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1、 定语从句知识结构 基本概念基本概念 定语：用于修饰、限制名词、代词或先当于名词的短语或句子定语：用于修饰、限制名词、代词或先当于名词的短语或句子的成分。在中文中的成分。在中文中, ,定语一般放在所修饰的名词或代词之前；而定语一般放在所修饰的名词或代词之前；而在英文中则不同：单纯的形容词、分词作定语时，放在所修饰词在英文中则不同：单纯的形容词、分词作定语时，放在所修饰词之前；副词、分词短语和从句作定语时，要放在所修饰词之后。之前；副词、分词短语和从句作定语时，要放在所修饰词之后。例如：例如： 那个子高大聪明清秀的那个子高大聪明清秀的男孩是男孩是李小明的李小明的弟弟。弟弟。 That tall
2、bright smartThat tall bright smart boy is boy is Li MingsLi Mings brother. brother. 孩子们读喜欢读孩子们读喜欢读有图片的有图片的书书 Children all like to read the books Children all like to read the books whichwhich have picture.have picture. 你能回答你能回答下面的下面的问题吗？问题吗？ Can you answer these questions Can you answer these questi
3、ons bellowbellow? ? 一个看到样姿同势的一个看到样姿同势的人认为它的意思是钱。人认为它的意思是钱。 A person A person seeing the same gestureseeing the same gesture will think it means will think it means money.money. 以为来访的朋友一脸上被吻一下作为问好。以为来访的朋友一脸上被吻一下作为问好。 A A visitingvisiting friend is greeted with a kiss friend is greeted with a kiss on
4、the cheek. on the cheek.定语从句是用于修饰名词或代词的从句 定语从句定语从句 A A 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 B B非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 定语从句定语从句= =先行词先行词+ +关系词关系词+ +从句从句 关系词：关系词：A A关系代词关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which who, whom, whose, that, which B B关系副词关系副词 when, where, why =when, where, why =（介词（介词+ +关系代词关系代词 ） 限制性定语从句是修饰、限制先行词的从句。限制性定语从句是
5、修饰、限制先行词的从句。 非限制性定语从句是对先行词非限制性定语从句是对先行词、句句子子的部分或整个句的部分或整个句子起子起修饰修饰、限制或限制或补充说明补充说明的的，从句和主句用逗号的开。，从句和主句用逗号的开。 在限制性定语从句作宾语的关系代词可以省在限制性定语从句作宾语的关系代词可以省略，但非限制新定略，但非限制新定语从句则不能省。语从句则不能省。 例如：例如： All the books All the books thatthat have pictures have been sent to have pictures have been sent to them.them. Al
6、l the books All the books , ,whichwhich have pictures ,have been sent to have pictures ,have been sent to them.them. He has a brother He has a brother whowho is a doctor.is a doctor. He has a brother , He has a brother ,who who is a doctor.is a doctor. The man The man (whom)(whom) you met yesterday
7、is Mr. Smithyou met yesterday is Mr. Smith Children like to read books Children like to read books whichwhich have wonderful pictureshave wonderful pictures关系代词 的用法 WhoWho指人，在定语从句中作主语。指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boyThe boy who who is standing there is my cousin.is standing there is my cousin. whomwhom指人，在定语从句
8、中作宾语（可省）。指人，在定语从句中作宾语（可省）。 The man The man (whom)(whom) you met yesterday is Mr. Smithyou met yesterday is Mr. Smith The boy The boy (whom(whom) ) youre looking for is hidden behind the tree.youre looking for is hidden behind the tree. Whose(=of Whose(=of whom+the+nwhom+the+n the+nthe+n whom; of who
9、m; of which+nwhich+n, , the+n+ofthe+n+of which) which)指指人或指物，作定语。人或指物，作定语。 Do you know the boy Do you know the boy whose whose fatherfather ( (the father of whom/ of whom the father of whom/ of whom the father)the father) is an engineer. is an engineer. He lives in a house He lives in a house whose
10、whose windows (the window of which/ of windows (the window of which/ of which the window)which the window) faces south. faces south. that that 指人或指物，作主语、宾语（可省）指人或指物，作主语、宾语（可省） I dont know about the man I dont know about the man ( (that)that) you mentioned. you mentioned. A plane is a machine A plane
11、 is a machine thatthat can fly.can fly. which which 指物，作主语、宾语（可省）指物，作主语、宾语（可省） The pen The pen (which)(which) my uncle gave me is missing.my uncle gave me is missing. Children like to read books Children like to read books whichwhich have wonderful pictureshave wonderful pictures关系副词的用法 when (=in/on
12、/at+ which)修饰表示时间的名词，修饰表示时间的名词，在定从句中作状语。在定从句中作状语。 Ill never forget the day when (on which ) I joined the Party. where (=in/on/at+ which)修饰表示地点的名词，修饰表示地点的名词，在定从句中作状语。在定从句中作状语。 The factory where (in which) my father works is in the east of the city. why (=for+ which )修饰表示原因修饰表示原因(reason)的名的名词，在定从句中作状语
13、。词，在定从句中作状语。 None of us know the reason why ( for which) Tom was absent from the meeting.先行词指人时，关系代词用who，而不用that： 先行词是先行词是one, ones, anyone时时,宜用宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 先行词是先行词是those时时,宜用宜用who。 Those who wan
14、t to see the film sign up here. 当先行词有较长的后置定语且定语为物时，宜用当先行词有较长的后置定语且定语为物时，宜用who。 I met a foreign student from Beijing University who could ask me question in Chinese. 当一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个从句的关系代词用当一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个从句的关系代词用that，另一个宜用另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met at school gate yesterday morning is ou
15、r monitor who studies very hard. 在在there be 开头的句子中开头的句子中。 There are many young men who are against the plan.当先行词是物时，在下列情况中，关系代词只用that，而不用which。（1） 当先行词是不定代词当先行词是不定代词 all, little, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。 Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? Y
16、ou should hand in all that you have. 当先行词前面用当先行词前面用only, any, few, little, no, all, very等修饰时。等修饰时。 This is the very book that Im looking for. The only thing that you can do is to give you some money. 当先行词是形容词最高级或它前面有形容词最高级时。当先行词是形容词最高级或它前面有形容词最高级时。 This is the best that has been used against polluti
17、on. This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen? 当先行词是序数词时或前面有一个序数词时当先行词是序数词时或前面有一个序数词时。 The train is the last that will go to the Suzhou. What is the first American film that you have seen?当先行词是物时，在下列情况中，关系代词只用that，而不用which。（2） 当先行词既有人又有物时。 Do you know the things and persons that they are
18、talking about? 当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that won the gold medal? 又两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。 They built up a small factory which produced things that could cause pollution. 先行词在句子中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。 Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to
19、be.关系代词which与as引导非限制定语从句的区别: 关系代词关系代词whichwhich和和asas都可以引导定语从句用于指代前面都可以引导定语从句用于指代前面整句的内容。整句的内容。 asas引导定语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。引导定语从句既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾。意思是意思是“正如正如”后面的动词多是后面的动词多是see, know, see, know, expect, say, mention, report, announceexpect, say, mention, report, announce等。等。 AsAs is known to all, Ediso
20、n invited the is known to all, Edison invited the telephone.= Edison invited the telephone,telephone.= Edison invited the telephone, asas is known to all is known to all which which引导定语从句引导定语从句, ,只能放在句尾，意思是只能放在句尾，意思是“这一这一点点 ”。 He turned out to be very successful, He turned out to be very successful, whichwhich was was more than we could expect .more than we could expect .
