候，应该先保护孩有人建议当危险来临的时候，应该先保护孩子。子。Nouncla
12、usesastheappositiveGrammar什么是同位语同位语用来对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释或同位语用来对前面的名词或代词做进一步解释或说明，可以是单词、短语或从句。说明，可以是单词、短语或从句。Mr.Smith,ournewEnglishteacher,isverystrictwithusinEnglishstudy.ProfessorSmithsfavoriteexercise,playingtennisafterschool,kepthimfit.Thefactthatseawatercantbeusedfordrinkingisknowntousall.例句对比例句对比Id
13、ontknowthatheisTom.宾语从句宾语从句IhavenoideathatheisTom.同位语从句同位语从句HegivesmeasuggestionthatIshouldcomeearly.同位语从句同位语从句HesuggeststhatIshouldcomeearly.宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中充当同位语成分的名词性从句叫做同在复合句中充当同位语成分的名词性从句叫做同位语从句位语从句.同位语从句一般跟在一些抽象名词同位语从句一般跟在一些抽象名词(news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestio
14、n，word（消息），（消息），possibility)后面后面,对名词作进一步解释说明对名词作进一步解释说明.结构结构:n.+连接词连接词+从句从句同位语从句含义同位语从句含义IfollowedmydoctorsadvicethatIshouldtakeregularexercise.我听从了我的医生的建议我应该定期的锻炼我听从了我的医生的建议我应该定期的锻炼.同位语从句和所解释的名词在内容上为同位语从句和所解释的名词在内容上为同一关系同一关系, 对其内容作进一步说明。对其内容作进一步说明。如：如：连词的选择连词的选择*引导同位语从句的连接词词有三类：引导同位语从句的连接词词有三类：1)连词
15、连词that，whether。（不做成分）。（不做成分）2)连接代词连接代词who，what，which连接副词连接副词when,where,how,why等等连词的选用要根据具体句子意思而定连词的选用要根据具体句子意思而定1)Theideathatshipsmadeofsteelcouldfloat名词名词连词连词从句从句surprisedmanypeopleatthattime.2)Hewillhavetoanswerthequestionwhether名词名词连词连词hehasmarriedwhenhejoinsthearmy.从句从句3)Theproblemwhatheshouldea
16、tforlunchbothershimalot.午餐该吃什么这个问题让他很伤脑筋午餐该吃什么这个问题让他很伤脑筋同位语从句的位置同位语从句的位置1.同位语从句一般位于名词后同位语从句一般位于名词后Thefactthatlightgoesfasterthansoundisknowntousall.Henrymadeapromisethathewouldnotopentheletteruntil2oclock.*Wordcamethatwewonthefirstplaceinthesportsmeeting.消息传来说我们在运动会上得了第一名消息传来说我们在运动会上得了第一名.2.当主句的谓语较短
17、当主句的谓语较短, 而同位语从句较长时，而同位语从句较长时， 同位语从句常后置。同位语从句常后置。区分同位语从句和定语从句时区分同位语从句和定语从句时,可以在先行词可以在先行词与从句之间加一个系动词与从句之间加一个系动词be,使之构成一个表使之构成一个表语从句语从句,如果句子通顺且符合逻辑如果句子通顺且符合逻辑,则为同位则为同位语从句语从句,反之反之,则为定语从句。如：则为定语从句。如：3.同位语从句和定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句的区别IamhappyatthenewsthatIhavepassedtheexam.同位语从句同位语从句用用be连接之后，句子为：连接之后，句子为：Thene
18、wsisthatIhavepassedtheexam.IamfondoftheflowersthatIgrowinthegarden.定语从句定语从句用用be连接之后，句子为：连接之后，句子为：TheflowersarethatIgrowinthegarden.同位语从句和定语从句简易区别法：同位语从句和定语从句简易区别法：1)同位语从句同位语从句that只起连接作用只起连接作用,不作任何成分不作任何成分定语从句定语从句that是关系代词是关系代词,起连接作用和充当起连接作用和充当宾语和主语宾语和主语2)同位语从句同位语从句同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系同位语从句和前面的名词是同位关系,对名
19、词进行补充说明对名词进行补充说明定语从句定语从句定从和前面的名词是限定修饰关系定从和前面的名词是限定修饰关系,对名词进行修饰对名词进行修饰,加以限定加以限定3)同位语从句同位语从句that不能省不能省定语从句定语从句that在从句中作宾语时在从句中作宾语时,可以省可以省IamhappyatthenewsthatIhavepassedtheexam.同位语从句同位语从句that起连接作用起连接作用在从句中不做任何成分在从句中不做任何成分不可以省略不可以省略从句是用来补充说明从句是用来补充说明“thenews”的的IamfondoftheflowersthatIgrowinthegarden.定语
20、从句定语从句that起连接作用起连接作用在从句中做宾语，可省略在从句中做宾语，可省略从句是用来修饰限定从句是用来修饰限定“theflowers”的的同位语从句的的虚拟语气在在suggestion，advice，request，order等等表示表示命令请求的命令请求的词语后的从句应该改用虚拟语气词语后的从句应该改用虚拟语气IfollowedTomsadvicethatI(should)takeregularexercise.我听从了我听从了Tom的建议我应该定期锻炼的建议我应该定期锻炼常见的这一类词有常见的这一类词有demand,request,ordersuggestion,advice,c
21、ommand,proposal(提议提议)1. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.A. which B. that C. if D. for2. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ThereB. ThisC. ThatD. It3. Its uncertain _ the experiment is worth doing.A. ifB. thatC. whether D. howBCD4. _ she couldn
22、t understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A. What; whyB. That; whatC. What; becauseD. Why; that5. _ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect.A. WhatB. ThatC. ThisD. WhichAB6. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on th
23、e weather.A. IfB. WhetherC. ThatD. Where7. _ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.A. Anyone B. The personC. Whoever C. Who8. _ manners are very important in every country is known to all, but the trouble is _ different countries have different ideas about _ good manners are.A. That; tha
24、t; what B. That; what; whatC. What; that; thatD. What; what; thatBCA9. _ he wont go there is clear to all of us.A. How B. What C. Why D. This10. It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language.A. masters B. should masterC. mastered D. will master11. Does _ matter if he cant fini
25、sh the job on time?A. this B. that C. itD. heBCC12. _ we have seen is quite different from _ we have heard, so think twice before you make a decision.A. That; thatB. What; thatC. That; whatD. What; what13. _ he saw in his office the day before yesterday is still a puzzle.A. That B. Whose C. Which D.
26、 Whom14. _ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A. No matter what B. No matter whichC. WhateverD. WhicheverDDDUnit 4Astronomy: the science of the starsLearningaboutlanguagepresentpresenceviolentconfidentdifferentpatientviolence confidencedifferencepatience1Usethecorrec
27、tprefixorsuffixforeachword.Writeoutthenewwordandexplainthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Discovering useful words and expressions certainfairpaidlikekindunkinduncertainunfairunpaidunlikecultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematicsmathematicalculturalglobaluniversalagriculturalartphysicschemistrybiologyscienc
28、escientistartistphysicistchemistbiologist1.Atthebeginning,theearthhadno_.A.dustB.atomsC.waterD.matter2.Thedevelopmentofaplanetgenerallydependson_combiningtogether.A.atomsB.rocksC.gasesD.waterCA2 Chooses the correct word to fill in each of these blanks.3.The_ofmammalshappenedafterthedisappearanceofth
29、edinosaurs.A.harmfulB.systemC.spreadD.method4.Mammals_whentheanimalsthatwereharmfultothemdisappeared.A.preventedB.multipliedC.dependedD.existedCBIsthemoonaplanet?Thisquestionis_ifstudentsaretoshowthattheyunderstandthenatureof_.fundamentalastronomyastronomyatomfundamentalpuzzleexistpreventfromasaresu
30、ltgavebirthto3 Complete the following passage with the words and phrases below in the correct form.Somescientiststhinkthattheearth_themoonbecausethemooncirclesourplanet.Othersbelievethatthemoon_beforetheearthwasformed.Theythinkthatearlierintimeittraveledthroughspaceasasmallplanetwhichwascaughtbythee
31、arthsgravity._,itgoesaroundourplanet.gavebirthtoexistedAsaresultTheevidenceforthistheoryisthatthe_thatmakeuptherocksonthemoonseemtobedifferentfromthoseonearth.Whatisclearisthatthemoonissmallerthantheearthandthis_it_escapingfromtheearth.Althoughitsoriginmaystillbea_,themooncanneverbeanythingmorethanasatelliteoftheearth.atomspreventsfrompuzzle
