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1、四级写作技巧综合版四级写作技巧综合版pptppt课课件件CET-4写作考写作考试常常识1.命命题范范围2.大大纲要求要求3.评分分标准准4.写作体裁写作体裁一一对立立观点型点型论说文文常用句型常用句型点明主点明主题常用的句式常用的句式1hasbecomeahottopicamongpeoplerecently.Opinionsvaryfrompersontoperson.2.Thereisanargument/muchdisagreement/noconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleconcerning/over/asto/on3.Nowadays,peopleared
2、ividedonthequestionastowhether4.Differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/perspectiveson.5.Whenbeingaskedabout,Differentpeoplewillofferdifferentanswers.6.Thereisapublicdebate/discussion/controversytodayabouttheproblemof7.Theissueofwhetherornothasbeenwidelyargued/debatedcurrently.next具体介具体介绍两种两种对立立观点的常用句式点的常
3、用句式Somepeoplesuggest/maintain/holdtheopinionthat/But/However/While/Nevertheless/YetotherpeopleholdadifferentpointofviewSomepeopleareinclinedtothinkthatOnthecontrary/Incontrast,therearestillmanypeoplewhowontagree,andtheyclaimWhenitcomestosomepeoplethink/believethatwhileothersargue/claimthattheopposit
4、e/reverseistrue.Thosewhocriticize/opposeto/objecttoarguethatButpeoplewhoadvocate/favor,ontheotherhand,maintain/assertthatNowitiscommonly/generally/widely/universallythought/accepted/believed/heldthat.ButIwonder/doubtwhetherTothegeneralpublic/popularmind,Butdespite/inspiteof/Istillbelieve.Nowadays,an
5、overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplethinkthatNevertheless,therearestillsomepeopleoftheopinionthat一一对立立观点型点型论说文文常用句型常用句型next陈述自己述自己观点的常用句式点的常用句式Formypart/Astome/AsfarasIamconcerned,Idliketoagreetotheformer/myfavorgoestothefirstview.Iagreetothelatteropiniontosomeextent.Iminfavorof/ImonthesideofInmyopinion,bot
6、hsidesarepartlyright.Whenweweshouldtakeintoconsiderationallaspectsoftheproblemsandthenmaketherightdecision.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,but一一对立立观点型点型论说文文常用句型常用句型back二二问题解决型解决型论说文文结构模式构模式1描述情况（问题）分析原因我的对策或看法2.提出问题分析各种解决方法结论next引出引出话题的常用句式的常用句式1.Nowadays,hasbecomeaproblemwehaveto
7、face.2.Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleareconcernedabouttheproblem3.Althoughhasbroughtconveniencetous,manypeoplehavebeguntorealizethatitisthesourceoftroubleaswell.4.Recently,theriseinthephenomenonofhasdrawn/aroused/capturedworldwideattention.5.Recently,theissue/problem/questionofhasbeenbroughtintofocus/br
8、oughttopublicattention/posedamongpublicattention.6.Inrecentyears,manycities/nations/peoplehavebeenfaced/troubledwiththeseriousproblemof.7.Withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.8.Nowadaysmoreandmorepeoplecometorealize/beawareoftheimportanceo
9、f.9.ThankstoChinasreformandopening-uppolicy,thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedgreateconomicdevelopmentandsocialtransformation.10.Withtherapid/amazing/fantasticdevelopment/growth/improvementofeconomy,greatchangeshavetakenplacein.11.Oneoftheurgent/pressingproblems/issuesweareconfrontedwithisthat12.Itisund
10、eniable/Thereisnodenyingthefactthathasbecometheutmostconcernamongpeoplenowadays.13.Onceinanewspaper,Ihitupon/cameacrossareporterthat.二二问题解决型解决型论说文文常用句型常用句型next二二问题解决型解决型论说文文常用句型常用句型分析原因的常用句式分析原因的常用句式1.Herearemany/several/anumberof/avarietyofreasonsforit.First.SecondFinally.2.Thereasonscanbelistedasf
11、ollows.Foronething,Foranother3.Whathaspossiblycontributedtothisproblem?InthefirstplaceInthesecondplace.4.Perhapsthemain/primary/mostimportantreasonis5.isalso/partly/solely/chieflyresponsiblefortheproblem.6.Itisnoeasyjobtoidentifythereasonforwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactors.ForsomeForothers7.An
12、umberoffactorscouldaccountfor/leadto/contributeto/resultin/beconductiveto8.Thisproblemmayresultfrom/beattributableto/belargelydueto/stemfromacombinationoffactors.9.Theexplanationforthisphenomenoninvolvesmanycomplexreasons.Foronething,Foranother10.Somepeoplemaythinkthatistoblameforthisproblem,butitsc
13、ausesgostill/fardeeper.11.Itwillexertafar-reaching/profoundimpact/influence/effecton12.Admittedly,itmaycreate/giveriseto/bringaboutahostofproblems.13.Thereareavarietyofreasonsforthisphenomenon.next二二问题解决型解决型论说文文常用句型常用句型提出解决方法的常用句式提出解决方法的常用句式1.ThefirstkeyfactortosolvethisproblemisAnotherkeyfactoris2.
14、Peoplehavefoundmanysolutions/approachestodealingwiththisproblem.3.Wecanfigureoutmanywaystorelievethepresentcrisis.4.Then,howshouldwesolvethisproblem?Herearesomesuggestions,whichmaybeofsomehelp.5.Facedwith.,weshouldtakeaseriousofeffectivemeasurestocopewiththesituation.6.Itishightimethat.Hereareafewex
15、amplesofsomeofthemeasuresthatmightbetakenimmediately.7.Obviously,ifweignore/areblindtothisproblem,thechancesarethat/itismostlikelythat/thereiseverychancethatwillbeputinjeopardy.8.Weneedtotakeafresh/clearlookatthismatter/situationinanewperspective/fromawiderstandpoint.Otherwise,wewontcomeanywherenear
16、solvingit.9.Itisessential/indispensablethatproperactions/effectivemeasuresshouldbetakentoreversethissituation/trend.10.Itishoped/suggestedthatconsiderable/greateffortsshouldbedirectedto/focuson11.Thereisnoeasy/immediatesolution/approachtotheissueof,butmightbebeneficial/helpful.12.Noeffective/simples
17、olutioncanbeathand/insighttoresolve/tackletheproblemofButthegeneralawarenessoftheimportanceofmightbethefirststepintherightdirection.back三三.说明利弊型明利弊型论说文文结构模式构模式描述某一现象(事物)分析其优点分析其缺点我的态度或看法（最好给出相应的理由或者提出更好的方法以减少某现象可能带来的负面效应.）next三三.说明利弊型明利弊型论说文文常用句型常用句型说明事物明事物优点的常用句式点的常用句式1.Thereareseveraladvantagesin/
18、of.Thefirst/biggestadvantagesisthat2.Nothing/Fewthingscanequal/matchwith/becomparedwithintermsof3.Forall/Inspiteof/Despitethedisadvantages/sideeffects,ithasitscompensatingadvantages/beneficialeffects.4.hasapositiveimpact/influence/effectonpeopleslives.5.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinpeoplesl
19、ives.next三三.说明利弊型明利弊型论说文文常用句型常用句型说明事物缺点的常用句式明事物缺点的常用句式1.However,justlikeanythingelse,hasitsnegativesideaswell.2.Ofcourse,thedisadvantagescannotbeignored.3.However,itstillhassomedrawbacks.4.However,justaseverythinghastwosides,alsohasmanydisadvantages.5.However,mayalsocause/bringabout/leadto/resultin/
20、contributetosomeproblems.6.However,itsoftenblamedforitsobviousdefects.7.Everythinghastwosides,isnoexception.8.Astheproverbgoes,everycoinhasitstwosides/nogardenwithoutitsweeds/everymedalhasitsreverse.isnoexception.9.However,thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent/obvious/evident.Tobeginwith,Tomakematterswo
21、rse,.Worstofall,10.Thesideeffectshasexertedonhumanbeingscanbeboileddowntoseveralmajoronesasfollows.First,Second,Inaddition,.next三三.说明利弊型明利弊型论说文文常用句型常用句型说明事物利大于弊的常用句式明事物利大于弊的常用句式1.Astome,Ithinktheadvantagesoutweigh/carrymoreweightthanthedisadvantages.2.Anyway,Istillbelievehasmoreadvantagesthandisadva
22、ntages.3.Butforme,Ithinkwhatismoreimportantisitspositiveside.4.Theadvantagesof/derivedfromfaroutweigh/aremuchgreaterthanthedisadvantages/problemsentails(带来,使成为必要).back四四.阐述主述主题型型论说文的文的结构模式构模式1)格言成语:揭示蕴意.以例证展开论证.结论(号召或建议)2)一种现象.分析其中原因我的看法(前景预测或评价)3)引出主题.我的观点.总论其常用句型参考前三种其常用句型参考前三种类型的常用句型型的常用句型back论说文
23、文-图表作文表作文图表作文的写作方法表作文的写作方法1仔仔细观察研究察研究图表内容，包括表内容，包括图表的文字表的文字说明部分明部分和和图表中的具体数据部分，以弄清表中的具体数据部分，以弄清图表所表所试图反映的反映的趋势、问题或或现象。象。2在充分在充分领会会图表信息的基表信息的基础上，上，结合合标题和其和其题目目要求构思文章布局。一般来要求构思文章布局。一般来说，图表作文均可采用表作文均可采用这样的的标准准结构：构：第一段：描写数据的主要第一段：描写数据的主要趋势，对数据数据进行比行比较分析，分析，总结归纳图表所呈表所呈现的主要特征。的主要特征。第二段：分析揭示第二段：分析揭示图表表象后面的
24、原因。表表象后面的原因。第三段：下第三段：下结论Direction:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowPeopleSpentTheirHoliday.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositiononthechartandtheoutlinegivenbelow.Year199019952000Traveling 37%51%76%Staying at home63%49%24%1上上图所示所示为了了1990年，年，1995年、年、
25、2000年某城市人年某城市人们度假方度假方式的情况，式的情况，请描述其描述其变化；化；2请说明明发生生这些些变化的原因；化的原因；3得出得出结论。next范文范文-HowPeopleSpentTheirHolidaysAs can be seen from the table, the past decade have witnessed dramatic changes inthewaypeoplespenttheirholidaybetween1990and2000.In1990,63%ofpeoplespenttheirholidaysathome,whilethefiguredropp
26、ed considerablyto24%in2000.It is obvious from the table thatpeopletendedtobemoreandmoremobile,andtheywantedtogetentertainmentintheoutsideworld. What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows. To start with,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,peopleearnbyfarmoremoneythantheyusedto
27、.Thus,peopleareabletoaffordtravelingexpenses.Secondly,Peoplethinkitimportanttogetwell-informedabouttheoutsideworldinthisnewerawheneverythingisonthemove.Traveling,ofcourse,isasurewaytoachievethisgoal.Whats more, inthiscompetitivesociety,peopleareusuallyundergreatstress.However,itisnotdifficulttofindt
28、ravelinganeffectivewaytorelievepeoplesstressandgetrelaxation.Last but not least,bytravelingoutside,peopleareclosetonature,whichisnotonlybeneficialtoboththeirhealthandpeaceofmind. In conclusion,peopleprefertogotravelingratherthanstayathomeduringholidaysforacombinationofreasons.Moreover,itseemsthatthi
29、strendwilllastintheforeseeablefuture.应用文用文1综观历年四、六级写作考试总的趋势是应用性增强，考生有必要熟悉这一应用文文体的写作，尤其是书信作文的写作。2常见的书信类投诉信、询问信、道歉信、感谢信、邀请信、求职信、求学信和推荐信。3.注意注意书信格式信格式英文英文书信通常包括六个部分：信通常包括六个部分：Heading（信（信头），），InsideAddress（信内地址），（信内地址），Salutation（称呼），（称呼），BodyofLetter（信的正文），（信的正文），ComplementaryClose（结束束语），），Signature（签名
30、）。名）。称呼称呼对不相不相识的男子，的男子，单数常用数常用Sir,DearSir,或或MyDearSir；复数常用；复数常用DearSirs或或Gentlemen。对不相不相识的女士，的女士，单数常用数常用Madam,DearMadam,或或MyDearMadam；复数常用；复数常用Mesdames或或MyDearMesdames。对比比较熟悉的男子熟悉的男子，一般称，一般称DearMr.即可；即可；对比比较熟悉的女士熟悉的女士，一般称，一般称DearMrs(或或Miss).即可。即可。熟人和熟人和亲人之人之间通信，可用下列称呼（按通信，可用下列称呼（按亲密程度排列）：密程度排列）：Dear
31、David;MydearDavid,DearestDavid,MydearestDavid,Mydearest,DarlingDavid,Mydarling,Myveryowndarling等。等。有有头衔的的可把可把头衔缩写放在名字前，如写放在名字前，如Prof.Wang,Dr.Liu,等等信的正文信的正文称呼下方隔一二行称呼下方隔一二行处开始写正文。写信与写文章一开始写正文。写信与写文章一样，要，要分段写分段写，每段有一个中心思想每段有一个中心思想，内容表达清楚，内容表达清楚，语言言简单明了，明了，态度度诚恳礼貌。礼貌。给亲友的信友的信还应该亲切切热情。情。书信格式信格式结束束语结束束语是
32、写信人是写信人对收信人的收信人的谦称，写在正文下面二三行称，写在正文下面二三行处，从中，从中间写写起，起，第一个第一个词的开的开头字母要大写字母要大写，末尾用逗号末尾用逗号。给机关机关团体或不相体或不相识的人的人可用：可用：Yourstruly或TrulyyoursYoursfaithfully或FaithfullyyoursYourssincerely或Sincerelyyours给上上级或或长者者的信可用：的信可用：Yoursrespectfully或RespectfullyyoursYoursobediently或ObedientlyyoursYoursgratefully或Gratef
33、ullyyours给一般熟人或朋友一般熟人或朋友的信可用：的信可用：Yours,Yoursever,Everyours,Yoursasever,或Yourssincerely给亲属或属或挚友友的信可用：的信可用：Yoursaffectionately,Lovinglyyours,Yourlovingson(child,sister.),或Yoursdevotedfriend签名名即写信人署名，写在即写信人署名，写在结束束语下面偏右下面偏右处。书信格式信格式DearMr.President,Imveryluckytoattendthisworld-famousuniversity,butImaf
34、raidImnotcontentwiththecanteenserviceoncampus.Firstly,thequalityofthedishesshouldbeimproved.Undoubtedly,therearealotofdeliciousdishes,butalltheyearround,theyarethesame.Moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesamefoodeachday.SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.Secondly,thepriceisabittoohigh.
35、Manyofushopethatthecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheaperfood.Finally,theenvironmentissonoisythatwecantenjoyourmealsingoodmood.Isuggestthattherebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.Thesesuggestionsarenotjustofmyown,butalsoofmanyotherstudents.Wehopeourrespectablepresidentwillpayattentiontoours
36、uggestions.Bytheway,thecanteenworkersareverypatientandalwayssmiling.SoIthinkifouruniversityoffersthembetterconditions,theywillofferusbetterservice.Bestwishes, LiMing模模板板Cet-4写作写作应试应试技巧技巧一、写作的几个基本步一、写作的几个基本步骤二高分作文技巧二高分作文技巧布局布局谋篇篇遣遣词造句造句写作的几个基本步写作的几个基本步骤骤1、审题审题。（以（以2011.6为为例）例）2构思。构思。在草稿在草稿纸纸上写下所能想到的上
37、写下所能想到的观观点和关点和关键词键词，然后，然后认认真真筛选筛选。3.选择选择合适的框架之后合适的框架之后动动笔行文笔行文4检查检查修改修改。审题（2011.6）OnlineShopping1.现在网上在网上购物已成物已成为一种一种时尚尚2.网上网上购物有好多好物有好多好处，但也有不少，但也有不少问题3.我的建我的建议第一段，第一段，现象象阐释。（。（简练）第二段，从利弊两方面第二段，从利弊两方面讨论网网购。写作模式：网写作模式：网购优点（主点（主题句句+支撑句）支撑句）+网网购缺点（缺点（转折折句句+支撑句）支撑句）+总结句句第三段，从网第三段，从网购还存在的存在的问题考考虑提出建提出建议
38、。（网（网购不能看到不能看到实物，法律物，法律规范网上范网上购物欺物欺骗行行为等方面等方面给建建议）检查检查修改修改（1）单词拼写和句式表达是否正确拼写和句式表达是否正确（2）字母大小写和）字母大小写和标点符号是否正确。点符号是否正确。（3）主）主谓是否一致以及名是否一致以及名词与其限定与其限定语的的单复数一致性如复数一致性如何。何。（4）指代使用是否准确）指代使用是否准确（5）动词形式，涉及形式，涉及时态、语态、语气等。气等。（6）避免）避免词性混用，包括形容性混用，包括形容词与副与副词、名、名词与与动词、形、形容容词与与动词等。等。（7）句式是否有）句式是否有变化。化。（8）每一段）每一段
39、话是否都是否都紧扣文章的主扣文章的主题，是否都得到了充分，是否都得到了充分的展开。的展开。（9）文章是否）文章是否连贯，是否使用了，是否使用了过渡性渡性词语，句子之，句子之间和和段落之段落之间是否都具有是否都具有逻辑性和条理性。性和条理性。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧-布局布局谋谋篇篇1）整）整洁的卷面和漂亮的的卷面和漂亮的书写。写。2）字数要达到最低要求。作文字数控制在）字数要达到最低要求。作文字数控制在120150词。不要。不要认为写得越写得越长，分数就越高。，分数就越高。有有时候甚至会适得其反。候甚至会适得其反。3）结构要完整，脉胳要清晰。四构要完整，脉胳要清晰。四级作文要写出作文要写出一个
40、清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到一个清楚的三段式。如果写一段最多得到45分，分，如果写了如果写了2段最多也只能得到段最多也只能得到67分。所以作文的分。所以作文的框架和框架和书写是写是让老老师给你一个不你一个不错分分值段的关段的关键之关之关键。4）避免低）避免低级错误。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧段落特征段落特征1段落的一致性段落的一致性它要求一个段落只能它要求一个段落只能阐述一个主述一个主题思想。思想。换主主题或或讨论、阐述述问题的另一方面的另一方面时，必，必须另起一段。段落的一另起一段。段落的一致性主要在于段落致性主要在于段落主主题句和句和扩展句在意展句在意义上的上的统一一，段落中所有，段落中
41、所有内容必内容必须与段落主与段落主题思想有关，段内各句都必思想有关，段内各句都必须支持、支持、发展或服展或服务于段落的中心思想，于段落的中心思想，任何与主任何与主题无关的句子无关的句子，哪怕是美妙的句，哪怕是美妙的句式式结构、名言构、名言绝句也句也必必须舍弃舍弃，否，否则会破坏段落的一致性。会破坏段落的一致性。2段落的段落的连贯性性段落的段落的连贯性指的是段落中的性指的是段落中的句子安排要符句子安排要符合一定的条理和合一定的条理和逻辑顺序序，而且，而且句子与句子之句子与句子之间衔接要接要紧密密，过渡要自然、流渡要自然、流畅，只有，只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白作者才能跟上作者的思路，明
42、白作者在者在说什么。反之，如果条理不清、思什么。反之，如果条理不清、思维紊乱，紊乱，则会破坏段落的会破坏段落的连贯性。性。获得段落的得段落的连贯性的方法主要有两种：性的方法主要有两种：1）按照一定的）按照一定的逻辑顺序来安排序来安排细节（主要有按（主要有按时间顺序、空序、空间顺序、一般与具体序、一般与具体顺序、重要与非重要序、重要与非重要顺序四种）；序四种）；2）使用恰当的使用恰当的连接手段接手段。一个段落在一个段落在结构上有三个主要的构上有三个主要的组成部分：成部分：1.主主题句句2.扩展句展句（支持句）（支持句）3.总结句句（结尾句）。尾句）。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧1.写好主写好主题句的
43、要点句的要点1）主主题句必句必须是一个完整的句子，而不是短是一个完整的句子，而不是短语.A)Worriesaboutpopulationpressure.(残缺句残缺句)B)Worriesaboutpopulationpressurearefarfromnew.（完整句）（完整句）A)Howtodriveacar.(X)B)Anyonecanlearnhowtodriveacar.()C)A)Fiveeasystepsinchangingatire.(X)D)B)Therearefiveeasystepsinchangingatire.()高分作文技巧高分作文技巧1.1.写好主写好主写好主写好
44、主题题句的要点句的要点句的要点句的要点2）主）主题句必句必须紧扣文章的主扣文章的主题。POLLUTION1.Pollutionisbecomingmoreseriousallovertheworld. Partofthisproblemistheworldsexplodingpopulation. Agrowingpopulationundoubtedlymeansmorefactoriespollutingtheair.Besides,landandwaterpollutionhasalsoincreased.Pollutionis,infact,threateningourhealth,o
45、urhappiness,andourverycivilization.2.Peoplearenowshowingarealconcernoverthisproblem.Scientistsareurgingthatdrasticsolutionbeworkedoutbeforeitistoolate,andthepublicaredemandingthatgovernmenttakefirmactionagainstpolluters.Theearthisourhomeandwemusttakecareofit-forourselvesandforthenextgeneration.3.For
46、tunately,measureshavebeentakentocopewiththesituation.First,manycountriesaremakingeffortstobringdownthebirthrate.Also,newlawshavebeenpassedtoexercisestrictcontrolsoverindustrialpollutants.Inaddition,moresewagetreatmentplantsarebeingbuilt,andnewpollution-controldevicesdeveloped.Doingallthiswillenableu
47、stohaveacleanerworld.高分作文技巧高分作文技巧1.写好主写好主题句的要点句的要点3）主）主题句要内容具体句要内容具体主题句若概括面太宽，则会使段落主题含糊不清以致很难用一段话讲清楚。因此，主题句一定要考虑段落所能阐述的限度，做到主题突出。如：Takeninmoderation,alcoholisratherharmlessandisevenbeneficialinrelievingfeelingsofstress.该句具体，表达了如果喝酒适量，那么它并不有害，相反，有时甚至有利于减轻压力。若将takeninmoderation去掉的话，涵盖的面也略显得大了一点。主题句不能含
48、糊其词，令读者费解，产生误解。如“Theemphasis(?)hasnotalwaysbeenthesame.”这个句子就不适合做主题句，因为它没有表达一个清楚的主题思想。但我们如果将这句话改为Theemphasisonproducingwealthandmaintainingahighstandardoflivinghasnotalwaysbeenthesame.高分作文技巧高分作文技巧1.主主题句的句的写作技巧写作技巧1.表示人的名表示人的名词或代或代词做主做主语的句子的句子Collegestudentsshouldtakepartinsocialpracticeandgettoknowt
49、heworld.Peopletakepartinrecreationalactivitiesbecauseofseveralreasons.Webenefitalotfromdoingparttimejobs.YoungpeopletodayarebadlyinfluencedbyTV.2.表示物的名表示物的名词做主做主语的句子的句子Informationplaysanindispensableroleinmodernlife.Diligenceisakeyfactortosuccess.Sportsbenefitpeopleinmanyways.Recreationalactivitiesf
50、allintotwomajortypes.3.用用动名名词短短语来表达主来表达主题，做主，做主语Owningaprivatecarisveryconvenient.Keepingpetscanleadtosomeproblems.Studyingabroadbenefitsstudentsinmanyaspects.4.用用“There+be+名名词”句型来写主句型来写主题句句Thereareseveralreasonswhyweshoulddeveloptheindustryofprivatecars.Thereareinnumerableadvantagesofkeepingpets.Th
51、erearediversesolutionstothehousingprobleminbigcities.Thereareeffectivemeasuresthatwecanadopttodealwiththeissueofrisingcrimerate.5.用用Itis+Adj.+forsb.todosth.句型句型Itisbeneficialforcollegestudentstotakepartinvarioussocialactivities.Itisnecessaryforustogettoknowaboutthesociety.Itisdesirable/advisablefory
52、oungpeopletogoabroadtostudy.2.扩展句展句特点特点扩展句是段落主展句是段落主题句的延伸和句的延伸和发展，展，对主主题句的句的中心思想或者中心思想或者举例例说明，或者解明，或者解释或或论证。具体。具体特点如下：特点如下：清晰清晰详实扩展句不可言之无物，而要具说服力，绝不可只考篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。条理分明条理分明必须条理分明、脉络清晰，先说什么，后说什么，应有个合理的安排,一步步地论证叙述主题。在文章写作时，扩展句要长短适中，就学生写作而言，每句话的平均长度应最好控制在10-15个词为宜。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧2.写好写好扩展句的展句的要点要点、避免写出与主、避免
53、写出与主题句不相关的句子，以免走句不相关的句子，以免走题。主主题句通常句通常带有一些关有一些关键词，这些关些关键词对全段内容起着主全段内容起着主导作用，作用，而一个段落中的而一个段落中的扩展句都必展句都必须紧紧围绕这些关些关键词对该段的主段的主题内容内容进行行扩展，切忌写一些与主展，切忌写一些与主题内容毫不相关的句子，破坏段落意内容毫不相关的句子，破坏段落意义的的统一。一。例如：例如：Herearethedirectionstogettomyhousefromyours.YouwalktwoblocksnorthandthenturnrightonAdamsStreet.Walkanother
54、twoblockstoThirdStreet.Mysister,whogotmarriedlastyear,livesatthecornerofAdamsandThird.Then,turnleftonThirdStreetandwalkuntilyouseeadirtroadwithayellowhouseonthecorner.Thatismyhouse.Mysister,whogotmarriedlastyear,livesatthecornerofAdamsandThird这一句一句显然与主然与主题内容毫不相关，内容毫不相关，应该删掉。掉。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧2.写好写好扩展句的展
55、句的要点要点、用、用举例或者例例或者例证的方法来的方法来扩展主展主题句。句。例如：若以例如：若以“Myparentslookandbehavelikeeachother”为主主题句，下列哪些句子句，下列哪些句子可以用作例可以用作例证来来说明主明主题句？句？1)Theybothlikenatureandtheoutdoorsandarefondofwalking,gardening,andswimming.2)Myfatheriseightyearsolderthanmymotherandtallerandthinner.3)TheynevergettiredoflisteningtoChina
56、opera.4)Bothofmyparentshavedarkhairandblackeyesandbothhavelowvoicesandgentlepersonalities.5)Theybothbelieveingivingtheirchildrenloveandresponsibility,andneitheronebelievesinpunishingachildphysically.6)Mymotherisquieterthanmyfatherandtalksmuchlessthanhedoes.7)Theyarebothinterestedinreadingandmusic.8)
57、Mostofthetimetheyareinagreementonbringinguptheirchildren.由于主由于主题句是句是Myparentslookandbehavelikeeachother，扩展句展句应该从从长相（相（look）和和行行为举止（止（behave）这两个方面通两个方面通过例例证来来说明我的父母是明我的父母是很相似很相似（likeeachother）的的,而句子和却列而句子和却列举出了我父母的出了我父母的不同不同之之处，背离了，背离了likeeachother的主的主题，所以，所以应该删去。去。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧2.写好写好扩展句的展句的要点要点、段落里的句
58、式、段落里的句式应多多样化化,避免全用避免全用简单句，句，应交替使用交替使用简单句、并列句和句、并列句和复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多复合句，使句子的表达形式多种多样。这样能能够使文章使文章语言流言流畅，富有特色，富有特色，不至于不至于显得句子得句子结构千篇一律，构千篇一律，单调乏味，缺乏生气。乏味，缺乏生气。例如：例如：Iwillneverdriveacaragain.Ihadanaccidenttoday. IwasdrivingupFourthAvenue.Isawabrightyellowcar.Itwasdrivenbyalittleoldlady.Sheobviouslydidno
59、tseethestopsign. Icouldnotstopintime.Sheranrightintome.尽管尽管该段落中的每个句子意思都段落中的每个句子意思都对，而且没有任何，而且没有任何语言言错误，但是由于，但是由于全部用全部用简单句句组成，成，读后令人乏味，称不上一个好段落。如果我后令人乏味，称不上一个好段落。如果我们把它改把它改为Iwillneverdriveacaragain.IhadanaccidenttodaywhenIwasdrivingupFourthAvenue.Isawabrightyellowcarwhichwasdrivenbylittleoldlady.Sheo
60、bviouslydidnotseethestopsign,andIcouldnotstopintime.Sheranrightintome.这样一改，使全段一改，使全段变成了成了简单句复合句复合句并列句句复合句复合句并列句简单句句简单句句的的结构，各句的构，各句的联系密切多了系密切多了,读后效果也好多了。后效果也好多了。高分作文技巧高分作文技巧2.写好写好扩展句的展句的要点要点、扩展句的排列必展句的排列必须符合事物符合事物发生生时间的先后的先后顺序。序。下面下面这段的句子段的句子顺序混乱，需重新排列：序混乱，需重新排列：Thenweturnedleft.Togettothemuseum,wes
61、tartedoffbytakingthesubwayto79thStreet.Suddenly,rightinfrontofuswasthebeautifulbuildingwewerelookingfor!Whenwegotoffthesubway,wewalkedfourblocksupLexingtonAvenue.Afterturningleft,wewalkedwhatseemedtobeanendlessdistance.经过按按时间的先后的先后顺序重新序重新组合句子后，全段就通合句子后，全段就通顺易懂了：易懂了：Togettothemuseum,westartedoffbytak
62、ingthesubwayto79thStreet.Whenwegotoffthesubway,wewalkedfourblocksupLexingtonAvenue.Thenweturnedleft.Afterturningleft,wewalkedwhatseemedtobeanendlessdistance.Suddenly,rightinfrontofuswasthebeautifulbuildingwewerelookingfor.高分作文技巧高分作文技巧2.写好写好扩展句的要点展句的要点、正确使用、正确使用过渡渡词。过渡渡词的作用是的作用是衔接句子和句子（或者段和段），用以表示上下句
63、接句子和句子（或者段和段），用以表示上下句（段）之（段）之间的关系和的关系和语气。如果句子和句子之气。如果句子和句子之间不使用不使用过渡渡词，就使，就使上下句之上下句之间的关系的关系显得不明确，意思不得不明确，意思不连贯，读后令人感到后令人感到别扭。扭。请看下面两个句子：看下面两个句子：1.Heforgottherewasatesttoday.Hefailed.2.Heateawholepie.Hegotsick.Hewenttoseeadoctor.如果我如果我们加上适当的加上适当的过渡渡词，上下句的意思就通，上下句的意思就通顺得多了：得多了：1.Heforgottherewasatestt
64、oady.Consequentlyhefailed.2.Hegotsickbecauseheateawholepie.Asaresult,hewenttoseeadoctor.more表示表示举例例说明的明的过渡渡语Forexample,forinstance,foronething,toillustrate,asanillustration,acaseinpoint,Letstakeasanexample.Takeforexample.isatypicalexampleofisatypical/propercaseinpoint.表示表示递进关系的关系的过渡渡语Inaddition,furt
65、hermore,moreover,besides,also,whatsmoreNotonly,butalso,similarly,isalsoafactor.表示比表示比较和和对比的比的过渡渡语Similarly,inthesameway,unlike,like,likewise,equallyimportant;Incontrast,bycontrast,ontheotherhand,incomparison,onthecontrary,contraryto,whereas,while,conversely,differ/varygreatly/vastlyfromdifferentfrom
66、表示因果关系的表示因果关系的过渡渡语Becauseof,onaccountof,dueto,owingto,thanksto,for,because,since,as,forthisreasonTherefore,so,asaresult,consequently,inconsequence,accordingly,hence,thusThereasonswhy/forare/lieinresultsinresultfrom表示表示结论的的过渡渡语Tosumup,toconclude,tosummarizeInsum,insummary,inconclusion,inall,inaword,i
67、nshort,inbriefSo,therefore,thusWecancometotheconclusionthatAconclusioncanbereachedthat表示表示转折的折的过渡渡语Though,although,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,eventhough/evenifLetslookattheothersideofthecoin.Aseverythinghastwosides,weshouldnotneglecttheothersideofthecoin.Justastherearetwosidesofacoin,thenegati
68、veaspectofcannotbeoverlooked.2.扩展句的展句的写作方法写作方法1）例）例证法法(exemplification) There is nothing hard in the world for people with a There is nothing hard in the world for people with a strong will.strong will.Atask,nomatterhowdifficult,canbeaccomplishedifapersonmakesuphismindtodoit.TakeRomeasanexample.Itis
69、knownthatRomewasnotbuiltinaday.Beforeshewasbuilt,herfoundershadsufferedagreatdealofseverehardship,buttheyneverlosttheirfaithandeventuallysucceededintheirefforts.Columbus,whodiscoveredAmerica,isanotherexampleofstrongdetermination.Inspiteofdefeatandaffliction,hewentforwardandsucceededbecauseofhissingl
70、enessofpurposeandperseverance.表示例表示例证的方法的方法forexample,forinstance,asanexample,foratypicalexample,suchas,soon.Letsillustrate,show,provewiththefollowingexample.Letstakeasanexampleanexample,aninstance,a(typical)caseinpointmore2.扩展句的展句的写作方法写作方法2）列）列举法法(listing)Attending schools abroad has many advantage
71、s.Inthefirstplace,studentscanlearnadvancedknowledgeofscienceandtechnologyfromtheadvancedcountries.Inthesecondplace,schoolsabroadcanprovidestudentswithabettercircumstancetolearnforeignlanguagesandmakethemgraspthemmorequickly.Furthermore,whilestudyingabroad,youngstudentscanlearntobecomeindependentandd
72、evelopall-roundabilityinordertoadapttotherealityofsociety.more表示列表示列举的方法的方法Firstofall/Aboveall,secondly,moreoverInthefirstplace,inthesecondplace,furthermore/whatsmoreTobegin(start)with,secondly,inadditionForonething,foranotherthing,forstillanotherthing3.结尾句尾句结尾句可以是对该段落主题思想的再认识和肯定。一个段落中，主题句是伏笔，扩展句是具体
73、的叙述和说明，而结尾句则进一步加强和证实该段的主题思想，以引起读者的重视。1重申主题句法2总结（结论）法3发表个人看法，总结全文4反问结尾法5引言结论法6提倡议号召（喊口号）法高分作文技巧高分作文技巧InmyopinionPersonally,Ithink/believeItakethepositionthatIhold/taketheattitudethatAsfarasIamconcernedWereitlefttometodecidemoremoremoreInconclusion/Toconclude/Inall/Allthingsconsidered/Tosumup/Havingta
74、kenallthefactorsintoconsideration,Dontyouthinkitisnecessaryforusto?Dontyouthinkitishigh/abouttimethatwedidsth?Dontyouagreewithmyidea/opinionthat?LetsjoinintheeffortstodoLetssparenoeffortstodoLetstakeeffectivemeasurestodoLetstakeimmediateactionstodoLetstakepracticalstepstodomore遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则一、要
75、写完整的句子一、要写完整的句子1避免残缺句避免残缺句1）误用非用非谓语动词的残缺句的残缺句a.Billworkingasifhislifedependedonthattheme.(x)b.Billhad been workingasifhislifedependedonthattheme.()2)独立从句的残缺句独立从句的残缺句a.Thereisstillsomelikelihoodofnotsucceedinginpassingtheexam.Although he tries very hard.(x)b.Thereisstillsomelikelihoodofnotsucceedingi
76、npassingtheexamalthough he tries very hard.()3)举例例说明的残缺句明的残缺句a.Ilookforwardtoholidays. For example, Thanksgiving and Christmas.(x).b.Ilookforwardtoholidays, for example, Thanksgiving and Christmas. ()4)以以who,that和和which引起的从句残缺。引起的从句残缺。a.Therearesomepeople.Who think that one should not hesitate to sa
77、y no.(x)b.Therearesomepeople who think that one should not hesitate to say no. ()高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则2避免避免错误的省略的省略不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的不能随意省略一些属于固定搭配的或有助于理解句意的词。省略会出省略会出现句子不完整的句子不完整的现象，影响象，影响读者理解。者理解。错误地省地省略部分略部分谓语，会使句子，会使句子结构失去平衡。构失去平衡。a.Therearenotsufficientbrandsforstudentsto choose
78、.(x)b.Therearenotsufficientbrandsforstudentsto choosefrom.()a.ThesuggestionyoumadeismorefeasiblethanMary made.(x)b.Thesuggestionyoumadeismorefeasiblethanthe one Mary made.()高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则3.避免避免连写句写句当两个或两个以上的独立句子被当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相点符号相连时，就形成就形成了了连写句（有的也称写句（
79、有的也称为融合句）。改正融合句）。改正这种句子可以用以下五种方法：种句子可以用以下五种方法：1)中中间用句号使各句子独立。用句号使各句子独立。a.Therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind,we should not read them.(x)b.Therearemanybadbooksthatarepoisonoustoourmind.We should not read them.()2)如果两个句子意思如果两个句子意思联系系紧密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开密，也可用分号分开，分号后用小写字母开头。a.Theexamwaspostpo
80、ned,the class was cancelled as well.(x)b.Theexamwaspostponed;the class was cancelled as well.()3）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列）两个句子若同等重要，也可用并列连词and,but,or,for,nor,yet,so等等连成并列句。成并列句。a.Tomdecidedtostopsmoking,he didnt want to die of cancer.(x)b.Tomdecidedtostopsmoking,for he didnt want to die of cancer.()4)可根据句子内容
81、将其中的一部分用主从可根据句子内容将其中的一部分用主从连词because,when,while,since,eventhough,assoonas,but,while和和if等等变成从句。成从句。a.Andy forgot the timehemissedthefinalexam.(x)b. Because Andy forgot the time,hemissedthefinalexam./Andymissedthefinalexambecause he forgot the time.()5)根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上根据句子内容，可以用分号再加上consequently,theref
82、ore,likewise,furthermore,nevertheless或或moreover等等连接接词和逗号。和逗号。a.Thehouseistoosmallforafamilyoffour,it is in a bad condition.(x)b.Thehouseistoosmallforafamilyoffour; furthermore, it is in a bad condition.().高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣遣遣词词造句造句造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原句子写作原句子写作原则则二、二、句子要符合句子要符合规范范1.要注意英要注意英汉两种两种语言的差异性。言的差异性。首
83、先要将主首先要将主谓语确立下来，不管多么复确立下来，不管多么复杂的句子，只的句子，只要把它要把它们的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来的位置固定了，其他的成分就会按关系就位，要打破原来汉语的的语序序.2.句子的一致性关系句子的一致性关系.句子的句子的标志是具有主志是具有主谓结构，而主构，而主谓必必须保持一致。充当保持一致。充当谓语的的动词总是无一例外地表是无一例外地表现出人称、数、出人称、数、时态、语态、语气五个特点。气五个特点。a.Somebodyholdthatoneshouldreadselectively.(x)b.Somebody holdsthatoneshouldr
84、eadselectively.()a.Manystudentscomplainedthatthecanteenservice isterriblyawful.(x)b.Manystudentscomplainedthatthecanteenservicewasterriblyawful.()a.Thecomputerisreportedinthenewspaper to have developedsinceitsadvent.(x)b.Thecomputerisreportedinthenewspaperto have been developedsinceitsadvent.()a.Noc
85、onclusions have arrivedatsofar.(x)b.Noconclusionshave been arrivedatsofar.()a.Itishightimethatthegovernmenttakeseffectivemeasurestoprotectourenvironment.(x)b.Itishightimethatthegovernmenttookeffectivemeasurestoprotectourenvironment.()高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则3.主次分明，从属得当主次分明，从属得当重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，
86、次要的思想由从句表达，或由其它重要的思想一般放在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表达，或由其它修修饰结构或伴随状构或伴随状语来表达；同等重要的思想出来表达；同等重要的思想出现在相同的在相同的语法法结构构中，否中，否则会主次不分，内容混乱。会主次不分，内容混乱。a.Themeetinghavingbeenbroughttoaclose,nofurtherdiscussionarose.(x)(该句的因果关系不合句的因果关系不合逻辑)b.Nofurtherdiscussionarising,themeetingwasbroughttoaclose.()a.Theproposalbeingregarde
87、dasfeasible,allthingsareconsidered.(x)（该句的条件和句的条件和结果关系不合乎果关系不合乎逻辑）b.Allthingsconsidered,thisproposalisregardedasfeasible.()高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则三、三、句子要句子要简洁明了明了1.避免使用空洞、多余的避免使用空洞、多余的词。通常通常单个的个的词就足以表达整个空洞的短就足以表达整个空洞的短语所表达的意所表达的意义，在，在这种情况下，要用种情况下，要用单个的个的词来代替。来代替。a.Thecomputer,as a new innova
88、tion,inthelastcentury,leadstodramaticchangesinpeopleslives.b.Thecomputer,as an innovation,inthelastcentury,leadstodramaticchangesinpeopleslives.2.避免避免过多地使用并列句多地使用并列句过多地使用并列关系，即盲目地把几个主要分句都用并列多地使用并列关系，即盲目地把几个主要分句都用并列连词连接在一接在一起，会使起，会使读者感到者感到单调乏味，也无法表示分句之乏味，也无法表示分句之间的适当关系。改正的适当关系。改正这样的句子的句子时，可采用主从分句、修，可
89、采用主从分句、修饰性短性短语以及同位以及同位语等。等。避免避免过多地使用从句多地使用从句高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则四、四、句子要灵活多句子要灵活多变在英在英语写作中，不要老是使用写作中，不要老是使用“主主谓宾”或或“主主系系表表”结构。构。为了不使句子平淡无味，使了不使句子平淡无味，使读者生者生厌，不妨使用以下几种，不妨使用以下几种变换句式的方句式的方法。法。1.以以there开始的句子来表示存在开始的句子来表示存在TherehasbeenagooddealofcontroversyastowhetherPCgamesshouldbeenprohibited
90、.2.以数以数词和量和量词开始的句子来引起特开始的句子来引起特别的注意的注意Severalfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountwhenacompanyhiresanemployee.3.以介以介词来开始句子来开始句子Indiscussingthisproblem,differentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.4.以以although,if,when,while,nowthat等引等引导的从句开始的从句开始a.Ifanyoftheseexplanationsturnsouttobecorrect,manshouldtakeintoconsid
91、erationeffectivemeasurestocontrolthenumberofprivatecars.b.Aslongastheschoolmakesupitsmindtoimprovethissituation,thiswilldedefinitelybeneficialtostudents.高分作文技巧高分作文技巧遣遣词造句造句-句子写作原句子写作原则四、四、四、四、 句子要灵活多句子要灵活多句子要灵活多句子要灵活多变变5.当主当主语过长或者需要或者需要强调时，可以使用，可以使用it开始的句子开始的句子e.g.Itdoesntmakeanydifferencewhetherthi
92、smethodwillbeadoptedornot.6.以副以副词或短或短语开始句子开始句子e.g.Unfortunately,anumberofmoreseriousproblemsremaintobesolved.7.为使句子多使句子多样化，可以使用反化，可以使用反问句或句或设问句句Forwhatreasondoyouthinkitshouldbeimportant?8.用非用非谓语动词来来变换句式句式a.Allthingsconsidered,itisratherrationalforustoreachsuchaconclusion.（独立主格（独立主格结构）构）b.Whenmaking
93、adecisiontocompletelygiveupsmoking,oneshouldhavesufficientdetermination.（分（分词作状作状语）C.Motivatedbyhiswords,studentshaveregainedtheirconfidenceinthemselves.（分（分词作状作状语）高分作文技巧高分作文技巧实战真题实战真题20112011年年6 6月月1818日四级作文真题及范文日四级作文真题及范文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofOn
94、lineShopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2.2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3.3.我的建议我的建议现象分析现象分析利弊讨论利弊讨论问题解决问题解决OnlineShopping改错版改错版改错版改错版升级版升级版升级版升级版标准版标准版标准版标准版 Nowdays with fast development and increasing popular of the high technolo
95、gy ，shopping on the internet has been become a fashion among the young students. Online shopping can make our life more convenience and easy. Such as , shopping on the internet can save students time on the way between home and store, so they are be able to have more time and energy to give for thei
96、r study. The internet really have cut the distance between manufacturers and consumers, so we can even buy foreign goods in other countries .In the other hand , without face to face deal make online shopping less trust. What s more the delivery may be make goods broken. In my opinion， shopping on th
97、e internet will be more popular in the near future. And at the same time we should take some actions to make it more better.DuetotheInternet,shoppingisnolongeratiringthing.Justclickyourmouseandchoosewhatyoulike,thenthepurchaseisdone.Youdontevenhavetostepoutoftheroom.Itseemsalleasyandconvenient.Howev
98、er,peoplesopinionsvaryonthistrend.Somebelievethatonlineshoppingistimeandmoneysaving.Withplentifulselectionoptions,theycanbuywhatevertheylikeatanytime.Stillothersinsistthatmis-purchasingaloneisannoyingenough,nottomentionthecredibilityofthesellersandthesafetyoftheiraccounts.Inmyopinion,theconveniencea
99、ndexcitementofonlineshoppingisbeyondalldoubts.Inthemeantime,wemustalwaysbearinmindthatcertaintrapsdoexist,sowedbettermakesurethesellersaretrustworthybeforebuying.Inaddition,weshouldalsoguardourselvesfromthepotentialhackerswhomightstealouraccountinformation.Withtheeverrapiddevelopmentofinternettechno
100、logy,onlineshoppingiscomingintoanewfashion,whichhasarousedwidespreadconcernathomeandabroad.ThereisnodenyingthatthiskindofpracticehasgainedincreasingpopularityparticularlyamongtheyouthsAdmittedly,onlineshoppingfunctionsasadouble-edgedsword,possessingbothmeritsanddemerits.Ontheonehand,comparedwiththet
101、raditionalshoppingmode,onlineshoppingisundoubtedlymoreconvenientandtime-saving.Customersdontneedtogettotheshoppingmallandscrambleforthegoods,butjuststayingathomeandclickingthemouse.Inaddition,morechoicesareavailable,forthegoodsonlinearenotconfinedtoacertaincountryoranarea.Ontheotherhand,onlineshoppi
102、ngisntinvariablypleasant.Customersmayeasilybecheatedwhenpurchasingonline.Toillustrate,itisverylikelythatthedescriptionoftheproductsdoesntgowithwhattheyreallyare.Henceitmakesonlineshoppinglessreliableandtrustworthy.Itisundeniablethatshoppingontheinternethasbecomeanirresistibletrendinmodernsociety.Its
103、ofgreaturgencythatweneedtoregulatetherelativelawsaccordancewiththerapidgrowthofonlineshopping.Onlyinthiswaycanweenjoythepleasureandconvenienceofonlineshoppingwithouttheconcernofbeingtreated.战术回顾战术回顾语言准确语言准确与其犯错不如简单与其犯错不如简单结构清晰结构清晰主主题题句句分项论点分项论点表达升级表达升级起承转合起承转合从句从句分词分词主被动转换主被动转换肯否定转换肯否定转换基础同义基础同义词替换词替换Practice makes perfect！结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！61
