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1、 国际商务法律文献翻译国际商务法律文献翻译Translation of Legal Documents for Business1Main contentsn1. Lexical Features of Legal Documentsn2. Syntactic Features of Legal Documentsn3. Textual Features of Legal Documentsn4. Translation Strategiesn5. Translation Practice21. Lexical Features of Legal Languagen1) Frequent us
2、e of common words with uncommon meaningsn2) Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common, now raren3) Frequent use of Latin words and phrasesn4) Use of French words not in the general vocabularyn5) Use of terms of art3n6) Use of argotn7) Frequent use of formal words n8) Use of doublets a
3、nd triplets and synonyms n9) Use of absolutes n10) Deliberate use of words and expressions with flexible meanings 41.1 Use of common words with uncommon meaningnaction 诉讼nalien 转让 navoid 废止nconsideration 补偿/对价/约因ncounterpart 副本ncover 抵偿ndamages 赔偿金ndistress 扣押nendorsement 背书nhonor 承兑ninstrument 文件nl
4、etters 许可证nmotion 动议，请求，申请nparty 诉讼当事人；签约的一方nprayer诉讼请求 nprejudice 损害（合法权利）npresents 本文件nsave 除之外51.2 legal terms of art & argotnA term of art is a technical word with a specific meaning and irreplaceable. Not everything that has the sound of the law is a term of art. A term of art must be specific.
5、 There are numerous words which operate as a kind of shorthand among lawyers: nagent 代理 alibi 不在现场的证明ndefendant 被告 discovery 取证nholding (of a case) 裁定nletters patent专利特许证nplaintiff 原告 recision （法律等的）消除、废除nrestitution 归还；补偿；赔偿6n【例】The owner of a registered trade mark may surrender the registration of
6、 the trade mark by filing a notice of surrender on the specified form.n【译】任何注册商标的拥有人可采用指明表格提交放弃通知，而放弃该商标的注册。7nArgot (=cant or jargon) is specialized vocabulary that is common within a group, whether or not deliberately designed to exclude the non-member of the group. nThe language of the law, someti
7、mes even a particular word, has a dual aspect. Lawyers use language that is intended to speak to lawyers and laymen, as in contracts, jury instructions, notices, and even laws. Lawyers also use language that is intended to speak primarily to each other, as in pleadings, opinions, argument and in the
8、 day-to-day negotiation and discussion that is the lawyers life. In this aspect, a portion of the language of the law is ARGOT, a professional language. E.g.:8nalter ego 他我，另一个自我nat issue 系争点ncase at bar 正在审讯的案件ncase law 判例法nday in court 出庭日ninsider trading 秘密交易nmisdemeanor 轻罪；行为失检nnegotiable instru
9、ment 流通票据nplea bargain 认罪求情协议nprocess 传票nquash 撤销，废止nrecord 诉讼记录nretainer 律师聘请费nstale claim 失效的债权nwork product （律师）工作成果9 Frequent use of Old and Middle English words once common, now rarenThe general English of today leans heavily on Old and Middle English. But the language of the law retains numero
10、us Old and Middle English words and meanings which have long since passed out of general usage. n【例】In witness whereof the undersigned being duly authorized by their respective Governments for that purpose have signed this Convention.n【译】下列署名者，经各自政府正式授权，特签署本公约，以昭信守。10naforementioned 前述的 naforesaid 如
11、上所述的，上面提到的nanent 关于，涉及nbelike 大概，或许nforegoing 前面的，前述的nhaply 偶然的，碰巧的nhenceforth 从此以后，从今以后nhereafter 今后（after this time）nherebefore 迄今（until now）nhereby 特此11nherein 于此处，因此nhereinabove 在上文nhereinafter 在下文，以下nhereof 在本文中，于此nhereto 至此，对此nhereunder 在下面，在下文，据此nherewith 与此一道，同此nhowbeit 尽管如此nmaugre 尽管，不顾12 F
12、requent use of loan wordsnMany of the English words are taken directly from Latin or indirectly through French. Some of the Latin found in the standard law dictionaries have become an accepted part of the English language. For example:naffidavit书面证词/宣誓书nalias别名, 化名nAlibi不在犯罪现场的证明/不在犯罪现场一种辩护形式nbona f
13、ide善意/真诚的nprovisonquorum法定人数nhabeas corpus人身保护令13n【例】A bona fide business person is taken to mean a person who is engaged in the trade of goods, the provision of services or the conduct of investment activities. It does not include entertainers, musicians, artists or persons engaged in similar occup
14、ations.n【译】真正的经商人士是指参与货物贸易、提供服务或进行投资活动的人士。这并不包括表演者、音乐家、艺术家或同类行业的人士。141.5 Doublets and tripletsn法律语言中，经常出现一串词语并列出现但表示同一法律概念的现象。这些并列词组一般都是两到三个词语组成，并用连接词“and”或“or”连接起来的配对词（doublets）或三联词（triplets）。按照克里斯托尔（Crystal，2004）说法，产生这种现象的原因主要是因为上文提到的法语和拉丁语外来语对英语的影响。n在中世纪，律师起草法律文件的时候经常把拉丁语、法语和英语词语混合使用，这样可以避免概念理解上的
15、偏差，但有时候仅仅是为了加强语气的需要。这种做法一直延续到现在。我们从下面的例子里就可见一斑：15n“breaking and entering” 英语+法语n“fit and proper” 英语+法语n“lands and tenements” 英语+法语n“will and testament” 英语+拉丁语n当然也有全都是英语本民族词汇的并列词组，如“let and hindrance”和“have and hold”等。16n翻译这种并列词语的时候要特别小心，因为这种并列从意义上来分有两种情况：一种是并列词语意义相近或相同，如：nfurnish and provide提供nnull
16、and void无效nterms, stipulations and conditions条款nmentioned or referred to提及17n对于此类型的配对词或三联词，一般只需翻译其中的一个常见词的意义就行了。如在下例中，“amend”（修正）、“vary”（变更）及“modify”（更改）之间的意思虽有细微差别，但是在这里并用都是为了表达一个意思“修改”。所以，翻译的时候只用把这层意思翻译出来就行了。n【例】Sinos Inc. may at any time, at its sole discretion, amend, vary or modify these Terms
17、of Use.n【译】赛诺思公司可随时自行修改这些使用条款。18n法律英语中的另一种词语并列情况是结构并列，但意义有别，如：nsigned and delivered签署并寄出nin whole or in part按总体或部分来讲nrevocation, suspension or imposition撤回、停止或强制接受ndispute, controversy or claim争议、纠纷或请求n在翻译这些意义有差别的并列词语的时候，在翻译这些意义有差别的并列词语的时候，需要将其意义完整无误地用译入语传达出来。需要将其意义完整无误地用译入语传达出来。191.6 Use of absolut
18、es and fuzzy wordsn法律语言非常讲究表述的精确性, 经常反复使用一些表示绝对性概念的词语、明确的限定语或包罗广泛的限定语，如：nallnimpossiblenincluding but not limited to nirrevocablenlast clear chancennevernnonenuniformnwherevernwhoevernand no more 20n在下例的英译过程中，译者为了顺应法律英语的表达习惯和追求英译本的表述准确就采用了“whoever”这个绝对性的表达法以及“his or her”来实现这一点。n【例】违反本法第十一条的规定，未经许可登记
19、设立拍卖企业的，由工商行政管理部门予以取缔，没收违法所得，并可以处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罚款。（中华人民共和国拍卖法第六十条）n【译】Whoever violates the stipulation of Article 11 of this Law by establishing an auction enterprise without approval or registration shall have his or her enterprise banned and his or her illegal income confiscated by the administrati
20、ve department for industry and commerce, and may be given a fine that ranges from 100 percent to 500 percent of his or her illegal earnings. 21n法律文件的起草者有时会使用一些灵活的表达法，来追求概念表述的无懈可击。这些语义含糊的特点会体现在如下的一些词语（组）上： naboutnadequatenapparentlynapproximatelynas soon as possiblenavailablenaveragencomparablendue c
21、are22n【例】Article 6 EvidencenIn cases in which any interested party refuses access to, or otherwise does not provide, necessary information within a reasonable period or significantly impedes the investigation, preliminary and final determinations, affirmative or negative, may be made on the basis of
22、 the facts available. The provisions of Annex II shall be observed in the application of this paragraph.n【译】第六条 证据n如任何利害关系方不允许使用或未在合理时间内提供必要的信息，或严重妨碍调查，则初步和最终裁定，无论是肯定的还是否定的，均可在可获得的事实基础上作出。在适用本款时应遵守附件2的规定。231.7 Modal wordsn法律语言的一个重要特点是规约性情态动词的使用，英语如此，汉语亦然。英语中有情态动词13个，但在法律英语中频繁出现的情态动词主要是“shall”，“may”和
23、“must”这3个。与之对应的汉语情态助词主要有：“必须”、“须”、“应当”、“应”、“要”、“可”等。24n“shall”是构成法律英语文体的一个最主要的情态动词。它可以与第三人称连用，表示命令、义务、职责、权利、特权和许诺等（李克兴、张新红，2005：151）。英汉互译中，“shall” 一般被翻译成“应”、“应该”或“须”等，反之亦然。如在下列两例中，第一例的3个“shall”都被翻译成了“应”；第二例中的“须”就被翻译成了“shall”。n【例】A fair comparison shall be made between the export price and the normal
24、 value. This comparison shall be made at the same level of trade, normally at the ex-factory level, and in respect of sales made at as nearly as possible the same time. Due allowance shall be made in each case, on its merits, for differences which affect price comparability, including differences in
25、 conditions and terms of sale, taxation, levels of trade, quantities, physical characteristics, and any other differences which are also demonstrated to affect price comparability.n【译】对出口价格和正常价值应进行公平比较。此比较应在相同贸易水平上进行，通常在出厂前的水平上进行，且应尽可能针对在相同时间进行的销售。应根据每一案件的具体情况，适当考虑影响价格可比性的差异，包括在销售条件和条款、税收、贸易水平、数量、物理
26、特征方面的差异，以及其他能够证明影响价格可比性的差异。25n【例】外国非军用船舶，享有依法无害通过中华人民共和国领海的权利。外国军用船舶进入中华人民共和国领海，须经中华人民共和国政府批准。n【译】Foreign ships for non-military purposes shall enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea of the Peoples Republic of China in accordance with the law. Foreign ships for military purp
27、oses shall be subject to approval by the Government of the Peoples Republic of China for entering the territorial sea of the Peoples Republic of China.26n此外，在英汉法律翻译中，“shall”有时候也可以省略不译（零翻译）。当用作否定形式“shall not”时，语气十分强烈，汉语一般译作“不得”。在下例中，我们可以看出：第一个和最后一个“shall” 在译文中都被省略掉了；第二个被译作“应”；第三个“shall”跟否定词“no”连用，语气也
28、较强烈，所以译作“（无）必须”；“shall not”被翻译成“不得”，是比较准确的。27n【 例 】 Throughout the antidumping investigation all interested parties shall have a full opportunity for the defence of their interests. To this end, the authorities shall, on request, provide opportunities for all interested parties to meet those parties
29、 with adverse interests, so that opposing views may be presented and rebuttal arguments offered. Provision of such opportunities must take account of the need to preserve confidentiality and of the convenience to the parties. There shall be no obligation on any party to attend a meeting, and failure
30、 to do so shall not be prejudicial to that partys case. Interested parties shall also have the right, on justification, to present other information orally.n【译】在整个反倾销调查期间，所有利害关系方均有为其利益进行辩护的充分机会。为此，应请求，主管机关应向所有利害关系方提供与具有相反利益的当事方会面的机会，以便陈述对立的观点和提出反驳的论据。提供此类机会必须考虑保护机密和方便有关当事方的需要。任何一方均无必须出席会议的义务，未能出席会议不
31、得对该方的案件产生不利。利害关系方还有权在说明正当理由后口头提出其他信息。28n如果强制语气较重，法律英语的情态动词一般选用“must”，汉语译作“必须”；如果不带强制性，只表示享有某种权利，一般选用“may”，汉语译作“可”，有时候也可不译，如上例所示。但是译者需要注意他们的否定形式“must not”和“may not”的用法。“must not”在法律英语中虽然也表示禁止的意思，但是一般约定俗成地译作“不可以”、“不准”。“may not”的语气较强（比“shall not”略弱），一般译作“不得”。下面是一则汉译英的例子：“不得”被翻译成了“may not”；“须”被翻译成了“shal
32、l”。29n【例】合营企业在合营期间不得减少其注册资本。因投资总额和生产经营规模等发生变化，确需减少的，须经审批机构批准。n【译】No joint venture may reduce its registered capital during the term of the joint venture. If there is a real need for reduction of the registered capital due to changes in the total amount of investment, the scale of production and oper
33、ation, or other circumstances, such reduction shall be subject to approval by the examination and approval authority.（孙万彪，2004：20-22）30n译者还需要注意：汉语法律文本的起草者有时会把“应当”当作“必须”的同义词，如“单位应当给予一定时间的产假”。此时，译者不能机械地将其译作“should”。这是因为汉语法律文本中的“应当”往往表示的是“必须”的意思，所以最好选用“shall”。如果选用“should”则意味着：“原该或最好如此这般（如果不如此这般，那只好算了）”
34、，语气太过婉转，有悖原文内涵（陈忠诚，1992：34）。312. Syntactic Features of Legal Documentsn2.1 Use of statementn因为要达到的目的和功能的不同，人们在行文的时候会选用不同的句型：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句等等。法律文本所需传达的是公正、客观、准确、规范的内容以及庄重和权威的语气，所以起草者一般会采用陈述句来表述法律概念、确认法律关系、规定人们的权利和义务（汉语法律法规文本中，祈使命令句也很常见）。32n【例】经营者违反本法规定，达成并实施垄断协议的，由反垄断执法机构责令停止违法行为，没收违法所得，并处上一年度销售额百分之
35、一以上百分之十以下的罚款；尚未实施所达成的垄断协议的，可以处五十万元以下的罚款。（中华人民共和国反垄断法第四十六条）n【译】Where business operators reach an monopoly agreement and perform it in violation of this Law, the anti-monopoly authority shall order them to cease doing so, and shall confiscate the illegal gains and impose a fine of 1% up to 10% of the
36、sales revenue in the previous year. Where the reached monopoly agreement has not been performed, a fine of less than 500,000 yuan shall be imposed. (Article 46, Anti-monopoly Law of the Peoples Republic of China. )332.3 Use of long sentencen法律语言力求准确和严谨、经常会有很多限制条件，所以喜欢用长句和复杂句。这是法律文献译者最感头疼的一个问题。法律英语长句
37、非常多，往往有许多分句、定语、状语或其它修饰成分。 34n【例】A Member may provide that any request made under this Section in connection with the use or registration of a trademark must be presented within five years after the adverse use of the protected indication has become generally known in that Member or after the date of
38、 registration of the trademark in that Member provided that the trademark has been published by that date, if such date is earlier than the date on which the adverse use became generally known in that Member, provided that the geographical indication is not used or registered in bad faith. (Article
39、24, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights )35n【译】一成员可规定，在本节下就一商标的使用或注册提出的任何请求必须在对该受保护的标记的不利使用已在该成员境内被普遍知晓之后5年内提出，或者，如果商标在一成员境内的注册日期早于上述不利使用该成员境内被普遍知晓的日期，且如果该商标在其注册之日前已被公告，则必须在该商标在该成员境内注册之日后5年内提出，前提是该地理标记未被恶意地使用或注册。（与贸易有关的知识产权协定第二十四条）36n【例】用人单位以暴力、威胁或者非法限制人身自由的手段强迫劳动者劳动的，
40、或者用人单位违章指挥、强令冒险作业危及劳动者人身安全的，劳动者可以立即解除劳动合同，不需事先告知用人单位。（中华人民共和国劳动合同法第三十八条）n【译】Where any worker is forced to work by violence, by threat or by illegally limiting his personal freedom, or is forced to perform dangerous operations which may endanger his personal safety under illicitly commands or forces
41、of the employer, the worker may immediately discharge the labor contract without informing the employer in advance. (Article 38, Labor Contract Law of the Peoples Republic of China)372.3 Typical legal English sentence patternsn法律文本用词用句有僵化的倾向，某些句型重复使用的频率非常高；法律语言运用和法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持术语和句型结构在文中的同一性。掌握此类典型
42、句型及其翻译，可以大大提高法律英语学习和法律翻译工作的效率。38n1) OTHERWISEnOtherwise 在法律英语中的用法：n跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用；n置放在连词or之后使用；n与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。n例如：nA notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. n 根据第（1）款发
43、出的通知书除其中另有订定外亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入一如适用于该项财产本身。39nIf 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served notwithstanding that any other persons jointly liable may not ha
44、ve been served or been a party or may not be within the jurisdiction of the Board. n如有2名或以上的人以合伙人或其它身分而属同一宗申索的被告人法律程序文件可送达予其中任何一人而判定该收件人败诉的裁定可由申索人获得执行程序亦可向该受件人进行即使任何其它共同有责的人可能未获得送达法律程序文件或不属当事人或不在仲裁处的司法管辖权范围内均无例外。40n2) SUBJECT TOn该短语在法律英文中一般都跟 “agreement”, “section”, “contract”等法律文件名或文件中特定条款名配合使用。n通常
45、可翻译成“以为条件”、“根据规定”、“ 在符合的情况下”、“除另有规定外”以及“在不抵触下”等。nSubject to this section, an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under subsection (5). n在符合本条的规定下,上诉须按根据(5)款订立的规则内订明的方式提出,并须受该规则所订明的条件规限。41n3) WITHOUT PREJUDICE TOn这个英文法律短语的功能相当
46、于普通英文中的“without affecting”。与上一节“subject to.”的句法结构相同，跟在“without prejudice to”这个短语之后的通常是一个指代某项法律条款的名词。但对有关事物或条款的规限程度，没有前者那么强硬。前者规限的程度是必须“符合”或“依照”有关条款或规定，后者指不要影响或损害其规限的事物。在汉语中，其意思相当于“在不损害的原则下”、“在不影响的情况下”、“ 不受影响”、“ 不妨碍”、以及“不规限”等等。42nWithout prejudice to the rights of the Attorney General every complaina
47、nt or informant shall be at liberty to conduct the complaint or information respectively and to have the witnesses examined and cross-examined by him or by counsel on his behalf. n在不损害律政司权利的原则下每名申诉人或告发人可进行其申诉或告发并亲自或由代表律师讯问及盘问证人。434) FOR THE PURPOSE OFn【例】为了预防和制止垄断行为，保护市场公平竞争，提高经济运行效率，维护消费者利益和社会公共利益，
48、促进社会主义市场经济健康发展，制定本法。n【译】This Law is enacted for the purpose of preventing and restraining monopolistic conducts, protecting fair competition in the market, enhancing economic efficiency, safeguarding the interests of consumers and social public interest, promoting the healthy development of the soci
49、alist market economy.44n【例】For the purpose of this Agreement, a product is to be considered as being dumped, i.e. introduced into the commerce of another country at less than its normal value, if the export price of the product exported from one country to another is less than the comparable price,
50、in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in the exporting country.n【译】就本协定而言，如一产品自一国出口至另一国的出口价格低于在正常贸易过程中出口国供消费的同类产品的可比价格，即以低于正常价值的价格进入另一国的商业，则该产品被视为倾销。452.4 Nominalizationn名词化（nominalization）是从其它词类（如动词和形容词等）转化为名词，或从一个底层小句得出一个名词短语的派生过程（卢敏，2007：34）。名词化的词主要是指
51、表示动作或状态的抽象名词，或是起名词作用的非谓语动词。从句法功能上说，“它可以避免使用人称主语，从而防止句子结构过少臃肿；此外，名词化结构的组合方式多，意义容量大，适宜表达精细复杂的思想概念，具有简洁确切，严密客观的修辞功能”（季益广，1999：9）。n英语本来应当是以动词为中心，但其名词用法灵活，没有使用动词那么多的限制，所以名词占优势。与此不同，汉语动词用法灵活多变，动词占优势。虽然总体倾向如此，但是在不同文体的英语语篇中，名词化程度并不一样。文体风格越正式，名词化程度越高。王晋军（2003：76）的研究表明：法律文本名词化程度最高，达83.5%；童话寓言最低，仅为0.7%；其它文体依次为
52、：科技72.6%；新闻40.3%；小说27.2%。由此可以看出，名词化在法律英语中是如何的普遍。 46n【例】The protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological kn
53、owledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.n【译】知识产权的保护和执法应有助于促进技术革新和技术转让与传播，使技术知识的创造者和使用者互相受益并有助于社会和经济福利的增长及权利和义务的平衡。473.Textual Features of Legal Documentsn法律英语语篇类型已经成为法律文化规约的重要组成部分，对法律翻译的标准和翻译策略的选择与确定起着至关重要的作用。n在篇章策略上，由于法律语言用于制定和实施法
54、律，其实用性使它具有不同于以审美愉悦为目的的文艺作品，其法律性又决定了它主要以理服人而不必以情感人，因此对生动描写和抒情是排斥的。在叙述、说明、论证、描写与抒情这5类表述方式中，法律文本主要采用前三种，而立法文本则主要采用前两种。 48n在篇章结构上，每一部法律法规都是一个严整的体系，而不是法律观念的简单罗列。一般都是把有关的法律规范的特定项目安置在一个结构严密的框架中，并显示出它们之间的内部关联和相对重要性。法律结构必须周密严谨、层次分明、科学合理。只有结构合理、条文安排妥帖，才能使全部文本清晰实用。法律语篇注重前后层次、埋伏照应、结构严谨、简详得当并具有严格特殊的程式。立法语篇是法律语篇的
55、一种，它是立法机关（例如中国的人大和人大常委）通过并实施的各项法律法规。为了更加准确地传达立法者的意图和法律法规的具体内容，以便司法者和执法者在用法的过程中能够正确理解和使用法律，在立法过程中必须遵照一定的立法方针、根据一定的立法技术，并且采用格式比较固定的语篇模式把立法结果记录下来。49n这种程式化语篇虽然受到非法律界专业人士的批评，认为它过于死板，但是专业人士却认为它是保持法律规范的庄严性及其内容的严谨合理和准确规范的必要手段，能使法律规范的内涵得到最为充分的体现。程式化的语篇结构的另一个优点是它可以给所涉及的法律条文、专业术语和概括性词语设定一定的阐释语境，减少曲解或误解法律条文和概括性
56、词语的可能性。这种程式化表达模式也符合专业用法者的阅读习惯和阅读期待，产生可以识别的并且制约他们的阅读模式的结构和修辞特征，从而减轻他们的阅读负担，使他们在理解、解释和使用法律的过程中尽可能减少犯错误的机会。50n各国由于法律制度不同，其立法文本的主要项目及其结构安排尽管相似，但也有一些差异。下图展示的是加拿大、瑞士和中国的立法文本所包含的主要成分或项目及其结构框架。从中可以看出，三国的立法文本的程式化结构安排大体相同，但也有一些差异，比如中国和瑞士都把标题、公布等信息放在“总则”之前，但加拿大则把这些信息放在总则之内。51524. Translation Strategiesn4.1 Con
57、version of Parts of Speechn4.2 Change of Voicen4.3 Splitting and Conjoiningn4.4 Addition and Omissionn4.5 Translation of Long Sentences534.1 Conversionn英语多名词性的表达法，汉语多动词性的表达法，所以在英汉互译实践过程中，尤其是在英汉法律文献的翻译中，译者往往要采取词性转换译法，将英语的名词性表达转换成汉语的动词性表达，或将汉语的动词性表达，转换成英语的名词性表达。 n【例】GM reserves the right to change the
58、 design, specifications and features of products and services at any time without prior notice.n【译】通用汽车保留不经事先通知而随时更改外形，配备和性能参数的权利。544.2Change of voicen英语中被动语态的使用频率比汉语要高得多，所以英汉翻译的时候往往要进行语态转换。 n【例】It is recognized that special regard must be given by developed country Members to the special situation
59、of developing country Members when considering the application of anti-dumping measures under this Agreement. Possibilities of constructive remedies provided for by this Agreement shall be explored before applying anti dumping duties where they would affect the essential interests of developing coun
60、try Members.n【译】各方认识到，在考虑实施本协定项下的反倾销措施时，发达国家成员应对发展中国家成员的特殊情况给予特别注意。在实施会影响发展中国家成员根本利益的反倾销税之前，应探讨本协定规定的建设性补救的可能性。55n【例】Article 9 Imposition and Collection of AntiDumping Duties When an anti-dumping duty is imposed in respect of any product, such anti-dumping duty shall be collected in the appropriate
61、amounts in each case, on a non discriminatory basis on imports of such product from all sources found to be dumped and causing injury, except as to imports from those sources from which price undertakings under the terms of this Agreement have been accepted. The authorities shall name the supplier o
62、r suppliers of the product concerned. If, however, several suppliers from the same country are involved, and it is impracticable to name all these suppliers, the authorities may name the supplying country concerned. If several suppliers from more than one country are involved, the authorities may na
63、me either all the suppliers involved, or, if this is impracticable, all the supplying countries involved.56n【译】第九条 反倾销税的征收 如对任何产品征收反倾销税，则应对已被认定倾销和造成损害的所有来源的进口产品根据每一案件的情况在非歧视基础上收取适当金额的反倾销税，来自根据本协定条款提出的价格承诺已被接受的来源的进口产品除外。主管机关应列出有关产品供应商的名称。但是，如涉及来自同一国家的多个供应商，且不能列出所有供应商的名称，则主管机关可列出有关供应国的名称。如涉及来自一个以上国家的多
64、个供应商，则主管机关可列出所有供应商的名称，或如果这样做不可行，也可列出所有涉及的供应国的名称。574.3 Splitting and Conjoiningn分合译法是英汉法律翻译中经常用到的一种翻译技巧。特别是当法律文本的意思复杂，分句较多的时候，译者需要理清源文本的逻辑或修饰关系，有时候就需要把源文用一句表述的概念分为两句或更多，另一些时候则需要把几层意思合在一个句子里。58n【例】买受人应当按照约定支付拍卖标的的价款，未按照约定支付价款的，应当承担违约责任，或者由拍卖人征得委托人的同意，将拍卖标的再行拍卖。（中华人民共和国拍卖法第三十九条）n【译】A buyer shall pay th
65、e sum of money for the item as agreed upon. If the buyer fails to pay the agreed price, it shall bear the liabilities of breaking a contract or, with the approval of the seller, the auction house may re-auction the item. (Auction Law of the Peoples Republic of China, Article 39.)594.4 Addition and O
66、missionn增减译法是英汉互译中经常要用到的翻译技巧。如在翻译汉语的无主句的时候，需要增添一个恰当的主语。英语的很多代词和连接词在汉译的时候往往可以酌情省略。n【例】Copyright protection shall extend to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.n【译】版权的保护应该延及表述方式，但不延及思想、程序、操作方法或数学概念本身。60n【例】 Each of the parties do hereby waive
67、 any proof that such breach will cause irreparable injury to such party or that there is no adequate remedy at law.n【译】各方谨此表示不要求另一方进行举证，以证明一方违约将给另一方造成不可弥补的损害或根据普通法得不到足够的救济。 614.5 Translation of long sentencesn法律文本的翻译中，最难处理的莫过于长句。英语是以“形合为主”的语言，有很多形式连接方式，如介词（短语）、关系代词、关系副词、连接词、非限定动词（动词不定式、分词、动名词）及其词组等。
68、其句子组织呈“树式结构”，有一个句子主干（“树干”），主干的各个部分有很多修饰成分（“枝叶”）。所以，英语中往往出现从句套从句、重峦叠嶂、枝繁叶茂的情况。n要正确理解和翻译这些英语长句，首先得找准句子主干，然后分清各部分的修饰关系和逻辑联系，化长为短，各个击破。在信息重组过程中，译者一般有两种选择：一是基本保留原文的组织结构，采取“顺句驱动”法；二是按照汉民族熟悉的话语组织方式，即按照时空、逻辑顺序来进行语序调整和信息重构。62n【例】When there are no sales of the like product in the ordinary course of trade in t
69、he domestic market of the exporting country or when, because of the particular market situation or the low volume of the sales in the domestic market of the exporting country, such sales do not permit a proper comparison, the margin of dumping shall be determined by comparison with a comparable pric
70、e of the like product when exported to an appropriate third country, provided that this price is representative, or with the cost of production in the country of origin plus a reasonable amount for administrative, selling and general costs and for profits.n【译】如在出口国国内市场的正常贸易过程中不存在该同类产品的销售，或由于出口国国内市场的
71、特殊市场情况或销售量较低，不允许对此类销售进行适当比较，则倾销幅度应通过比较同类产品出口至一适当第三国的可比价格确定，只要该价格具有代表性，或通过比较原产国的生产成本加合理金额的管理、销售和一般费用及利润确定。63n【例】Sales of the like product in the domestic market of the exporting country or sales to a third country at prices below per unit (fixed and variable) costs of production plus administrative,
72、selling and general costs may be treated as not being in the ordinary course of trade by reason of price and may be disregarded in determining normal value only if the authorities determine that such sales are made within an extended period of time in substantial quantities and are at prices which d
73、o not provide for the recovery of all costs within a reasonable period of time. n【译】同类产品以低于单位(固定和可变)生产成本加管理、销售和一般费用的价格在出口国国内市场的销售或对一第三国的销售，只有在主管机关确定此类销售属在一持续时间内以实质数量、且以不能在一段合理时间内收回成本的价格进行时，方可以价格原因将其视为未在正常贸易过程中进行的销售，且可在确定正常价值时不予考虑。64n汉语是以“意合为主”的语言，句子和句子之间缺乏形式手段，是通过意义紧密连接起来的。其句子组织呈“竹式结构”，一个长句往往由很多流水小句
74、组成。所以，汉语长句翻译的关键是要弄清原文的含义，然后选择一个恰当的主语，先把句子主干翻译出来，再把修饰成分添加上去。有时候还需要综合采用其它译法（如分合译法等），把紧密相关的信息处理成为一个句子，把其它信息处理成为另外一个句子。65n【例】县级以上地方人民政府劳动行政部门实施监督检查时，有权查阅与劳动合同、集体合同有关的材料，有权对劳动场所进行实地检查，用人单位和劳动者都应当如实提供有关情况和材料。（中华人民共和国劳动合同法第75条）n【译】When conducting the surveillance and inspection, the labor administrative de
75、partment of the peoples government at or above the county level is entitled to consult relevant materials with respect to the labor contracts and collective contracts and it has the rights to carry out the spot inspections on the work places. The employers and workers shall provide relevant informat
76、ion and materials faithfully. 665. PracticenRoyalty n提成费nSublicense n分许可证nUnderwriting n包销nField of Use n使用范围nConsideration n约因；对价67nNominal Value n面值，票面价值，券面价值nGuarantee and Claim n保证与索赔nSeverability and Waiver n可分性、放弃nNumber of Public Offer Shares n公开发行股份数目nEffectiveness of the Contract and Miscel
77、aneous 合同的效力及其他68n招标 nInvitation to Tendern知情权 nRight of Informationn董事会 nBoard of Directorsn民事责任 nCivil Liabilitiesn最惠国待遇 nMost-favored Nation Treatment69n民事起诉状 nComplaint; Statement of Claimn用地及其费用 nLand Use and Land Use Feesn投资总额和注册资本 nTotal Investment and Registered Captitaln财务会计和利润分配 nFinance,
78、Accounting and Profit Distributionn适用法律和争议的解决 nApplicable Law and Dispute Resolution70nMembers agree that some licensing practices or conditions pertaining to intellectual property rights which restrain competition may have adverse effects on trade and may impede the transfer and dissemination of technology.n各成员一致认为一些限制竞争的有关知识产权的许可做法或条件可对贸易产生不利影响，并会妨碍技术的转让和传播。71Thats all. Thank you!72
