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1、2021专升本英语讲座语法篇时态时态：所谓时态时态，就是时间+状态。过去现在将来一般diddowill/shalldo进行was/weredoingam/is/aredoingwill/shallbedoing完成haddonehave/hasdonewill/shallhavedone完成进行hadbeendoinghave/hasbeendoingnMyfatherwasdoinghispaperworkwhentheguestsarrived.nYoushouldhaveseenthelookonherfacewhenItoldherIhadwonthefirstprize.nBythe
2、endof2002wehadtrainedmorethan5000teachersofEnglishallovertheprovince.nItsexpectedthatthenewhighwaywillhavebeencompletedbynextJuly.nAssoonashecomesback,Illtellhimwhenyouwillcomeandseehim.n过去时：表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯表达过去的事情，强调动作n现在完成时：到目前为止发生的某个动作结束。意图说明过去的事情对现在的影响，强调影响。n过去完成时：过去某一时刻之前发生的动作，强调动作的先后n将来完成时：将来某个时
3、刻之前发生的动作。n现在完成进行时：某个动作从过去持续到现在，并且仍然在进行，强调动作的持续和延续。特殊情况nhardly/scarcelywhennnosoonerthannScarcelyhadtheyleftwhensoldiersarrived,armedwithrifles.nNosoonerhadthethiefdisappearedintoasidestreetthanthepolicearrived.情态动词n语法特征语法特征1情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。2情态动词情
4、态动词除除ought外，后面只能接不带外，后面只能接不带to的不定式。的不定式。3情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加动词第三人称单数不加-s。4情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。式，分词，等形式。nCarsplayanimportantroleinmodernlife,buttheycanalsocausemanyproblemslikeairpollution.n-Wherewillyoustartyourworkaftergraduation?n-Mm,itsnotbeendecide
5、dyet.Imightcontinuemystudyforahigherdegree.肯定推测mustn1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定。n2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时，用mustbe或mustbedoingnYouhaveworkedhardallday.Youmustbetired.你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。对现在情况的推测判断n3)must表示对已发生的事情的推测时，用musthavedoneIdidnthearthephone.Imusthavebeenasleep.4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，musthavebeendo
6、ingn-Whydidntyouanswermyphonecall?-Well,Imusthavebeensleeping,soIdidnthearit.5)否认推测用cant。Theroomisinaterriblemess;Itcanthavebeencleaned.nmay/might用于不太肯定的推测，或对将来可能发生事情的推测。nTheremaybeaterriblestorminthefollowingdays.情态动词+havedonen见书20页nYouneednthavecometomeetmehereatthestation.Thetubeisquiteconvenient
7、inthiscity.特殊情况nneedwantbeworthrequire+doing表示被动的意思Thenovelisreallyworthreadingatleasttwice.非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：n动词不定式 to study (to +动词原形 )n分词 studying (现在分词) studied (过去分词)n动名词 studying (形式与现在分词相同)IwilldoeverythingIcantohelpyouwiththework.动词非谓语形式有以下几种形式变化:主动被动动词不定式一般 to wri
8、te to be written进行 to be writing完成 to have written to have been written完成进行 to have been writing现在分词和动名词一般 writing being written完成 having written having been written过去分词一般 written不定式 动词不定式能起名词,形容词,和副词作用,充当谓语以外的各种成分.n作主语.TolearnEnglishisnotaneasything.n作表语.Mysuggestionistocarryouttheplanrightnown作定语.
9、Maryhasalotofthingstodo.n作宾语.HewantstovisitNanjing.n作宾语补语Iexpectyoutowritetome.Iaskedhimtoshowmehisnewdictionary. n有些动词如感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不带to,如:make,let,hear,see,notice,feel,watch,have等.nIheardMarycry.n用被动语态时,这些动词后面的不定式要带to.nShewasheardtousestronglanguage.nn注：动词不定身的否认式只须在to前加not.固定表示法1.should/would li
10、ke someone to do something ; wouldprefersomethingtodo/tobedone，2.onlytodosomething3.Donothing/anything/everythingbut(except)dosomething4.hadbetterdo,wouldratherdo(than)do,woulddo5.ratherthando,wouldsoonerdo(than)do,cannotbutdo,6.cannothelpbutdo,may/mightaswelldo动名词：作主语、宾语、表语nFightingbrokeoutbetweent
11、heSouthandtheNorth.nWouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?nHerjobiswashing，cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.1.Thereisno+doing2.Itisnouse/good+doing3.Thereisnopointin+doing4.have(no)difficulty(in)+doing/thereis(no)difficulty(in)+doing5.feellike+doing;bebusy(in)+doingsomething;cannothelp+do
12、ing;wouldyoumind+doing固定表示法nforget,remember,stop,regret,try,mean+todosth./doingsth.1)Shetriedtodomoreexercisessoastoloseweight.设法去做2)Shetrieddoingmoreexercisessoastoloseweight.努力尝试3)Iregrethavingdonesuchafoolishthing.4)IregrettosayGeorgefailedintheexam.n分词作定语分词作定语Wecanseetherisingsun.Heisaretiredwor
13、ker.Therewasagirlsittingthere.注：过去分词作定语，与其修饰的词是被动关系。Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.分词作定语、状语选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看与主句主语的关系。n主动关系，用现在分词n被动关系，用过去分词(Being)usedforalongtime,thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Usingthebook,Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。nThestudents,surprisedatthewaytheques
14、tionswereput,didntknowtheanswerstothem.分词作状语分词作状语可以表达时间、条件、原因、可以表达时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随等结果、伴随等BecauseIhaventpreparedtomorrowslessons,Ihavenotimetogooutwithyou.=Nothavingpreparedtomorrowslessons,Ihavenotimetogooutwithyou.nIfyouseefromthetopoftheTVtower,youwillfindthecityfarmorebeautifulatnight.=Seeingfromth
15、etopoftheTVtower,youwillfindthecityfarmorebeautifulatnight.n注：分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。独立主格独立主格一：独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+介词短语构成。Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.=Ifweatherpermits,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.Hisworkfinished,helefthisofficewithjoy.=Afterhisworkwasfinished,h
16、elefthisofficewithjoy.Thebusbeinglate,wemissedourtrainthedaywhenwewerebacktoParis.nHecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。Hecameoutofthelibrary,alargebookunderhisarm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆n二独立主格结构的特点：1独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，介词短语等是主谓关系。3独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。定语从句n结构结构先行词+关系词+句子n关系代词
17、有：who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有：when,where,why等。被修饰的名词词组或代词关系代词或关系副词n关系代词主语、宾语、定语1who,whom,thatHeisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.2)WhoseTheyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.n3which,thatIcalledMr.Smithathisofficethismorning,butthevoicewhichansweredthephonewasnothis.n关系副词表示时间、地点或理由，在从句中作状
18、语。when,where,why=介词+whichnThenameofthecastlecamefromthetimewhen(=atwhich)itwasdominatedbyaduke.nTheyliveinadevelopingareawhere(=inwhich)theonlymeansoftransportisbyriver.nIsthisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedouroffer?从句使用关系代词，还是关系副词？从句用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词谓语动词。Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisitedafewda
19、ysago?Isthisthemuseumwheretheexhibitionwasheld?ThevillagewhereIwasbornandgrewupisquitefarfromhere.Heregrettedthedaysthathewastedinthewoodsandwhenheshouldhavestudied.Thenameoriginatedfromthedayswhenthishousebelongedtothelocalpoliceman.1.限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的局部，去掉主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它
20、与主句之间通常用逗号分开，Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句区别2.非限制性定语从句可做插入语，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.3.非限制性定语从句可修饰整个主句。这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：W
21、ehadtosleepinourwetclothes,whichwasmostuncomfortable.注：关系代词注：关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词why不能引导非限制性不能引导非限制性定语从句。定语从句。therebe句型不定代词作先行词时anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little先行词有theonly,thevery修饰时先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：MotherhasneverbeentoTibetbutthatstheonlycitythatshemostlikestovisit.只能用只
22、能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况作为定语从句的关系代词的情况n由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可修饰整个主句.As一般放在句首，which在句中。nAsisoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.nThesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.lthesameas；suchas中的as是一种固定结构,和一样。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).las可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如的意思。Asweknow,smokingisharm
23、fultooneshealth.Asisknown,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.As的用法状语从句n表示时间：whenwhile+doingasbeforeaftersinceuntilassoonasn表示原因:becausesinceasnowthatn表示目的:sothatinorderthatincasen表示条件:ifunlessifonlyonlyifprovidedthatn表示让步:thoughalthoughas名词性从句that+句子nThat只起连接连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。n名词性that-从句在句中能充
24、当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语主语：Thatheisstillaliveissheerluck.宾语：JohnsaidthathewasleavingforLondononWednesday.表语：Thefactisthathehasnotbeenseenrecently.That-从句作主语例如：Itisquiteclearthatthewholeprojectisdoomedtofailure.很清楚，整个方案注定要失败。Itsapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.Itis+that-从句?That-从句+is?nTheclubwillgivewhoeverw
25、insaprize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。nWhoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.n同位语从句的名词通常有nnews，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words消息，possibility，story等。n如：IvecomefromMr.Wangwithamessagethathewontbeabletoseeyouthisafternoon同位语从句n英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词that，whether，连接副词how,when,where等。lhavenoideawhenhewillbeback我不知道他什么时候回来。强调n常考的强调句结构是it引导的句子。Itis(was)被强调局部+that(who)+句子其他局部。nItwasnotuntilDecember31thatwefinallygotaletterfromhim.
