词汇学WordFormation分析解读

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1、( (词汇学词汇学)Word-Formation)Word-Formation分析解读分析解读There are three major processes of word formation: derivation, compounding and conversion.(). Derivation: (派生)Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both

2、, to the base. Prefixes: The major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning. 1. “negative”prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-, ) eg: unkind (adj), untie (v), non-person (n), non-restrictive (adj), inability (n), incomplete (adj), impossible (adj), disadvanta

3、ge (n), dislike (v), asexual (adj), abnormal (adj), abuse(v) 2. “reversative”prefixes (un-, de-, dis-, ) eg: uncover (v), unearth (v), uncomfortable (adj), unlike (prep), deform (v), degrade (v), discover (v), discourage (v), dislike (v),3. “pejorative”prefixes (mis-, mal-, pseudo-, ) eg: mistake (v

4、), misunderstand (v), misfortune (n), maladjustment (n), malformation (n), maladminister (v), pseudo-science (n), pseudoclassic (a),4. “degree or size”prefixes (arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-, mini-, ) eg: archbishop (n), arch-criminal (n), archenemy (n), supermarket (n), s

5、uperpower (n), superfine (adj) outdo (v), outlive (v), outgo (v), subeditor (n), subdivide (v), subtitle (n), overdo (v), overbuy (v), overestimate (v), hypersonic (a), hypersensitive (a), hypertension (n), ultra-democracy (n), ultrarapid (a), ultrared (a), minibus (n), miniskirt (n), minigun (n), 5

6、. “attitude”prefixes (co-, counter-, anti-, pro-, ) eg: cooperate (v) 合作, coheir (n) 共同继承人, coexist (v) 共存, counterattack (n,v) 反击, counter-revolutionary (adj) 反革命的, anti-Japanese (adj) 抗日的, antiwar (adj) 反战的, anticolonial (adj) 反殖民地的 anti-drinking(adj) 反对酗酒的 pro-American (adj) 亲美的, pro-Japanese (ad

7、j) 亲日的, 6. “locative”prefixes (sub-, inter-, trans-, ) eg: subway (n) 地铁, subtitle (n) 副标题, subsurface (adj) 表面下的 international (adj), intercity (adj) 市间的, interact (v) 相互作用,相互影响 transport (v) 运输, transfer (v) 转移,调动 transmit (v) 转播 trans-Atlantic (adj) 穿越大西洋的,7. “time and order”prefixes (fore-, pre-

8、, post-, ex-, ) eg: forecast (v,n) 预报, foresee (v) 预见, forehead (n) 前额 preview (v) 预习, pre-read (v) 预先阅读, prepay (v) 预付, postwar (adj) 战后的, postgraduate (n) 研究生, postscript (n) 附言, ex-president (n) 前任总统, ex-monitor (n) 前任班长, ex-wife (n) 前妻,8. “number”prefixes (uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri-, multi-, poly

9、-, ) eg: unicycle (n) 独轮车, unidirectional (a) 单向的, uniform (a,n) 统一的;制服 monocycle (n) 独轮车, monodrama (n) 单人剧, monoxide (n) 一氧化物 bicycle (n), bilateral (adj) 双边的, bilingual (adj) 双语的 dioxide (n) 二氧化物, dialogue (n) 对话, dichromatic (adj) 二色(性)的, tricycle (n) 三轮车, tricar (n) 三轮车, triangle (n) 三角, multil

10、ateral (adj) 多边的, multimedia (adj) 多媒体, multi-industry (n) 多种经营, polycrystal (n) 多晶体, polycyclic (adj) 多环的, polyfunctional (adj) 多功能的, Suffixes: Since suffixes usually change the word from one part of speech to another, we can introduce the main groups of suffixes.1. Noun suffixes: neighbourhood(邻居)

11、, friendship(友谊), booklet(册子), kingdom(王国), kindness(善良), socialist(社会主义者), socialism(社会主义), rapidity(迅速), worker(工人), employee(雇员), action(行动), movement(运动), arrival (到达), marriage (婚姻) 2. Verb suffixes: simplify(简化), modernize(使现代化), quicken(加快), 3. Adjective suffixes: useful(有用的), useless(无用的), w

12、indy(多风的), foolish(愚蠢的), manly(有男子气概的), washable(可水洗的), pointed(尖的), cultural(文化的), poisonous(有毒的), 4. Adverb suffixes: happily(愉快地), backward(s)(向后), northward(s), clockwise(顺时针地), Formation: 1. prefixfree root: prearrange(v)预先安排, postscript (n) 附言, rewrite (n) 改写, enlarge (v) 扩大, impossible (adj)

13、不可能的, dislike (v) 不喜欢, 2. free rootsuffix: darkness (n),friendship (n),movement (n), hopeful (a), hopeless (a), mouse-like (a)像鼠一样的, darken (v), badly (adv), clockwise (adv), 3. prefixfree rootsuffix: inaction (n)无行动,懒散, improfitable (adj)无利润的, unfriendly (adj), removal (n), 4. prefixbound root: pre

14、dict (v)预言,预示, descend (v)下降, contradict (v)反驳,同矛盾, 5. bound rootsuffix: tolerance(n)容忍, liberate(v)解放, diction(n)措辞, linguist(n)语言学家, 6prefixbound rootsuffix: intolerable(adj)不可容忍的, descendant(n)后代, disruptive(adj)分裂的, (). Compounding: (合成) Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of join

15、ing two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. 1. Noun Compounds: ( commonest ) One kind of classification is lexical:(1) NN: nightschool(夜校),(夜校),handbook(手册),(手册),(2) AdjN: greenhouse(温室),(温室),blackboard(黑板),(黑板),(3) VN: driveway(机动车道),(机动车道),pickpocket(扒手),(扒手),(4) Prep/advN: after-ef

16、fect(后效),(后效),afternoon(下午),(下午),(5) gerundN: living-room(起居室),(起居室),walking-stick(拐杖),(拐杖), (6) present.pN: ruling-class(统治阶级),(统治阶级),floating-bridge(浮桥),(浮桥),(7) NV: snowfall(下雪),(下雪),daybreak(黎明),(黎明),(8) Ngerund: handwriting(书写),(书写),book-learning(书本知识),(书本知识),(9) pronN: he-goat(公山羊),(公山羊),she-c

17、at(女猫),(女猫),(10) VAdv: make-up(构造;性格;化妆品),(构造;性格;化妆品),breakthrough(突(突破)破) The other kind of classification is syntactic: (1) Subjectpredicate: sunrise(黎明), flashlight(闪光灯), working- people(劳动人民), (2) vtobject: pickpocket, reading-material,haircut,letter-writing, chopstick, pastime, (3) Subjectobjec

18、t: gas-light(汽灯):”gas produces light,” sugar-cane(甘蔗):”cane produces sugar,” (4) Appositive: manservant(男侍者),girl-friend(女朋友), 2. Adjective Compounds: One kind of classification is lexical: (1) NAdj: life-long(终生的),world-famous(举世闻名的), (2) AdjAdj: light-blue(浅蓝的),dead-alive(没精打采的), (3) Present.pAdj:

19、 freezing-cold(冰冷的),smoking-hot(热气腾腾的), (4) Npresent.p: peace-loving(爱和平的),English-speaking(说英语的), (5) Npast.p: heart-felt(由衷的),snow-covered(被雪覆盖的), (6) Adjpresent.p: easy-going(悠闲的),good-looking(好看的),(7) Adjpast.p: new-born(新生的),green-painted(喷绿的),(8) Advpresent.p: hardworking(勤劳的),outstanding(杰出的)

20、,(9) Advpast.p: well-known(著名的),ready-made(现成的),(10) AdjN: full-time(全职的),new-type(新型的), (11) VN: cease-fire(停火的),(停火的),tell-tale(搬弄是非的),(搬弄是非的), (12) VNed: short-sighted(近视的),(近视的),absent-minded(心不在焉的),(心不在焉的), (13) numN: a three-room flat(一套三居室公寓),(一套三居室公寓), a five-year plan(无年计划),(无年计划), (14) NNe

21、d: brick-headed(砖门脸的),(砖门脸的),stone-columned(石柱的),(石柱的), (15) numNed: three-legged(三条腿的),(三条腿的),two-faced(两面派的),(两面派的), (16) VAdv: wake-up(醒来的),runaway(逃跑的,私奔的), (17) prepN: down-hill(下坡的), offhand(即时的), (18) AdvAdj: all-round(全面的,综合的), ever-green(常青的), (19) past.pAdv: made-up(虚构的),grown-up(成年的), (20

22、) Phrases: a black-and-white TV (一台黑白电视机), an out-of-the-way district (偏僻的地区), a hard-to-find place (一个难找的地方), a never-to-be-forgotten day (一个难忘的日子), (21) Sentences: the do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need policy (实事求是的原则), a damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-dont choice (一个两难的选择 ) The other kind

23、 of classification is syntactic: (1) Subjectpredicate: weather-beaten(饱经风霜的), thunder-struck (被雷击的), (2) vtobject: peace-loving, fault-finding(挑剔的), (3) VAdverbial: hardworking, well-behaved(表现好的), (4) subjectcomplement: tax-free(免税的), love-sick(单相思的), knee- deep(膝深的), (). Conversion: (转化) 1Definiti

24、on: Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. Eg: to plan a table 设计一个表 to table a plan 确立一个计划 to book a place 预定一个位子 to place a book 放一本书 go on 继续 on go 忙碌 spare time 空余的时间 to spare ti

25、me 抽出时间 2. Types of conversion: There are various types of conversion, but conversions from Noun to Verb and Verb to Noun are the most productive. (1) NounVerb: radio.n.to radio (a message), can.n.to can ( fish ), shelter.n.They sheltered the orphans. mother.n.She mothered the orphan. bicycle.n.We b

26、icycled to the Summer Palace. summer.n.We summered in Qingdao. (2) VerbNoun: to give a cry, to have a look, to make a guess, on the go in the long run The restaurant is quite a find. (We found a nice restaurant) He is a great bore. (He is a person who bores everyone.) The cloth is a good cover for t

27、he table. (I covered the table with a cloth.) (3) AdjectiveVerb: calm.adj.The sea calmed down. dry.adj.to dry clothes, spare.adj.to spare time, clean.adj.to clean the room, better.adj. to better the life of the people, lower.adj. to lower ones voice, (4) AdjectiveNoun: There is a school for the deaf

28、 and blind. He is at most 20. He has tried his best to help me. He is a native. (5) Other examples: But me no buts! (Dont but me!) (不要给我说“but”了。) I was explaining the Golden Bull to his Royal Highness. “Ill Golden Bull you, your rascal!” roared the Majesty of Prussia. Can you tell me the how and the

29、 why of the whole matter ? There are three minor processes of word formation: (). Abbreviation (缩写)(缩写) 1. Clipping:(截短词)(截短词) (1) Apocope:(截除词尾):(截除词尾) adadvertisement, autoautomobile, examexamination, mathsmathematics lablaboratory, kilokilogram (2) Aphaeresis:(截除词首)(截除词首) busomnibus, celloviolonc

30、ello, phonetelephone, (3) Front and back clipping:(截除首尾)(截除首尾) fluinfluenza, fridgerefrigerator, scriptprescription, 2. Initialism:(首字母缩略词)(首字母缩略词) (pronounced letter by letter) UNUnited Nations (联合国),(联合国), USUnited States (美国),(美国), UKUnited Kingdom (英国),(英国), E-mailelectronic mail (电子邮件),(电子邮件),

31、3. Acronyms: (首字母拼音词)(首字母拼音词) NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization (北大西(北大西洋公约组织),洋公约组织), UNESCOthe United Nations Education,Science and Culture Organization (联合国教科文组织),(联合国教科文组织), radarradio detection and ranging (雷达),(雷达), laserlightwave amplification by stimulated emmision of radiation (激光),(激光

32、), 4. Blending: (混成词)(混成词) smog(烟雾)(烟雾)smokefog, motel(汽车旅馆)(汽车旅馆)motorhotel, brunch(早午饭)(早午饭)breakfastlunch, Chinglish(中国英语)(中国英语)ChineseEnglish, (). Back-formation (逆序构词)(逆序构词) automationto automate, editorto edit, laserto lase, greedygreed.n., (). Onomatopoeia (拟声词)(拟声词)模拟事物的声音而造词的方法叫做拟声法。虽然拟声模拟事

33、物的声音而造词的方法叫做拟声法。虽然拟声词在现代语言词汇中占的比例很小,但拟声造词无疑是人词在现代语言词汇中占的比例很小,但拟声造词无疑是人类最古老的构词方法,而且至今仍在沿用这种构词方法造类最古老的构词方法,而且至今仍在沿用这种构词方法造出新词。出新词。拟声是运用模拟或暗示自然声音的词语,以使语言更拟声是运用模拟或暗示自然声音的词语,以使语言更加形象生动,增添声音美。拟声词具有很强的表现力和感加形象生动,增添声音美。拟声词具有很强的表现力和感染力,所挑选的音响有助于在大脑中再创意境的回声,达染力,所挑选的音响有助于在大脑中再创意境的回声,达到栩栩如生的效果。到栩栩如生的效果。 模拟人的声音。

34、模拟人的声音。如: How the pretty ladies talk Tittle tattle, tittle tattle !Like their patters when they walk Pittle pattle, pittle pattle . ( Erasmus Darwin ) (漂亮小姐怎样闲话 叽叽喳喳,叽叽喳喳!恰似她们步履轻捷 劈嘀啪嗒,劈嘀啪嗒。)该诗通过tittle tattle和pittle pattle模拟姑娘们在一起闲谈的声音和急促的脚步声,使人仿佛听到活泼可爱的姑娘们在叽叽喳喳谈笑。 模拟动物的声音。模拟动物的声音。如: The dog barks;

35、狗汪汪,the wolf howls; 狼嚎叫,the tiger roars; 老虎啸,the cock crows; 鸡鸣啼, the cat meows; 猫咪咪,the pig grunts; 猪哼哼the duck quacks. 鸭呱呱。通过使用bark, howl, roar, crow, meow, grunt, quack 这几个拟声词,几种动物的叫声被模拟得惟妙惟肖。 模拟其它声音。模拟其它声音。如: The ice was here, the ice was there,The ice was all around;It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,Like noises in a swound ! (Samuel Taylor Coleridge) (这里是冰,那里是冰,到处是冰墙重重。崩裂、咆哮、吼鸣、嚎啸,真个是震耳欲聋。)用crack, growl, roar, howl模拟出冰裂的嘎嘎声和海上汹涌的冰涛声,生动地再现了冬季海面的严寒景象。结束结束

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