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1、Weather Weather Weather Weather Dont want to fly into unsafe conditionsDont want to attempt to takeoff or land and realize we cantWhy do we need to know about weather?ATISAutomatic terminal information serviceOnlineAviationweather.govFlightplanning.navcanada.caFlight serviceWhen you file a flight pl
2、an you can get a weather briefing1-866-WXBRIEF (1-866-992-7433)Flight followingATC will tell you if there is bad weather on your routeWhere can we find weather info?METARTAFArea forecastAIRMETSIGMETPIREPSignificant weather prognostic chartsWinds aloftRadar summary chartSurface analysis chartWhat kin
3、ds of weather products do we have?Observation of current weather conditionsTells what the weather is right nowMade approximately every hourMETARAviation routine weather reportWeather observers (either human or automated) interpretation of weather conditions at a given site and time and contains the
4、following information in this order:Type of reportStation identifierDate and timeModifier (as required)WindVisibilityRunway visual range (as required)Weather phenomenaSky conditionsTemperatureDew pointAltimeterRemarks (as required)KEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARType
5、 of reportEither a METAR which is routine or a SPECI which is non-routineSPECI for significant deterioration or improvement of conditionsA SPECI will be issued if the wind direction changes by more than 45 in less than 15 minutes and the sustained winds are 10 knots or more throughout the wind shift
6、If it says nothing, its a METARStation identifierIn Canada, its C plus the 3 letter identifier for the airportKEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARDate and time6 digit group with the letter Z to denote zulu timeFirst 2 digits are the date followed by the hour and minutesK
7、EWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2071454Z111853Z240755ZMETARCoordinated Universal Time (UTC)Converts local time into Greenwich,England timeMETAR1437ZZBAAUTC+810:37pm2114Z5:14am0322Z11:22amMETARConvert your local time to military time (24 hour clock)Add or subtract the time c
8、onversion to the military timeThe new time is UTCMETARValid timesMake sure the time on the weather product matches the time youll be flyingYou want to go flying at 1100 local time on the 8th. Your city is UTC -6. You choose a METAR that is valid at 080155. Can you use it?No. Get the new oneMETARYour
9、e flying in New York (UTC -5) on the 11th. You plan to take off at 1500 local. You use a METAR that is valid at 111957. Can you use it?YesYoure flying in Sydney (UTC +10) on the 29th. You plan to take off at 2115 local. You use a METAR that is valid at 290455. Can you use it?No METARModifierAUTO sta
10、tes that it was automated with no human observerA01 means an automated station without precipitation discriminatorA02 is an automated station with a precipitation discriminatorCan detect rain and snowCOR identifies the report as a corrected report to replace an erroneous earlier reportKEWR081111Z030
11、10KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARWindThe average 2 minute wind direction and speed are reported in a 5 or 6 digit formatFirst 3 digits are where the wind is blowing from in 10 degree incrementsLast 2 or 3 are wind speedKEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2220
12、58KT31099KT03022KTMETARWind Calm wind is when wind speed is less than 3 knots00000KTA gust is a variation in wind speed of 10 knots or more between peaks and lullsReported by the letter G followed by the highest reported gust21014G25KTMETARWindVariable windIf the wind speed is less than 6 knots and
13、the direction is varying its coded as VRB and the wind speedVRB04KTIf the wind speed is more than 6 knots and the wind direction is variable by 60 or more it will be written as the extremes in direction separated by a V32012280V35021018G30KT170V24004011G25KT010V070METARVisibility The greatest distan
14、ce at which objects can be seen and identified through at least 180, which need not be continuousReported in statute milesWhen visibility is less than 7sm the restrictor will be reportedIf visibility is less than sm it will be denoted as M1/4smVisibility of 10 sm or greater will be denoted as 10smKE
15、WR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARWeather phenomenaPrecipitationAny form of water particles, solid or liquid, that fall from the atmosphere and hit the groundThere are nine typesRA rainDZ drizzleSN snowSG snow grainsGR hail inch in diameter or largerGS small hailIC ice c
16、rystalsUP unknown precipitationPrecipitation types can be grouped together but obscurations are listed separatelyRASN BRHZMETARRainRA Liquid water drops that fall in the same directionMETARDrizzleDZ Very tiny water drops that can look like theyre floating like fog but theyfall to the ground like rai
17、nMETARSnowSN Precipitation formed by small ice particlesMETARSnow grainsSGVery small grains of iceMETARHailGS/GRBalls of ice that fall GR is hail of 5mm or more in diameterGS is smaller than 5mm METARIce crystalsICSymmetrical pieces of iceCirrus clouds are made out of thisMETARObscurations to visibi
18、lityAny phenomena, other than precipitation, that reduce horizontal visibilityThere are eight typesFG fog (visibility less than 5/8sm)BR mist (visibility 5/8 6sm)FU smokeHZ hazePY spraySA sandDU dustVA volcanic ashKEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARFogFGCollection of wa
19、ter droplets that are suspended in the airMETARMistBR Collection of water droplets that are suspended in the airMade of the same thing as fogDifference is how far you canseeMETARSmokeFU METARHaze HZWhen dust, sand, pollution, or other particles make visibility poorGenerally thought to be in dry airC
20、an be blue or brown in colorMETARSpray PYWater that is carried off of waves or other bodies METARSandSA Very tiny pieces of rock and other particles like shellMETARDustDUParticles in the air that can contain dirt, human skin, human and animal hair, pollen, ash, pollution, and lots of other materials
21、 METARVolcanic ashVA Any material thrown out of a volcano during an eruptionMETAR2SMFU3SMHZ6SMDU5SMPYMETARWeather phenomena Intensity is shown with most precipitation types+ heavyNo symbol is moderate-lightIntensity depends on the type of obscuration or precipitationFor snow its visibilityFor rain i
22、ts the amount of splashMETAREstimating Intensity of RainLight.From scattered drops that, regardless of duration, do not completely wet an exposed surface up to a condition where individual drops are easily seen.Moderate.Individual drops are not clearly identifiable; spray is observable just above pa
23、vements and other hard surfaces.Heavy.Rain seemingly falls in sheets; individual drops are not identifiable; heavy spray to height of several inches is observed over hard surfaces.METAREstimating Intensity of Ice PelletsLight.Scattered pellets that do not completely cover an exposed surface regardle
24、ss of duration. Visibility is not affected.Moderate.Slow accumulation on ground. Visibility reduced by ice pellets to less than 7 statute miles.Heavy.Rapid accumulation on ground. Visibility reduced by ice pellets to less than 3 statute miles.METAREstimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Vi
25、sibility)Light.Visibility more than1/2statute mile.Moderate.Visibility from more than1/4statute mile to1/2statute mile.Heavy.Visibility1/4statute mile or less.METARProximity is reported only for weather occurring in the vicinity of the airport and denoted by VCVicinity refers to 5-10 sm from the poi
26、nt of observationNo intensity symbol is shown when VC is reported111751Z12008KT10SMVCRAOVC02219/14A3011RMKAO2NEVER -VCRAMETARWeather phenomenaDescriptor Further identify weather phenomena and are used with certain types of precipitation and obscurationMI = shallow and further describes fog that has
27、little vertical extent (less than 6 ft)BC = patches and describes fog that has little vertical extent and reduces horizontal visibilityDR = low drifting and is used when dust, sand, or snow is raised by the wind to less than 6 ftBL = blowing and is used when dust, sand, or snow and/or spray is raise
28、d to a height of 6 ft or moreTS and SH are often used with precip but the intensity only refers to the precipitation, not the descriptor+TSRA-SHSNMETARThunderstorm TSA combination of thunder and lightning, with or without rainMETARShowers SHCan be rain, snow, or hailCan start and end abruptlyMETARWh
29、at kind of precipitation, intensity and descriptor do we have here?KEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARSix other weather phenomenaSQ squall, a sudden increase in wind speed of at least 16 knots, with the speed rising to 22 knots ore more and lasting 1 minuteDS dust storm
30、FC funnel cloudSS sand stormPO well developed dust or sand whirls+FC tornado or waterspoutMETARSquallSQ Sudden, sharp increase in wind speed, usually associated with thunderstorms, showers, or heavy snowMETARDust stormDSWhen strong wind blows dust from the surfaceMETARFunnel cloudFCWater droplets an
31、d wind that come out of the base of a cloud and rotate very quicklyIf it touches the ground, it becomes a tornadoMETARSand stormSSMETARWell developed dust or sand whirlsPOSpinning column of dust or sandMETARTornado or waterspout+FC Violent, rotating column of air that is in contact with both the gro
32、und and a cumulonimbus cloudWaterspout forms over water and under a cumuliform cloudMETARSky conditionReported in eighthsSKC or CLR 0FEW 1/8-2/8SCT 3/8-4/8BKN 5/8-7/8OVC 8/8A layer is clouds or obscuring phenomena when the base is at approximately the same levelA ceiling is the height of the lowest
33、broken or overcast layerHeight is reported in a 3 digit number in AGLWhen more than one layer is reported, theyre given in ascending order of heightFEW010SCT025BRK060If a towering cumulus or cumulonimbus is present, they are reported after the height for which their base representsSCT030TCUKEWR08111
34、1Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARTemperature/dew pointReported in Celsius in 2 digit form separated by a /13/09Temps below zero are preceded by an MIf the temp is present but the dew point is missing, the temp is reported followed by a /If the temp is missing, the whole line i
35、s omittedKEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARAltimeterReported in a 4 digit format preceded by an AA2995 means an altimeter setting of 29.95 inches hgNormal range is 28.0031.00A3076A2944KEWR081111Z03010KT5SM-RABRSCT006BKN015OVC04019/18A3002RMKAO2METARRemarksIncluded in a
36、ll observationsExcept for precipitation, all phenomena within 5sm of the point of observation are reported as at the stationDistance remarks are in sm except for lightning which is in nmDirection of phenomena is indicated with the 8 points on the compassN, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NWMovement of weather
37、is indicated by the direction toward which the phenomena is movingMETARKSEA081053Z00000KT10SMCLR16/10A3011RMKAO2SLP198T01560100$KEWR081351Z02010KT10SMOVC00720/18A3005RMKAO2CIG005V009T02000183KATL081352Z33014G19KT10SMSCT014BKN180BKN25017/13A2996RMKAO2SLP141T01720128METARKJFK111651Z11008KT10SM-RAFEW01
38、7OVC02620/14A3012KJFK111851Z09008KT10SMFEW018OVC02220/15A3009RMKAO2RAE05T02000150KTPA120153Z33003KT10SMFEW040SCT110SCT25027/22A3007RMKAO2SLP183FRQLTGE-SECBDSNTE-SET02670222$AO2RAB49METARConcise statement of the expected meteorological conditions at an airport during a specified periodScheduled 4 tim
39、es daily at 0000Z,0600Z,1200Z,and 1800ZUse the same codes as METARs and the same order of itemsTAFTime elementsTEMPO, temporaryUsed for temporary fluctuations in wind, visibility, weather or sky condition that are expected to last not less than 1 hour and to occur less than half of the time periodFo
40、llowed by a 4 digit group giving the beginning and ending hour of the time period for the temporary conditions5SMBRBKN030TEMPO13162SMBRThe visibility will temporarily reduce to 2sm between 1300 and 1600TAFTime elementsFM, fromWhen a rapid and significant change, usually occurring in less than 1 hour
41、 is expectedContains wind, visibility, weather, sky condition and windshearWeather and windshear can be omitted if theyre not significant to aviationFM160016010KTP6SMSKCFrom 1600Z wind will be from 160 at 10 knots, visibility is greater than 6sm and sky will be clearTAFTime elementsBECMG, becomingA
42、gradual change is expected over a longer period of time but not longer than 2 hours4 digit number showing the start and stop time for the conditionsOnly the changing conditions are reported in BECMG groupBECMG222420013G20KT4SMSHRAOVC020Between 2200 and 2400Z conditions will become winds from 200 at
43、13 knots gusting to 20 knots, 4 sm visibility with rain showers and overcast at 2000 ftTAFTime elementsPROB, probabilityIndicates the chance of thunderstorms or other precipitation with associated weather conditionsPROB40 means theres a 40-49% chancePROB30 means theres a 30-39% chanceIf the chance i
44、s 50% or greater its considered prevailing wind and included in the weather or TEMPO sections4 digit number gives start and stop timesPROB4000062SMTSRAOVC008CBBetween 0000-0600Z theres a 40-49% chance of 2sm visibility, thunderstorms with moderate rain, ceiling of 800 ft overcast cumulonimbusTAFKIAH
45、081131Z0812/0918VRB02KTP6SMSKCFM08150001008KTP6SMSKCFM090200VRB02KTP6SMSKCFM09140001007KTP6SMSKCKORD081357Z0814/091801012KTP6SMFEW150OVC250FM08150003013G22KTP6SMSCT120OVC200FM08190003015G25KTP6SMSCT050BKN080FM09000004010G18KTP6SMVCSHFEW025OVC040FM09060004009KT6SM-SHRAFEW007SCT015OVC025FM09120004012K
46、TP6SMSCT006OVC015TAFhttp:/www.navcanada.ca/ContentDefinitionFiles/ Services/AWS/AWS_Guide_EN.pdfFor weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraftIssued for the following:active thunderstorm areaslines of thunderstormsheavy hailsevere turbulence or icingmarked mountain waveshurricaneswidespre
47、ad sand or dust storms volcanic ashlow level wind sheartornado or waterspoutSIGMET (WS)Active thunderstorm areaLine of thunderstormsSIGMET (WS)Severe turbulenceTurbulence that causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft
48、 may be momentarily out of controlOccupants are forced violently against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food Service and walking are impossible. Severe icingThe rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. I
49、mmediate flight diversion is necessarySIGMET (WS)Marked mountain wavesSIGMET (WS)HurricanesSIGMET (WS)Low level wind shearWind shear: a difference in wind speed or direction SIGMET (WS)Heavy hailDust or sand stormsVolcanic ashTornado or waterspoutSIGMET (WS)UnscheduledValid for 4 hoursSIGMET (WS)WSC
50、N31 CWEG 201412SIGMET L2 VALID 201410/201810 WTN 50 NM OF LN /5417N13217W/65 W PRINCE RUPERT - /5156N12956W/CAPE ST JAMES.PTCHY SEV TURB FCST BLO 030. REPS OF SUSTAINED 40+ KT SFC WNDS.LTL CHG EXPD.SIGMET (WS)Issued for weather thats not significant enough for a SIGMET:IFR conditions (ceiling less t
51、han 1000 ft and/or visibility less than 3 miles)Freezing precipitation (not requiring a SIGMET)Moderate icing (not associated with convective clouds)Moderate turbulence (not associated with convective clouds)Thunderstorms (unorganized)Significant changes to wind velocity (not previously forecast)AIR
52、MET (WA)Moderate turbulenceTurbulence that is similar to Light Turbulence but of greater intensity. Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes variations in indicated airspeed. Report asModerate TurbulenceTurbulence that is
53、similar to Light Chop but of greater intensity. It causes rapid bumps or jolts without appreciable changes in aircraft altitude or attitude. Report asModerate ChopOccupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dislodged. Food service and walking are diff
54、icultAIRMET (WA)Moderate icingThe rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight diversion is necessaryAIRMET (WA)Issued as requiredValid when issuedValid until updated, cancelled or a new area forecast is issued
55、AIRMET (WA)WACN37 CWEG 201342AIRMET I1 ISSUED AT 1342Z CWAO WTN 15 NM OF LN /7343N08437W/45 N NANISIVIK - /7258N08529W/15 WNANISIVIK - /7218N08437W/40 S NANISIVIK.1/2SM -SN FG. AT 1321Z ARCTIC BAY REPD 1/2SM SN FG. DSIPTG WTN NXT 4 HRS.AIRMET (WA)WAUS41 KKCI 201445 AIRMET SIERRA UPDT 2 FOR IFR AND M
56、TN OBSCN VALID UNTIL 202100 AIRMET IFR.ME NH VT MA CT NY LO NJ PA OH LE WV MD DC DE VA FROM 70ENE YQB TO 30SE BGR TO 50SW BGR TO 40SSE CSN TO 50S JST TO 40WNW LYH TO 50WSW BKW TO HNN TO CVG TO FWA TO DXO TO 30S ERI TO SYR TO MSS TO YSC TO 70ENE YQB CIG BLW 010/VIS BLW 3SM BR. CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z THR
57、U 03Z. AIRMET (WA)WAUS41 KKCI 201445 AIRMET TANGO UPDT 3 FOR TURB VALID UNTIL 202100 AIRMET TURB.ME NH VT MA RI CT NY NJ PA WV MD DC DE VA AND CSTL WTRS FROM 70NW PQI TO 30NE PQI TO 50SSE HUL TO 70ESE CYN TO 20NE ECG TO 60S RIC TO 50SSW EKN TO 20S MSS TO YSC TO 70NW PQI MOD TURB BTN FL200 AND FL360.
58、 CONDS CONTG BYD 21Z ENDG 21-00Z. AIRMET (WA)Forecasts for specific locationsMade twice daily based on 0000Z and 1200Z dataValid for 24 hours3000600090001200018000YFC99003308+043213+013319-033330-13YAY24352457+062266+032382-027511-12YEO2210+052111+002114-021913-13WINDS AND TEMPS ALOFT (FD)3000600090
59、001200018000YFC99003308+043213+013319-033330-13YAY24352457+062266+032382-027511-12YEO2210052111+002114-021913-134 digit group shows wind direction, in reference to true north, and wind speed6 digit groups include temperaturesOmissionsNo wind reported within 1500 feet of field elevationNo temperature
60、 reported within 2500 feetWINDS AND TEMPS ALOFT (FD)Ifwindspeedis100-199knots,50isaddedtowinddirectionand100issubtractedfromwindspeed3000600090001200018000YFC99003308+043213+013319-033330-13YAY04352457+062266+032382-027511-12YEO2210+052111+002114-021913-1375-50=2511+100=111Windisfrom250at111knotsWIN
61、DS AND TEMPS ALOFT (FD)7856280at156knots8305330at105knots6644160at144knots7127210at127knotsWINDS AND TEMPS ALOFT (FD)Pilot reportObservation made from the cockpitOnly means of direct information regarding cloud tops, icing, and turbulenceFills in gaps between reporting stationsPIREPMust report:Type
62、of reportLocationTimeFlight levelType of aircraftAt least one weather phenomena encounteredUseful because if you see a larger airplane experiencing icing or turbulence in your area and at an altitude similar to what you intend to fly youll know you probably shouldnt goPIREPPIREPhttp:/www.faa.gov/abo
63、ut/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/systemops/fs/alaskan/alaska/fai/inflight/media/PIREP_FORM.pdfPIREPType of reportUA if a routine reportUUA if its urgent PIREPLocation /OVDirection and distance from a NAVAID/OV DRK 030020/OV BLH 310035/OV HUB 140070/OV HNLPIREPTime /TMGiven in UTC
64、/TM 1147/TM 0930/TM 1452/TM 2104PIREPAltitude or flight level /FL3 digits for hundreds of feetIf not known, use UNKN/FL080/FL145/FL290/FLUNKNPIREPType of aircraft /TP4 digits maximumIf not know, use UNKN/TP B757/TP C182/TP UNKN/TP BE20PIREPCloud layer /SKGive height of cloud base in hundreds of feet
65、 and coverageIf unknown, use UNKN/SK BKN120/SK OVC007/SK IMC/SK SKCPIREPWeather /WXGive flight visibility, obscurations, precipitation, etcIntensity is not reported/WX FV04SM BR FU/WX FV05SM SN/WX RA/WX FV03SM FGPIREPAir temperature in Celsius /TAIf temp is below zero, put before the number/TA 22/TA
66、 14/TA 37/TA -09PIREPWind /WVDirection and speed in six digits/WV 020026/WV 210032/WV 080115/WV 340065PIREPTurbulence /TBUse standard abbreviations for intensity and typeInclude altitude only if its different than /FL/TB SEVEREPIREPLight turbulenceTurbulence that momentarily causes slight, erratic c
67、hanges in altitude and/or attitude (pitch, roll, yaw)Light chopTurbulence that causes slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitudeOccupants may feel a slight strain against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects may be displaced slightly
68、. Food service may be conducted and little or no difficulty is encountered in walkingPIREPModerate turbulenceTurbulence that is similar to Light Turbulence but of greater intensity. Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive control at all times. It usually causes
69、 variations in indicated airspeedModerate chopTurbulence that is similar to Light Chop but of greater intensity. It causes rapid bumps or jolts without appreciable changes in aircraft altitude or attitudeOccupants feel definite strains against seat belts or shoulder straps. Unsecured objects are dis
70、lodged. Food service and walking are difficultPIREPSevere turbulenceTurbulence that causes large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude. It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed. Aircraft may be momentarily out of controlOccupants are forced violently againstseat belts or should
71、er straps. Unsecured objects are tossed about. Food Service and walking are impossiblePIREPExtreme turbulenceTurbulence in which the aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control. It may cause structural damageReport asExtreme TurbulencePIREP/TB MDT CHOP BLO 100/TB LGT/
72、TB EXTREMEPIREPIcing /ICUse standard abbreviations for intensity and typeInclude altitude only if its different than /FL/IC MDT RIMEPIREPWith ice, drag increases, lift decreases, and weight increasesCan get icing with visible moisture when the temp is between 02 and -10 CelsiusPIREPClear iceA glossy
73、, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing of large supercooled water dropletsPIREPRime iceRough, milky, opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small supercooled water dropletsPIREPGlaze iceClear and smooth but can have air pockets. Its clearer than rime ice and c
74、an form in “horns”PIREPMixed iceSupercooled water thats mixed with ice or snowPIREPDeicingThe removal of existing ice, frost, or snow PIREPAnti-icingChemicals or heat that are used to prevent ice from formingPropeller heatPitot heatAir bleed systems Deicing fluidPIREPTrace icingIce becomes perceptib
75、le. Rate of accumulation slightly greater than sublimation. Deicing/anti-icing equipment is not utilized unless encountered for an extended period of time (over 1hour)PIREPLight icingThe rate of accumulation may create a problem if flight is prolonged in this environment (over 1 hour). Occasional us
76、e of deicing/anti-icing equipment removes/prevents accumulation. It does not present a problem if the deicing/anti-icing equipment is usedPIREPModerate icingThe rate of accumulation is such that even short encounters become potentially hazardous and use of deicing/anti-icing equipment or flight dive
77、rsion is necessaryPIREPSevere icingThe rate of accumulation is such that deicing/anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard. Immediate flight diversion is necessaryPIREPWhat can we do if we see reports of icing?Dont flyWhat can we do if we get ice on our plane while flying?Turn aroun
78、dDescend Land PIREPRemarks /RMYou can give more information or make your report more clearGive the most dangerous weather first/RM LLWS 20KT SFC-050 /RM HVY RAIN/RM MDT ICG DURC RNWY 21L PRCPIREPUA /OV YSP 090025 /TM 2120 /FL050 /TP BE99 /SK 020BKN040 110OVC /TA -14 /WV 030045 /TB MDT CAT 060-080 /I
79、C LGT RIME 020-040 /RM LGT FZRA INCRoutine 090 radial 25 nm from Marathon VOR2120 UTC5,000 ft Beech 99The clouds were broken at 2,000 ft ASL with tops at 4,000 ft and an overcast layer at 11,000 ft ASL-14 Celsius winds are from 030 degrees at 45 knotsmoderate clear air turbulence between 6,000 ft an
80、d 8,000 ft light rime icing between 2,000 ft and 4,000 ft remarks section says that light freezing rain was encountered in the cloudPIREPStart with the broadest forecast for the most severe weather firstChecking a couple charts could ground your flightDont start with a METAR because it doesnt cover
81、your whole flightOrder of checking weatherSIGMETWeather thats dangerous for ALL planes747s cant fly in severe icing so we sure cantAIRMETWeather thats dangerous for smaller airplanesPIREPOnly direct weather observationMETARWeather observation for a specific place and timeTAFForecast for a specific p
82、lace and timeWinds and Temps AloftDoesnt affect go/no-go decisionOrder of checking weatherPhonetic AlphabetAutomatic Terminal Information ServiceContinuous broadcast of recordedinformation in airport areas ATIS broadcasts contain essential informationweather informationwhich runways are activeavaila
83、ble approachesany other information required by the pilotsWe listen to ATIS before contacting ATCATISUpdated at fixed intervals or when there are significant changesEvery hourWhen runway changesWhen weather changesATISHas a letter designation from the ICAO alphabetStarts with Alpha and goes down the
84、 alphabet with every updateWhen you contact ATC, say you have “information” and the identification letter to let the controller know you have the current informationATISKMRY 141615Z 00000KT 10SM CLR 14/11 A3001Monterey Tower information Quebec. One six one five Zulu. Wind calm. Visibility one zero.
85、Sky condition clear. Temperature one four. Dewpoint one one. Altimeter three zero zero one. Visual approaches in use. Landing runways two eight left and right. Advise on initial contact you have Quebec.ATISCYVR 221355Z 33008KT 5SM FEW005 SCT012 OVC030 15/08 A2987Vancouver International information B
86、ravo one three five five Zulu. Wind three zero zero at eight. Visibility five. Five hundred few, one thousand two hundred scattered, ceiling three thousand overcast. Temperature one five. Dew-point eight. Altimeter two niner eight seven.Landing runway two six left and two six right. VFRaircraft say
87、direction of flight. Read back all hold short instructions. Advise controller on initial contact you have BravoATISKPRC 041253Z 22014KT 8SM FEW045 SCT100 34/04 A3001Prescott airport information Yankee. One two five three zulu. Wind two one zero at one four. Visibility eight. Four thousand five hundr
88、ed few, one zero thousand scattered. Temperature three four. Check density altitude. Dew-point four. Altimeter three zero zero one. Landing runway two one left and two one right. VFRaircraft say direction of flight. Read back all hold short instructions. Advise controller on initial contact you have YankeeATISPractice!Lhttp:/www.laartcc.org/article_page/28http:/denartcc.org/a/sites/default/files/Controllers_Guide_to_ATIS_and_METAR.pdfATISQuestions?
