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1、13)-The-British-Royal-13)-The-British-Royal-Family-Family-英国皇室英国皇室Part 1: Exam structure1)Multiple choice questions2)Short-answer questions3)Essay questions (choose two out of eight)Your exam will be on Thursday 26th DecemberExam topicsnWe will have a revision class on week 17nMain questions:nTopic
2、1: Ancient GreecenExample essay question: What was the greatest achievements of the Ancient Greeks? Why?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nHow did democracy emerge in Athens? What were the advantages and disadvantages of Athenian democracy?Exam topicsnTopic 2: Ancient RomenEssay question: Did
3、the Roman Empire mostly use hard or soft power?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat was the Pax Romana?nWhat was the legacy of ancient Rome?Exam topicsnTopic 3: The Middle AgesnEssay question: Was the Middle Ages a period of limited civilisation compared with the Roman/Greek civilisations?
4、Why? Why not?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nCompare the High Middle Ages with the Dark Ages. What were some of the cultural achievements of the High Middle Ages?Exam topicsnTopic 4: The RenaissancenEssay question: What was the most significant contribution of the Renaissance to Western civ
5、ilisation? Why?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat was the biggest difference between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages?nWhy did the Renaissance begin in Italy?nHow did the Renaissance end?Exam topicsnTopic 5: The EnlightenmentnShort answer/multiple choice questions:nExplain how the Enli
6、ghtenment took place in the United States, France or England (choose one)nHow and why did the Enlightenment end?Exam topicsnTopic 6: The British EmpirenEssay question: Focussing on the British and Roman empires consider: were empires a good thing for Western civilisation? Why? Why not?nShort answer/
7、multiple choice questions:nWhy and how did the British empire decline?nWhat is the legacy of the British empire?Exam topicsnTopic 7: ChristianitynEssay question: Consider the influence of Christianity in the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages and its decline after the Middle Ages. Did religion play a mos
8、tly positive or mostly negative role in these periods?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nExplain the role of Martin Luther during the Protestant ReformationExam topicsnTopic 8: The conflicts of the twentieth centurynShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat were the main causes of World War
9、 One?nWhat was happening in Germany in the inter-war period?Exam topicsnTopic 9: The Rise of the USnShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhy and how did the American Revolution take place?nBriefly explain the expansion of the US in the 19th century.nIn the future, do you think we will see the dom
10、inance of the West or of the East?Exam topicsnTopic 10: The Industrial RevolutionnShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat changes did the Industrial Revolution bring about?nWhat were working conditions like in the factories during the Industrial Revolution?Exam topicsnTopic 11: The Role of Wome
11、nnEssay question: How successful were the first and second waves of feminism? Are things now mostly equal between men and women?nShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat role did women play in the Enlightenment period?nBriefly explain the first wave or the second wave of feminismExam topicsnTopi
12、c 12: The Royal FamilynShort answer/multiple choice questions:nWhat was the role of Henry VIII during the Reformation?nHow did the British Empire expand under Queen Victoria?nHow important is the role played by the monarch in Britain today?Essay questionsnWhat was the greatest achievement of the Anc
13、ient Greeks? Why?nDid the Roman Empire mostly use hard or soft power?nWas the Middle Ages a period of limited civilisation compared with the Greek/Roman civilisations? Why? Why not?nWhat was the most significant contribution of the Renaissance to Western civilisation? Why?nConsider the influence of
14、Christianity in the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages and its decline after the Middle Ages. Did religion play a mostly positive or mostly negative role in these periods?nEssay question: Focussing on the British and Roman empires consider: were empires a good thing for Western civilisation? Why? Why not
15、?nHow successful were the first and second waves of feminism? Are things now mostly equal between men and women?nChoose one historical event that we have discussed over this course. Why was it important?Any questions?nYou can get the class powerpoints off me during the break or on QQ (1740674004)Tod
16、ays class: The British Royal FamilyImportant Kings and Queens in historyHenry VIII (1491 1547) Henry VIII nUnder Henry VIII (1491-1547), the English Reformation led to the formation of the Church of EnglandnBy the mid-1520s Henry VIII had grown unhappy in his marriage to Catherine of AragonnHe wante
17、d a male heir 继承人 to stabilise the future succession of the CrownnHe wanted to divorce 离婚 Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn; but Catholic Church forbade divorce without permission from the Pope Catherine of AragornAnne BoleynBreak with the Catholic Church 天主教会nHenry therefore formed the Chur
18、ch of England changing Europe forevernHe became the “Supreme Head of the Church of England”nThis was a crucial change; until this time the Catholic Church had been virtually unchallenged in Western Europe as the ultimate spiritual authorityHenry VIII and his six wivesBriefly: the role of the monarch
19、y through historynThe Enlightenment n1688: The Glorious Revolution, part of the English Enlightenment, and saw English Protestants 新教徒新教徒 overthrowing the Catholic天主教天主教 King James II and installing the Protestant monarchs William and MarynThis led the English government to create a new Bill of Righ
20、ts, granting more personal freedoms and challenging the idea of Divine Right (i.e. Kings and Queens have rights that are given by God)Catholic King James IIProtestant monarchs William and MaryQueen Victoria (1819-1901)(reign: 1837-1901)Briefly: the role of the monarchy through historynUnder Queen Vi
21、ctoria, the British empire doubled in size to become the largest empire in historynVictoria was imperialistic 帝国主义的 in her policies nAlthough during her reign (= the time she was in power), her domestic political power decreased, she also oversaw an expansion in the power of the British empireThe ex
22、pansion of the British empire under Queen Victoria: IndianAfter a mutiny (uprising/rebellion against British rule) of the native Indians between 1857-1858, British troops were sent to India to aid the English East India CompanynAfter this, direct control of India was placed in the hands of the Briti
23、sh crown and its armynVictoria was crowned Empress of India in 1876nBritish rule over India continued until 1947AustralianAustralia was often used as a penal colony (somewhere to send criminals), to deal with criminals cheaply and usefullynMany of these criminals were men who owed money to the gover
24、nmentnIn 1851, gold 黄金黄金 was discovered in Australia, and many adventurous British immigrants sailed to Australia to seek their fortunes (make money)nBy 1861 there were more than one million British inhabitants in Australia, peopling four independent self-governing colonies; New South Wales, South A
25、ustralia, Queensland and Victoria (the last two were named in honour of Queen Victoria)CanadanAnother great landmass under British control was CanadanAlthough the Canadians were granted self-government and freedom from British interference/influence, many people there considered themselves (and some
26、 still do to this day) as subjects of the QueenThe Scramble for AfricaAfricanPerhaps the most dramatic area of British expansion under Queen Victoria was in the African continentnBy the 1870s, the British had a firm footing in Africa, and the stage was being set for the scramble for Africa in the fo
27、llowing decadesnThis scramble involved most of the major European powers carving up the giant continent and exploiting its massive store of natural resourcesQueen Victoria and the EmpireQueen Victoria and the EmpirenAs her empire around the world grew larger and larger, Queen Victorias popularity at
28、 home also increasednThe benefits of the Empire to the British economy were enormous; with land from which to harvest natural resources and ready-made markets around the world for goods made in BritainnQueen Victorias reign was therefore truly seen as a golden age of EmpireRecap: Henry VIII, the Glo
29、rious Revolution and Queen VictorianHenry VIII wanted to divorce his wife; which led to Englands break away from the Roman Catholic Church and the formation of the Church of Englandn1688 Glorious Revolution: during the Enlightenment English Protestants overthrowing the Catholic King James II and ins
30、talling Protestant monarchs William and MarynQueen Victoria saw a significant expansion of the British empire (India, Africa, Canada, Australia)Part 2: the role of the monarchy todayQueen Elizabeth II (b.1926) What does monarchy mean?nA form of government where power is invested in one person (the m
31、onarch) who is usually referred to as King/QueennToday there are two main types of monarchy:nAn absolute monarchy when the monarch has absolute power with few legal restraints. It was the most popular type of monarchy until the 19th century.nA constitutional monarchy where the monarchs power is form
32、ally limited by law/the constitution 宪法法 of the countrynThe British system is a constitutional monarchy the Queens power is limited by ParliamentExamples of an absolute monarchySaudia Arabia: KingAbdullah bin Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Saud. He has a
33、 personal fortune of $18 billion dollars (109641600000.00元)Vatican city: Pope Benedict XVIHe is elected and an absolute MonarchExamples of a constitutional monarchy Netherlands: King Willem-AlexanderJapan: Emperor Akihito The British monarchy = a constitutional monarchynAlthough the Queen has no exe
34、cutive or political power she still plays an important role in the life of the UKnAs head of state she has many ceremonial duties dating back 1, 000 years; opening parliament, passing all laws, swearing in all prime ministers (she has overseen 12 prime ministers starting with Winston Churchill in 19
35、53) and greeting other Heads of StateThe British monarchynThe British monarchy is a constitutional monarchy but also a hereditary monarchynThis means that it is kept in the family: when the monarch dies it is a member of their family (usually the son) who takes overnHowever, this year UK law changed
36、 so now it is the first-born child and not the first male who will become King/QueennThis law is called the Succession to the Crown Act 2013Review: defining the British monarchynThe British monarchy is a:nConstitutional monarchy (the power of the monarch is limited by law)nHereditary monarchy (when
37、the monarch dies it is a member of their family, usually the son, who takes over)Facts about the QueennShe loves corgisnShe is the only person in Britain who does not need a passportnHer face is on every stamp and every piece of money in BritainnOn your 100th birthday she will send you a hand-writte
38、n letter. In 2000 she sent a letter to her own mother!nHer car has no number plate 车牌照牌照nShe has two birthdays, her real birthday (21st April) and an official birthday (21st June)nShe speaks fluent French and often uses this language for audience and state visitsWhy is the Queen still important toda
39、y?nStability: the monarchy acts as continuitynA link to the past: the monarchy is a reminder of Britains history and traditionsnModel behaviour: the Queen acts as an example for the nation in how to conduct themselves and behavenExperience: the Queen has met 100s of heads of statesnUniting the natio
40、n probably the Queens most important role!nLeadership: especially during WWIInMoney: the monarchy brings in an estimated 500m a year from tourismCriticisms of the QueennUndemocratic no-one votes for her, if she is a bad ruler we cannot get rid of hernHereditary it is not fair that the Royal family h
41、as so much power just for being someones son or daughternToo much power invested in one person technically she could dissolve parliament and rule Britain herselfnMoney the royal family receive roughly 36.1 million (36, 100, 000, 000元） from the government every year despite being multi-millionaires a
42、lready Recap: positives and negatives of the British monarchynPositives: stability, link to the past, experience, unity, leadership, money from tourismnNegatives: undemocratic, hereditary rule is unfair, too much power given to one person, too much government money spent on herThe Royal WeddingKate
43、Middleton (Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge)Age: 30Prince William, Duke of CambridgeAge: 30*Duke and Duchess are honorary titles (荣誉头衔) given to members of the Royal Family nThe Royal Wedding took place on April 29th 2011 at 11am at Westminster AbbeyIt was a national holiday for everyone in Britain!W
44、edding ceremony clipAfter the wedding ceremony they travelled to Buckingham Palace.Buckingham Palace (the Queens main home)When they kissed, the crowd shouted in excitement, but it was too loud for some people!Three-year-old Grace van CutsemWorld War II planes also flew over Buckingham Palace to pay
45、 tribute to William and KateThe Wedding was watched by over 2, 000, 000, 000 people across the world! Times Square, New YorkSydney, AustraliaIt is an example of how, even though the role of the British monarchy has changed dramatically, it still has support and influence around the world a decline in its hard power but an increase in its soft power结束结束
