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1、取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石词类作作 用用例例 词1. （n.）名名 词表示人或事表示人或事物的名称。物的名称。I bought a book .She is a student.2. (pron.）代代词代替名代替名词、数数词等。等。This is my friend. He likes that book becauseit is very useful to him. PartsofSpeach3. （adj.）形容形容词表示人或表示人或事物的特事物的特征或性状。征或性状。He is small but he is clever. The red pen is usefu
2、l for the teacher. He painted the wall white yesterday.4. (num.）数）数词表示数表示数目或目或顺序。序。There are ten apples on the table and I will take the first one.5. （v.）动 词表示表示动作或状作或状态。We are working hard at English.I want to become an engineer.6. （adv.）副副 词表示表示动作作的特征或的特征或性状特征。性状特征。I like English very much.The tea
3、cher treats us kindly .The train goes fast. He seldom comes to see us. 7. (prep.）介介 词表示名表示名词、代代词和其和其他他词之之间的关系。的关系。He usually stay at home on Sundays.8. （conj.）连词连接接词与与词或句与句的或句与句的作用。作用。He and I are in the same class and we are good friends. Two or three of us can dance well but I cant .9. (interj.）感感
4、叹词表示表示强强烈的烈的感情感情Oh ! How beautiful the scene is! What a good idea! Goodness !10. （art.）冠冠词用来限制名用来限制名词的意的意义I have a pet dog . The dog is very lovely. He is an old man but very strong.一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：）：句子说明的人或事物。句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_。1.Lucy likes her new bike. 2.We work hard.3.To learn a fore
5、ign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首1. We love China.2. We have finished reading this book.3. He can speak English.4. She seems tired.二、谓语二、谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_ 充当充当.动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连系动连系动词词,情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词.动词动词情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充
6、当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.TheycanspeakEnglishwell.Theyareplayingoverthere.1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词一词He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有或态度，主要有keep, remain, stayHe always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。 系动词系动词3）表像系动词，用来表示）表像
7、系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.4）感官系动词，主要有）感官系动词，主要有feel, smell, sound, tasteThis flower smells very sweet. 5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, comeHe became mad after that. 6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作
8、，主要有）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn outThe rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语三、宾语宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English. 2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物
9、的是直接宾语。：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。 He gave me two books.及物动词及物动词介词介词表语表语：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用用来说明主语的身份来说明主语的身份,特征特征,状态状态.The trees turn green. The flower is beautiful .四、表语四、表语定语：用来修饰定语：用来修饰_. This is a red car. The building is their teaching building. The woman doctor is my wife. I have somethin
10、g to tell you. The man in front of the gate is Mr. Li. Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词名词状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。 六、状语六、状语John often came to chat with me( ) As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. ( )She is
11、sitting at the desk, doing her homework. ( )My father worked in this school ten years ago.( )Though he is young, he knows a lot.( )He came running.( )程度，目的程度，目的地点，伴随地点，伴随地点，时间地点，时间让步让步方式方式原因原因补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。特征。七、补语七、补语Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补
12、）同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词同位语是位于名词或代词后面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall, one of the wonders in the world, attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、同位语八、同位语时态时态主主动语态语态一般将来一般将来时过去将来去将来时一般一般现在在时一般一般过去去时现在在进行行时过去去进行行时现在完成在完成时过去完成去完成时现在完成在完成进行行时过去完成去完成进行行时将来完成将来完成时willdowoulddodo/doesdidis/
13、am/aredoingwas/weredoinghas/havedonehaddonehas/havebeendoinghadbeendoingwillhavedone时态时态被被动语态语态一般将来一般将来时过去将来去将来时一般一般现在在时一般一般过去去时现在在进行行时过去去进行行时现在完成在完成时过去完成去完成时现在完成在完成进行行时过去完成去完成进行行时将来完成将来完成时willbedonewouldbedoneis/am/aredonewas/weredoneis/am/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdonehas/havebeendonehadbeendonewil
14、lhavebeendone一、主语一、主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示：主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1. The sun rises in the east. （ ） 2. He likes dancing. （ ）3. Two will be enough.( ) 4. Seeing is believing. （ ） 6. To see is to believe. （ ） 7. When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet. ( )8. What he needs is a book. （ ）9. It is very clear t
15、hat the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的主，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。词义。什么
16、情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻你懂得翻译下列句子吗？译下列句子吗？1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。二、宾语二、宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.She lived a happy life.( )2.I love you.( )3.We need two.( )
17、4.Do you mind my opening the door?( )5.He began to learn English a year ago.( )6.He did not know what to say.( )7.Did you write down what she said? ( )8. She felt it her duty to take good care of them.( )名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语二、表语二、表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：
18、表语可以用下面这些东西表示：1. He is a teacher. ( )2. My idea is this.( )3. She was the first to arrive.( )4. I feel much better today./I must be off now. ( )5. He is out of danger.( )6. The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.( )7. What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.( )名词名词代词代词
19、数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词三、定语三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：定语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Its a red car.( )2.They live in the room above.( )3.My brother is a teacher.( )4.We belong to the third world.( )5.Lucys father is a poor worker.( )6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.( )7.The man under the tree is my teacher.( )
20、8.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ( )形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词三、定语三、定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：定语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.( )10.There are two things to be discussed today.（ ）1
21、1.Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（ ）12.This is the very book that I need. （ ）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句四、状语四、状语四、状语四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.He is often late for class.( )2.We saw that picture at the cinema.( )3.He sat there smoking.( )4.They returned ti
22、red and hungry. （ ）5.They did everything they could to save the boys life. （ ）6.Although he is young, he knows a lot. ( )7.The box is so heavy that I cant lift it. ( )副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句四、状语四、状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.While my wif
23、e was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. （ ）10.He was angry because we were late( ）11.If it rains tomorrow, we wont go out.( ) 时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句五、宾语补足语：五、宾语补足语：五、宾语补足语：五、宾语补足语：1.I consider Jim I consider Jim a good frienda good friend.( ).( )2.I always find her I always fin
24、d her happyhappy.( ).( )3.People praised him People praised him as a heroas a hero.( ).( )4.I had the TV I had the TV fixedfixed.( ).( )5.I saw him I saw him enteringentering the building.( ) the building.( )6.What made youWhat made you think think so?( )so?( )7.Do you want me Do you want me to goto
25、 go?( )?( )形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式英语句子的种类英语句子的种类简单句简单句(simplesentence)并列句并列句 (compound sentence)复合句复合句 (complex sentence)简单句的简单句的五种基本句型五种基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下：英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一：基本句型一：（主谓）（主谓）基本句型二：基本句型二：（主系表）（主系表）基本句型三：基本句型三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）基本句型四：基本句型四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五：基本
26、句型五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型一主谓（S+V）S+VShecooks.Heisworking.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.Thepenwritessmoothly.基本句型一主谓SVShecooksHeis workingWhat he saiddoes not matter.The pen writes smoothly.基本句型二主系表S+V+PHeishappy.Everythinglooksnice.Hisfaceturnedred.基本句型二主系表SVPHeishappy.Everything looksnice. His faceturnedred
27、.基本句型三主谓宾S+V+OWestudyEnglisheveryday.Theyareplayingfootball.Heenjoysreading.Shesaid“Goodmorning.”基本句型三主谓宾SVOWeTheyHeShestudyare playingenjoyssaidEnglish everyday.football.reading.“Good morning.”基本句型四SV（及物）（及物）O（多指人多指人）O（多指物）多指物）Igivehimabook.Mymotherboughtmeapenyesterday.Ishowedhimmypicture.基本句型四SV（
28、及物）（及物） OOIgivehima book.My mother boughtmea pen yesterday.Ishowedhimmy picture.基本句型五S+V（及物）（及物）+O(宾语宾语)+C（宾补）（宾补）Wemustkeepthedooropen.Thenewsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldmetowashtheplates.Isawathiefgoingintoyourroom.基本句型五SV（及物）（及物）O (宾语)C（宾补）Wemust keepthe dooropen.The newsmakesmehappy.WecallhimJim.Hetoldme to wash the plates.Isawa thiefgoing into your room.
