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1、Whitman and DickinsonWhitman and Dickinson- Romantic Poetry1Whitman and DickinsonWhitman and DickinsonSimilarities: Both of them were distinctively American poets in theme and technique. Both of them were part of American Renaissance.A. Themes: both praised in their different ways, an emergent Ameri

2、ca, its expansion, its individualism, and its Americanness.B. Techniques: breaking free of the poetic tradition and pioneering American modernist poetry with their poetic innovation.Differences: A. Whitman kept his eye on society at large while Dickinson explored the inner life of the self and indiv

3、idual.B. Whereas Whitman is national in his outlook, Dickinson is regional.C. In formal terms, Whitman is characterized by his endless, all-inclusive catalogs while Dickinson by her concise, direct, and simple diction and syntax.23Whitman and DickinsonI. Walt Whitman (1819-1892)1. Literary StatusFat

4、her of American PoetryPrecursor of Modern American Poetry Father of American Free VerseCelebrating America as a Poem2. LifeWorking-class backgroundHe grew up in New York and worked there.Five years of schooling, loafing and readingRich life experience: office boy, printers apprentice, carpenter, sch

5、oolmaster, printer, editor (of 8 successive papers), and journalist4Whitman and Dickinson3. The Publication of Leaves of Grass Whitmans lifetime literary endeavorA. The first edition of 12 poems in 1855 A stir broke with the poetic convention sexuality and exotic and vulgar languageharsh criticisms

6、on it: “noxious weeds”, “poetry of barbarism”, “a mass of stupid filth”B. Nine editions in all (1855, 56, 60, 67,71, 76, 81, 89, 91-92)Began to be celebrated with the fifth editionC. His deathbed edition containing all of his 400-odd poems5Whitman and Dickinson4. His ideas: “a catalog and great acce

7、ptor” Enlightenment, humanitarianism Idealism and Transcendentalism Emerson and Whitman:Emersons letter of praise of the first edition “the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that an American has yet contributed”Whitman: “dear Master,” “I was simmering, simmering, simmering, Emerson brought

8、me to a boil”He shared many similar ideas with Emerson: America itself was a poem; the greatest poet is a seer, complete in himself. (P.90)6Whitman and Dickinson5. Whitmans Poetic Experimentation He was a daring experimentalist who “broke the new wood”He began to experiment around 1847 which lead to

9、 a complete break with traditional poetics.Features: A. parallelism B. phonetic recurrence (systematic repetition of words and phrases)C. his long catalogs of lines, his piling up of nouns, verbs, or adjectives, Whitman broke free from the traditional iambic pentameter and wrote “free verse”.7Whitma

10、n and Dickinson6. Masterpieces:“Song of Myself” “There was a Child Went Forth”“In Crossing Brooklyn Bridge”“Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” (p.93)“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomed” (p.94)7. Whitmans Influence Whitmans influence over modern poetry is great in the world as well as in Amer

11、ica. His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture. Many poets in England, France, Italy, and Latin America are in his debt, esp. by his optimism and innovation as a poet-prophet and poet-teacher. T. S. Eliot, Pound, Hart Crane, Carl Sandburg8910Whitman and DickinsonII. Emi

12、ly Dickinson (1830-1886)1. Literary statusA secluded poetess“Mother” of American Poetry and American Modern Poetry2. Lifea Calvinist family Her father, a Whig lawyer and treasurer of Amherst CollegeRead widely such as the Bible, Shakespeare, KeatsBegan writing seriously in her twenties1775 poems alt

13、ogether, 7 published in her life111213Whitman and Dickinson3. Her IdeasCalvinism; Tragic in basic toneDeath leads to immortality. Doubt; the loss of faith and the religious uncertainty4. Themes: life, death, immortality, love, nature5. Analysis of her masterpieces“My Life Closed Twice before its Clo

14、se” (p.98)“Wild Nights Wild Nights” (p.99)“Because I could not stop for Death”“I heard a fly buzz when I died”(p.99)“Death is a Dialogue between” (p.100)“A Narrow Fellow in the Grass”“Ill tell you how the sun rose”1415Emily Dickinsons Poem:249 Wild Nights Wild Nights! Wild Nights Wild Nights! Were I

15、 with thee Wild Nights should be Our Luxury! Futile the Winds To a Heart in port Done with the Compass Done with the Chart ! Rowing in Eden Ah, the Sea! Might I but moor Tonight In Thee!1617Whitman and Dickinson6. Dickinsons AestheticsShe holds that beauty, truth and goodness are ultimately one.7. H

16、er poetic innovationA. She broke free of the conventional iambic pentameterB. She explored the inner life of the individualC. She was regional (New Englander) D. She was idiosyncratic in her frequent use of dashes and unique use of capitals.E. her concise, direct, and simple diction and syntax1819Be

17、cause I could not stop for Death“BecauseICouldNotStopforDeath”isalyricpoemonthethemeofdeath.Itcontainssixstanzas,eachwithfourlines.Afour-linestanzaiscalledaquatrain.ItrevealsEmilyDickinsonscalmacceptanceofdeath.Itissurprisingthatshepresentstheexperienceasbeingnomorefrighteningthanreceivingagentleman

18、callerinthiscase,herfianc(Deathpersonified).Theoverallthemeofthepoemseemstobethatdeathisnottobefearedsinceitisanaturalpartoftheendlesscycleofnature.20I. The Age of Realism (1865-1910)v1. BackgroundvA. With the American Civil War (1861-1865), the industrialized North fought the agrarian South, the fa

19、ctory defeated the farm, and the USA headed toward capitalism.vB. Commercialization, industrialization, mechanization, urbanizationvC. the frontier was closing and a reevaluation of life beganvD. disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. “A Golden” turned out to be a Gilded one.vE. The Age o

20、f Realism had arrived.2122I. The Age of Realism (1865-1910)v2. The Definition of Literary RealismvA. As a literary movement, realism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism.vB. It expressed the concern for the world. vWilliam Dean

21、 Howells: he must write what he observed and knew.vHenry James: Life should be the main object of the novel.vMark Twain: writers should keep in their mind the soul, the life, and the speech of the people.23vC. In matters of style, there was contrast between the genteel and graceful prose on the one

22、hand, and the vernacular diction, rough and ready frontier humor on the other.vD. The American authors lumped together as “realists” seem to have some features in common: v a. “authenticity of detail derived from observation” v b. an objective rather than an idealized view of nature and experiencevE

23、. William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain as the representatives24I. American Naturalismv1. Background：vSocial background: Modern America industrialism financial giants and industrial proletariat skyscrapers and slumsvIdeological background: a cold, indifferent Godless world life as a strug

24、gle for survival Darwinian evolutionary concepts like “the survival of the fittest” and “the human beast” Herbert Spencers social Darwinism an attitude of gloom and despair25American Naturalismv2. Literary background/ DefinitionvIn the 1890s, French naturalism, with its new techniques and new ways o

25、f writing, appealed to the imagination of the younger generation like Crane, Norris and Dreiser. vThey tore the mask of gentility into pieces and wrote about helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.26

26、American Naturalism The whole picture is somber and dark; the general tone is one of hopelessness and even despair.Its a more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human being as passive victims of natural forces and environment.27They are concerned wi

27、th the less elegant aspects of life. Its typical settings are the slum, the sweatshop, the factory and the farm. They represented the life of the lower class truthfully and broke into such forbidden regions as violence, sex and death.Practitioners: Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, Stephe

28、n Crane, Edith Wharton (The House of Mirth,1905), Ellen Glasgow( Barren Ground,1925) .28Comment:Naturalistsseehumanbeingsnomorethanaphysicalobjectunderthecontrolofbiological&environmentalforceswhereasrealistsseehumanbeingsjusthumanbeingsandromanticsseemanalmostasagod.29Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom

29、s Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly30I. Life and careerlHarrietBeecherStowe(18111896)wasanovelistandabolitionist，whosenovelUncle Toms Cabin(1852)isaclassicofthe19thcenturyanti-slaveryliterature.31I. Life and careerlShetaughtschoolinHartfordandinCincinnati,whereshecameintocontactwithfugitiveslavesandle

30、arnedaboutlifeintheSouth,andlatersettledinMainewithherhusband,aprofessoroftheology.Whileraisingsevenchildren,shebeganwritingprofessionally.32I. Life and careerlItissaidthatPresidentLincolnmetStoweduringtheCivilWarandsaidtoher,Soyouarethelittlewomanwhowrotethebookthatmadethisbigwar.33I. Life and care

31、erlStowewrotemorethantwodozenbooks,bothfictionandnon-fiction,includingA Key to Uncle Toms Cabin(1853),afact-filledcompaniontoherfamousnovel.HerotherworksincludeDred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp(1856),Pearl of Orrs Island(1862)andPink and White Tyranny(1871).34II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Amon

32、g the Lowly lPerhapsthemostimportantAmericannovelofthenineteenthcentury,StowesmasterpieceispublishedseriallyintheNational Erain1851-1852andasabookin1852.ItbecameabestsellerintheUnitedStatesandEnglandandwentontosellthreehundredthousandcopiesthefirstyear.By1900ithadbeentranslatedintoforty-twolanguages

33、.35II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowlyl1. Plot summarylStowesnoveltellsthestoriesofthreeslavesTom,Eliza,andGeorgewhostartouttogetherinKentucky,butwhoselivestakedifferentturns.ElizaandGeorge,whoaremarriedtoeachotherbutownedbydifferentmasters,managetoescapetofreeterritorywiththeirlittleboy,

34、Harry.36II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the LowlylTomisnotsolucky.Heistakenawayfromhiswifeandchildren.Tomissoldfirsttoakindmaster,AugustineSt.Clare,andthentothecruelSimonLegree,atwhosehandshemeetshisdeath.37II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the LowlylStowerelieduponimagesofdomesticity,mother

35、hood,andChristianitytocapturehernineteenthcenturyaudiencesheartsandimaginations.38II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowlyl2. Reactions to the novellUncle Toms Cabinwasbasedonvariousslavenarratives.Stoweclaimedtohavebeeninspiredbygriefoverherbabysdeathin1849andresistancetotheFugitiveSlaveLawof

36、1850.lUncle Toms Cabinhasexertedaninfluence“equaledbyfewothernovelsinhistory.”Uponpublication,thebookreceivedpraisefromabolitionists.Butthenovelwasviciouslyattackedbyproslaveryreaders,evenafterStowedefendedtheresearchonwhichshebasedthenovelinA Key to Uncle Toms Cabin(1853).39II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or

37、, Life Among the Lowlyl3. Major themesl1)theevilandimmoralityofslaverylUncle Toms Cabinisdominatedbyasingletheme:theevilandimmoralityofslavery.Stowepushedhomeherthemeoftheimmoralityofslaveryonalmosteverypageofthenovel,sometimesevenchangingthestorysvoicesoshecouldgivea“lessononthedestructivenatureofs

38、lavery.40II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the LowlylThe most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affectionsthe separating of families, for example.”lOnewayStoweshowedtheevilofslaverywashowthispeculiarinstitutionforciblyseparatedfamiliesfromeachother.41II. Uncle

39、Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowlyl2)themoralpowerandholinessofwomenlBecauseStowebelievedthatonlywomenhadthemoralauthoritytosavetheUnitedStatesfromthedemonofslavery,anothermajorthemeofUncle Toms Cabinisthemoralpowerandsanctityofwomen.42II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the LowlylThroughcharacte

40、rslikeEliza,whoescapesfromslaverytosaveheryoungsonandeventuallyreunitesherentirefamily,orLittleEva,whoisseenastheidealChristian,Stoweshowshowshebelievedwomencouldsavethosearoundthemfromeventheworstinjustices.WhilelatercriticshavenotedthatStowesfemalecharactersareoftendomesticclichesinsteadofrealisti

41、cwomen,Stowesnovelreaffirmedtheimportanceofwomensinfluenceandhelpedpavethewayforthewomensrightsmovementinthefollowingdecades.43II. Uncle Toms Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowlyl3) the exploration of the nature of Christianity and its fundamental incompatibility with slaverylStowespuritanicalreligiousbe

42、liefsshowupinthenovelsfinaltheme,whichistheexplorationofthenatureofChristianityandhowshefeelsChristiantheologyisfundamentallyincompatiblewithslavery.44Mark Twain（1835-1910）n nPen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemensn nLiterary Statusn nleading figure of local colorism /language reformer of English novel

43、n nNovelist, humorist, lecturer, journalist, literary and cultural criticn nmonumental figure in the development of western novel4546n nLife and Career:Life and Career:n nBorn in Florida and brought up in the small town of Born in Florida and brought up in the small town of Hannibal, Missouri, on th

44、e Mississippi River (a slave Hannibal, Missouri, on the Mississippi River (a slave state then)state then)n nborn two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of born two weeks after the closest approach to Earth of Halleys Comet in 1835.Halleys Comet in 1835.n nHe was twelve when his father died an

45、d he had to He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school. leave school. 47n nWith the publication of his frontier tale, “The With the publication of his frontier tale, “The celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”, celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County”, Twain became natio

46、nally famous.Twain became nationally famous.n nHis first novel His first novel The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age (with Charles Dudley ) (with Charles Dudley ) gave its name to the America of the realism period.gave its name to the America of the realism period.n nPrinters apprentice - self-taught - Steam

47、-boat pilot Printers apprentice - self-taught - Steam-boat pilot married Olivia Lanton - Susy, Clara, Jean, his three married Olivia Lanton - Susy, Clara, Jean, his three daughters received honorary doctorate degree from daughters received honorary doctorate degree from Oxford University in 1907 - T

48、wain outlived Jean and Oxford University in 1907 - Twain outlived Jean and Olivia. Olivias death in 1904 and Jeans death on Olivia. Olivias death in 1904 and Jeans death on December 24, 1909 deepened his gloom died in December 24, 1909 deepened his gloom died in 1910, one day after Halleys Comets cl

49、osest 1910, one day after Halleys Comets closest approach to Earthapproach to Earth48Main Worksn nThe The Celebrated Celebrated Jumping Jumping Frog Frog of of Calaveras County 1865Calaveras County 1865n n The Innocents Abroad 1869,. The Innocents Abroad 1869,.n n Roughing It 1872, Roughing It 1872,

50、 n n The The Adventures Adventures of of Tom Tom Sawyer 1876, Sawyer 1876, n n A Tramp Abroad 1880,. A Tramp Abroad 1880,.n n The Prince and Pauper 1881, The Prince and Pauper 1881, n nLife on the Mississippi 1881, Life on the Mississippi 1881, n nThe Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age n nThe The Adventures A

51、dventures of of Huckleberry Huckleberry Finn 1885, Finn 1885, n n A A Connecticut Connecticut Yankee Yankee in in King King Arthurs Court 1889, Arthurs Court 1889, n nPudds Head Wilson 1894,.Pudds Head Wilson 1894,.n n Personal Personal Recollections Recollections of of Joan Joan of of Arc 1896,Arc

52、1896,n n Following the Equator, 1897 Following the Equator, 1897n n The The Man Man that that Corrupted Corrupted Hadleyburg 1900Hadleyburg 1900n n What is Man 1906 What is Man 1906n n The Mysterious Stranger 1916 The Mysterious Stranger 191649Stylen nBroad, often irreverent Broad, often irreverent

53、humor or biting social humor or biting social satire, realism of place satire, realism of place and language, memorable and language, memorable characters, hatred of characters, hatred of hypocrisy and hypocrisy and oppression.oppression.n nSimple and plain diction, Simple and plain diction, precise

54、, direct.precise, direct.n nHis earlier works are light, His earlier works are light, humorous, optimistic.humorous, optimistic.n nHis later works become His later works become darker and more obscure, darker and more obscure, showing his discontent and showing his discontent and disappointment towa

55、rd the disappointment toward the social reality. His last works social reality. His last works show his acute pessimism, show his acute pessimism, despair, skepticism and despair, skepticism and determinism.determinism.50Artistic Featuresn nFirst, First, he he possessed possessed utter utter clarity

56、 clarity of of style. style. He He evolved evolved a a style style so so clear clear and and economical economical that that other other contemporary contemporary styles styles seemed seemed slightly slightly archaic, archaic, rusty, rusty, and redundant. and redundant. n nSecond, Second, he he had

57、had a a supreme supreme command command of of vernacular vernacular American American English. English. American American dialect dialect had had been been used used very very well well by by some some other other writers, writers, but but in in their their hands hands it it was was surrounded surro

58、unded and and conditioned conditioned by by a a “literary” “literary” language language that that wittingly wittingly or or unwittingly unwittingly patronized patronized it. it. Mark Twain removed the surrounding frame. Mark Twain removed the surrounding frame. 51Artistic featuresn nThird, Third, th

59、ere there was was Mark Mark Twains Twains humor, humor, which which resists resists explanation. explanation. In In Twains Twains time, time, humor, humor, though though it it was was seen seen as as greatly greatly valuable, valuable, remained remained clearly clearly subordinate subordinate in in

60、the the value value system system of of the the 1919thth century. century. The The function function of of humor humor was was to to entertain, entertain, but but it it was was not not expected expected to to participate participate in in the the high high seriousness seriousness that that Matthew M

61、atthew Arnold Arnold and and his his age age asked asked of of literature. literature. But But Twain Twain liberated liberated humor, humor, raising raising it it to to high high arta arta liberation liberation that that parallels parallels his his creation creation of of vernacular vernacular Ameri

62、can English. American English. 52The Adventures of Tom Sawyern na a story story of of his his seeking seeking for for freedom, freedom, fame, fame, fortune, fortune, love, love, manhood. manhood. The The novel novel reveals reveals the the American American values: values: one one is is hero hero co

63、mplex, complex, the the other other is is American American dream. dream. His His adventures adventures are are the the realization realization of of American American dream. dream. On On the the other other hand, hand, the the book book records records the the rising rising Age Age of of American A

64、merican Bourgeois Bourgeois system. system. It It also also bears bears the the irony irony and and satire satire toward toward the the religion religion and and by-then by-then popular popular rigid, rigid, didactic didactic children children education, education, which which curbs curbs the the im

65、agination imagination of of children children and and their their innate innate nature nature for for freedom freedom and and adventures adventures and molds them into a stereotype of lifeless man.and molds them into a stereotype of lifeless man.53 The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Tom S

66、awyer and especially its and especially its sequence sequence Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAdventures of Huckleberry Finn proved proved themselves to be the milestone in American literature, themselves to be the milestone in American literature, and thus firmly established Twains position in the an

67、d thus firmly established Twains position in the literary world. The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck literary world. The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the Pre-Civil War Missi

68、ssippi valley. The books life in the Pre-Civil War Mississippi valley. The books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally style, their wide-ranging humor, and their univers

69、ally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom. 54significancen n He portrayed uniquely American subjects in a He portrayed uniquely American subjects in a humorous and colloquial, yet poetic, language. His humorous and colloquial, yet poetic, langua

70、ge. His success in creating this plain but evocative language success in creating this plain but evocative language precipitated the end of American reverence for British precipitated the end of American reverence for British and European culture and for the more formal and European culture and for

71、the more formal language associated with those traditions. His adherence language associated with those traditions. His adherence to American themes, settings, and language set him to American themes, settings, and language set him apart from many other novelists of the day and had a apart from many

72、 other novelists of the day and had a powerful effect on later writers. powerful effect on later writers. 555657WilliamSydneyPorter(1862-1910)5858Facts on William Sydney PorterlHewasbornSeptember11,1862inNorthHewasbornSeptember11,1862inNorthCarolina,wherehespenthischildhood.Carolina,wherehespenthisc

73、hildhood.lAnacclaimedmasterofshortstoriesandAnacclaimedmasterofshortstoriesandtales.tales.lStartingin1895hewroteacolumnfortheStartingin1895hewroteacolumnfortheHoustonHoustonDaily PostDaily Post. .lInearly1898PorterwasfoundguiltyofInearly1898Porterwasfoundguiltyofembezzlementchargesandsentencedtofive

74、embezzlementchargesandsentencedtofiveyearsinanOhioprison.yearsinanOhioprison.lThreeyearsandaboutadozenshortstoriesThreeyearsandaboutadozenshortstorieslater,heemergedfromprisonasO.Henrylater,heemergedfromprisonasO.Henrytohelpshieldhistrueidentity.tohelpshieldhistrueidentity.5959Facts on William Sydne

75、y PorterlO.HenrywrotewithrealisticdetailbasedonO.Henrywrotewithrealisticdetailbasedonhisfirst-handexperiencesbothinTexasandhisfirst-handexperiencesbothinTexasandinNewYorkCity.inNewYorkCity.lIn1907,hepublishedmanyofhisTexasIn1907,hepublishedmanyofhisTexasstoriesinstoriesinThe Heart of the WestThe Hea

76、rt of the West. .lHemovedtoNewYorkCity,whereovertheHemovedtoNewYorkCity,whereoverthenexttenyearsbeforehisdeathin1910,henexttenyearsbeforehisdeathin1910,hepublishedover300storiesandgainedpublishedover300storiesandgainedworldwideacclaimasAmericasfavoriteshortworldwideacclaimasAmericasfavoriteshortstor

77、ywriter.storywriter.lPorterdiedonJune5,1910inNewYorkCityPorterdiedonJune5,1910inNewYorkCityattheageoffortyseven.Analcoholic,heattheageoffortyseven.Analcoholic,hediedvirtuallypenniless.diedvirtuallypenniless.6060O. Henry (1862-1910)wasaprolificAmericanshort-storywriter,amasterofsurpriseendings,whowro

78、teaboutthelifeofordinarypeopleinNewYorkCity.Atwistofplot,whichturnsonanironicorcoincidentalcircumstance,istypicalofO.Henrysstories.6161HispseudonymlItisbelievedthatPorterfoundhispennameItisbelievedthatPorterfoundhispennamewhileinjail,whereoneoftheguardswasnamedwhileinjail,whereoneoftheguardswasnamed

79、OrrinHenry.OthersourcessaythatthenameOrrinHenry.OthersourcessaythatthenamewasderivedfromhiscallingOhHenry!afterthewasderivedfromhiscallingOhHenry!afterthefamilycat,Henry.GuyDavenportwrotethatthefamilycat,Henry.GuyDavenportwrotethatthenamewasacondensationofnamewasacondensationofOhOhioPioPenenitentiai

80、tentiaryry 6262O.Henrystoriesarefamousfortheirsurpriseendings,tothepointthatsuchanendingisoftenreferredtoasan“O.Henryending”.Hisstoriesarealsowellknownforwittynarration.StoriesMostofO.Henrysstoriesaresetinhisowntime,theearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.ManytakeplaceinNewYorkCity,anddealforthemostpartwithor

81、dinarypeople:clerks,policemen,waitresses.6363Fundamentallyaproductofhistime,O.HenrysworkprovidesoneofthebestEnglishexamplesofcatchingtheentireflavorofanage.O.Henryhadaninimitablehandforisolatingsomeelementofsocietyanddescribingitwithanincredibleeconomyandgraceoflanguage.64646565TwoThanksgivingDayGen

82、tlemen-两位感恩节的绅士AServiceofLove-爱的牺牲ShearingTheWolf-虎口拔牙TheUnknownQuantity-未知数WhileTheAutoWaits-汽车等待的时候TheWhirligigofLife-生活的波折WithesLoaves-女巫的面包HeartsandHands-心与手TheHypothesesofFailure-失算TheGreenDoor-绿色门TheHandbookofHymen-婚姻手册“NextToReadingMatter”-“醉翁之意”AServiceofLove-爱的牺牲6666The Gift of the Magiisth

83、estoryofayoungmarriedcouple.ItisChristmasEveandallthemoneythatDellahassavedforJimsgifttotalsonedollarandeight-sevencents.DellaandJimhavetwopossessionsthatarethetreasuresofthehousehold,Dellashair,whichistheirprideandjoyandJimswatch,whichisaninheritancefromhisgrandfather.Summary6767Dellaleavesthehouse

84、andsellsherglorioushairfor$20.Thensheracesaroundtownandspends$21buyingaplatinumwatchchain.ShehurrieshomeandtriestofixherhairsothatJimwillnotbetooupsetbyherappearance.6868Clickthistoreadthewholestory:http:/www.auburn.edu/vestmon/Gift_of_the_Magi.htmlWhenJimcomeshome,heseemsdumbstruck.Finally,Jimgives

85、herthegiftheboughtforher.ItisapairoftortoiseshellcombsthatDellahaslongcoveted.Dellaisthrilledbutherjoyisquicklyfollowedbysorrowassherealizesshehasnohairtowearthecombsin.SheresolvesherfeelingsbytellingJimthatherhairgrowsfast.Suddenly,DellaremembershergifttoJim.JimsresponseistosmileandtellDellathathes

86、oldthewatchtobuythecombsandthatperhapstheyshouldputtheirgiftsupandsavethemforalatertime.6969Henry James (18431916)7070 Lifea wealthy cultured familyfather- an eminent philosopher and reformerbrother-a famous philosopher and psychologistdeveloped a life-long friendship with Howells, who became his “m

87、oral police.“(道德榜样道德榜样)He settled down in London in 1876. In the Harvard Law School, he read French novelists and critics. He toured England, France and Italy, and met Flaubert and Turgenev.the cultural influence of EuropeIn 1915 he became a British citizen.71Henry James Education Greatest flexibili

88、ty, a “sensuous education”:1843-1844 the family stayed in Europe1854-1860 again1869 -1870 his first trip to Europe alone1872-1874 travelling with his sister1875 moved to Paris1876 moved to London1877 back to Paris1879 back to London1883 returned to England for good72Henry James ExpatriationReasons:t

89、he death of his parents in 1881dissatisfaction with the material world of the US: “thin, raw, monotonous, undefined” (Hawthorne)the attraction of the rich European culture: form, style, social variety, beauty, art and a present suffused with the pastthe artistic and literary life in Europe73Literary

90、career:threestagesva. 18651882: international themevThe American 美国人美国人vDaisy Miller 黛西米勒黛西米勒vThe Portrait of a Lady 贵妇画像贵妇画像74vb. 18821895: inter-personal relationships and some playsvThe novels and plays were poorly received but he got a better knowledge of literary techniques. 75vc. 18951900: nov

91、els and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international themevThe Turn of the Screw螺丝在拧紧螺丝在拧紧vWhat Maisie Knew 梅西所知道的梅西所知道的vThe Ambassadors 奉使记奉使记vThe Wings of the Dove 鸽翼鸽翼vThe Golden Bowl 金碗金碗76Jamess international theme are set against a large international background, us

92、ually between Europe and America focus on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systemshis fame rests upon his novels withnovels77American personalities ofEuropean personalities ofinnocence, enthusiasm, vulgarity, ignoran

93、ce, unsophistication, freshness, freedom, individualityAmerican heroes and heroines, who confronted European sophistication, either triumphed over it or were overwhelmed. over-refinement, degeneration, complexity, high cultivation, contrast with78Jamess literary criticism an indispensable part of hi

94、s contributionthe artist should write about anything that concerns him, even the ugly and the commonplace “The Art of Fiction” 小说的艺术小说的艺术 Art must be related to life The only reason for the existence of a novel is that it does attempt to represent life the aim of the novel is to present life 79James

95、s literary techniques 1.“point of view” 视角视角Explain the situation and characters through one or several mindsreaders observe events and people through the consciousness of characters and participate in their experience method 802. psychological analysisthe forerunner of stream-of-consciousness novel

96、s the founder of psychological realismemphasizes the inner awareness and inward movement of characters81Style “stylist”a. over-elaborate styleb. Language: highly-refined, polished, (文雅) insightful, accuratec. Construction: complicated, intricateare not the liking of the common readers82The differenc

97、es between Howells, James, and Mark TwainAlthough Howells, James and Twain all worked for realism, there were obvious differences between them. A. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society; Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life; Mark Twain deal

98、t largely with the lower strata of society. B. Technically, Howells wrote in the vein of genteel realism, James pursued an “imaginative” treatment of reality or psychological realism, but Mark Twains contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through

99、his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style. 83伊莎贝尔伊莎贝尔阿切尔阿切尔，一位，一位美国少女，父母双亡后，被她富有的姨母带美国少女，父母双亡后，被她富有的姨母带到英到英国国。在。在那那，先后拒绝了，先后拒绝了英国英国贵族贵族沃伯顿沃伯顿和和美国富商美国富商戈德伍德戈德伍德的求婚。她的的求婚。她的表兄表兄拉尔夫拉尔夫也爱上她，但他知道自己患不治之症无法结婚，也爱上她，但他知道自己患不治之症无法结婚，便便说服父亲把说服父亲把一笔巨额遗产一笔巨额遗产留给表妹。留给表妹

100、。伊莎贝尔又结识伊莎贝尔又结识了了梅尔夫人梅尔夫人，对这位已，对这位已彻底欧洲化彻底欧洲化了的美国女人十分倾倒。了的美国女人十分倾倒。姨父姨父死死后，伊莎贝尔得到遗产去意大利游后，伊莎贝尔得到遗产去意大利游历历。进入梅尔夫人布下的圈套。进入梅尔夫人布下的圈套。梅尔夫人介绍她认识了长期侨居意大利的美国梅尔夫人介绍她认识了长期侨居意大利的美国人人奥斯蒙德奥斯蒙德，外表外表儒雅斯文。儒雅斯文。伊莎贝尔为之动心；他的女儿伊莎贝尔为之动心；他的女儿帕茜帕茜，也引起她的爱怜。她不顾亲戚朋友的，也引起她的爱怜。她不顾亲戚朋友的警告和反对，自作主张下嫁于他。警告和反对，自作主张下嫁于他。婚后她发现自己受骗，奥

101、斯蒙德是婚后她发现自己受骗，奥斯蒙德是平庸卑鄙的小人平庸卑鄙的小人。她还发现梅尔夫人是。她还发现梅尔夫人是奥斯蒙德的情妇，帕茜是他们的私生女。痛苦奥斯蒙德的情妇，帕茜是他们的私生女。痛苦中中，她强作欢颜，对外人隐，她强作欢颜，对外人隐瞒了婚姻瞒了婚姻的的不幸。表兄拉尔夫在英国病危，伊莎贝尔不顾丈夫的反对赶去不幸。表兄拉尔夫在英国病危，伊莎贝尔不顾丈夫的反对赶去看他。拉尔夫死后，伊莎贝尔出乎众人的预料，又回到罗马。看他。拉尔夫死后，伊莎贝尔出乎众人的预料，又回到罗马。 The Portrait of a Lady84IsabelArcherTouchett.coupleRalphLordWarb

102、urtonGasparGoodwoodMadameMerleGilbertOsmondPancyauntanduncleloveloveloveMeetinEnglandmarriedloversdaughtersonfriend85themesuindependenceuidentityucontrasting regionsuwomen and femininityupossessionuprideuwealthuloveulies and deceit86theme of independenceIn this novel, Isabel Archer is totally indepe

103、ndent after getting the fortune but it is the independence that makes her have so many self-judgment and ignore others advice.Unrestricted independencedangerous87The theme of wealthIndependence,happiness,attractionDanger,desire,tragedyHaving money is nice ,but it comes with a lot of baggage88lovable

104、toughgloriousintelligentbraveresponsiblefragilepitifulnaiveOver-independentOver-individualkind89tragic marriagereasonspersonality reason: over-clever , over-confident, over-independent, full of illusion and naivetytimes reason; new American culture vs. ancient European cultureindividual subjective l

105、imitations: self-judgment ignore others advice9091Londons ChildhoodBorn in 1876 on the Barbary Coast of San FranciscoRaised by mother, Flora Wellman, and stepfather, John LondonChildhood marked by poverty & unhappiness92nBecame an avid reader at age 10 when an Oakland librarian encouraged him to esc

106、ape his life of poverty through reading.nBought his first sailboat at age 12loved to sail9394YouthAdventure/ResponsibilityDropped out of school at age 14 & had series of low-paying jobs:Seaman delivered paperssweatshop worked in canneryfreight train hobo cleaned local saloonLoved to listen to storie

107、s about the California Gold Rush of 184995Forming Ideas/AttitudesExperiences that shaped Londons life and attitudes:Experiences that shaped Londons life and attitudes: -oyster pirate -seal hunter in the North Pacific -1894arrested & jailed in Niagara Falls for vagrancy -adopted socialistic viewsEduc

108、ated self by reading in public libraryEducated self by reading in public libraryAttended Attended University of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at BerkeleyLeft school after 1 year to seek his fortune in gold Left school after 1 year to seek his fortune in gold fieldsfields96Adventuren

109、 nTraveled to Klondike Gold Rush in 1897n nSpent one winter at Split-Up Island, near the Stewart Rivern nDid not find gold; had a wealth of experiences he would later use to write stories and booksn nReturned home to support himself and his family by publishing his writing97Jack London outfitted to

110、travel to the gold fields of the Klondike Gold RushPhoto actually taken in at Truckee, CA.http:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London98Adult LifenAn avid sailorloved his boat, the Snarkhttp:/ twicetwo daughters100Bess MaddernLondons first wifeBecky and Joan LondonLondons daughtershttp:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/Lo

111、ndon/Images/101Charmian London Jack Londons second wifehttp:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Imageshttp:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Images102London owned and loved a ranch in Sonoma Valley103“Next to my wife, the ranch is the dearest thing in the world to me.”Jack London104The Londons at home105106Lond

112、onthe AuthornBegan avidly writing in 1897nHe commonly spent 15 hours a day writingnDaily quota of 1000 written words a day nBecame recognized as a talented & successful writer107Jack London wrote 50 books and 1,000 articles between 1899 and 1916.108“The greatest story London ever told was the story

113、he lived.” Alfred Kazin Literary critic109http:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Imageshttp:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London/Images110“By 1916, London was the highest-paid writer in the country and the most widely read American author in the world.”http:/sunsite.berkeley.edu/London111112The Londons several w

114、eeks prior to his death113Jack London died on November 22, 1916.A memorial for he and his second wife, Charmian Kittredge, is located at Glen Ellen.114115“OneofthereasonsJackLondonspopularityasanauthorremainssohighintheworldtodayisbecausehislifewasasinterestingashisworks.”http:/ Edenn nMartin Edenn

115、nArthur Morsen nRuth Morse118n nSocial class, seen from Edens point of view, is a very Social class, seen from Edens point of view, is a very important theme in the novel. Eden is a sailor from a important theme in the novel. Eden is a sailor from a working-class background who feels uncomfortable b

116、ut working-class background who feels uncomfortable but inspired when he first meets the bourgeois Morse inspired when he first meets the bourgeois Morse family. As he improves himself, he finds himself family. As he improves himself, he finds himself increasingly distanced from his working-class in

117、creasingly distanced from his working-class background and surroundings. Eventually, when Eden background and surroundings. Eventually, when Eden finds that his education has far surpassed that of the finds that his education has far surpassed that of the bourgeoisie he looked up to, he feels more i

118、solated than bourgeoisie he looked up to, he feels more isolated than ever. Paul Berman comments that Eden cannot ever. Paul Berman comments that Eden cannot reconcile his present civilized and clean self with the reconcile his present civilized and clean self with the fistfighting barbarian of the

119、past.fistfighting barbarian of the past.119Theodore Dreiser(18711945)120120Theodore Dreisern nAmericanauthor,Americanauthor,outstandingrepresentativeoutstandingrepresentativeofnaturalism,whosenovelsofnaturalism,whosenovelsdepictreal-lifesubjectsinadepictreal-lifesubjectsinaharshlight.Dreisersnovelsh

120、arshlight.Dreisersnovelswereheldtobeamoral,andwereheldtobeamoral,andhebattledthroughouthishebattledthroughouthiscareeragainstcensorshipcareeragainstcensorshipandpopulartaste.Thisandpopulartaste.ThisstartedwithstartedwithSISTER CARRIESISTER CARRIE (1900).Dreisersprincipal(1900).Dreisersprincipalconce

121、rnwaswiththeconcernwaswiththeconflictbetweenhumanconflictbetweenhumanneedsandthedemandsofneedsandthedemandsofsocietyformaterialsuccess.societyformaterialsuccess.121121Lifen nDreiserwasborninIndiana,achildofDreiserwasborninIndiana,achildofGerman-speakingparents.German-speakingparents.n nHischildhoodw

122、asspentinextremepoverty.Hischildhoodwasspentinextremepoverty.n nAftersomemonthsatIndianaUniversity,heAftersomemonthsatIndianaUniversity,hebecameareporteronthebecameareporterontheChicago GlobeChicago Globe beforearrivinginNewYorkin1894.beforearrivinginNewYorkin1894.n nHisfirstnovel,Hisfirstnovel,Sist

123、er CarrieSister Carrie,wasrejected,wasrejectedbecauseofhisrelentlesshonestyinpresentingbecauseofhisrelentlesshonestyinpresentingthetruenatureofAmericanlife.thetruenatureofAmericanlife.n nHefacedeveryformofattackthataseriousHefacedeveryformofattackthataseriousartistcouldencounterartistcouldencounter：

124、misunderstanding,misunderstanding,misrepresentation,artisticisolationandmisrepresentation,artisticisolationandcommercialseduction.Buthesurvivedtoleadcommercialseduction.Buthesurvivedtoleadtherebellionofthe1900s.therebellionofthe1900s.122122Evaluationn nDreiserhasbeenacontroversialfigureinAmericanlit

125、eraryhistory.n nHisworksarepowerfulintheirportrayalofthechangingAmericanlife,buthisstyleisconsideredcrude.n nItisinDreisersworksthatAmericannaturalismissaidtohavecomeofage.123123Worksn n1)1)Sister CarrieSister Carrie19001900n n2)2)Jennie GerhardtJennie Gerhardt19111911n n3)3)An American TragedyAn Am

126、erican Tragedy19251925n n4)4)The FinancierThe Financier19121912n n5)5)The TitanThe Titan19141914n n6)6)The StoicThe Stoic(posthumously)(posthumously)n n7)7)The GeniusThe Genius19151915(autobiographically)(autobiographically)n n8)8)Dreiser Looks at RussiaDreiser Looks at Russia19281928124124Analysisn

127、 nSocialDarwinism(manonlydrivenbydesire;onlythefittestcanliveinthesociety)n nPowerfuldepictionofAmericansociallifeandmovingcharacters125125Major Features of Theodore Dreisern n1Dreiserstressed1Dreiserstresseddeterminismdeterminisminhisnovelwhichinhisnovelwhichdealwitheverydaylife,oftenwithitssordids

128、ide.dealwitheverydaylife,oftenwithitssordidside.HischaractersareunabletoasserttheirwillagainstHischaractersareunabletoasserttheirwillagainstnaturalandeconomicalforces.Theyaremorelikenaturalandeconomicalforces.Theyaremorelikemothsdrawntoflamethanlordsofcreation.Theymothsdrawntoflamethanlordsofcreatio

129、n.Theyarepatheticintheirinabilitytoescapetheirfates.arepatheticintheirinabilitytoescapetheirfates.HischaractersaresubjecttothecontroloftheHischaractersaresubjecttothecontrolofthenaturalforcesofnaturalforcesofheredityandenvironmentheredityandenvironment.Heheld.Heheldthatpeoplearenotentirelytoblamefor

130、whattheythatpeoplearenotentirelytoblameforwhattheyareandwhattheydo.Theyarenotresponsibleforareandwhattheydo.Theyarenotresponsibleforrisingorfallinginaworldsofullyshapedbyrisingorfallinginaworldsofullyshapedbycircumstanceanddispositioncircumstanceanddisposition. .126126Major Features of Theodore Drei

131、sern n2.Hedevelopedthecapacityforphotographic2.Hedevelopedthecapacityforphotographicandrelentlessobservation,therebyandrelentlessobservation,therebytruthfullytruthfullyreflectingthesocietyandpeopleofhistime.reflectingthesocietyandpeopleofhistime.HeHewasverymuchconcernedwithsocietyseffectonwasverymuc

132、hconcernedwithsocietyseffectonaperson.Hetriedtotreathumanbeingsaperson.Hetriedtotreathumanbeingsscientifically.Hesawlifeishardandfoundinscientifically.HesawlifeishardandfoundinsocialDarwinismandinnaturalistictheorythesocialDarwinismandinnaturalistictheorytheexplanationforhisplotsfromhisownexplanatio

133、nforhisplotsfromhisownexperiencesorthoseofhisbrothersandsisters.experiencesorthoseofhisbrothersandsisters.NearlyallofhismaincharactersarebasedonNearlyallofhismaincharactersarebasedonrealpeople.Besidesthefictionalportrayalofrealrealpeople.Besidesthefictionalportrayalofrealpersons,Dreiserwasalsofaithf

134、ultorealityinthepersons,Dreiserwasalsofaithfultorealityinthedescriptionofhisnovelsenvironmentalsettingsdescriptionofhisnovelsenvironmentalsettingsandsocialbackground.Allthesefactorsandsocialbackground.Allthesefactorscontributedthecredibilityofhisworks.contributedthecredibilityofhisworks.127127Major

135、Features of Theodore Dreisern n3.Hisnarrativemethodisnaturalandfreefromartifice.Insteadofwinningreaderswithatrickofplot,hepreferredtoinfluencethemwithpowerfulnarrativebasedonlargequantitiesofmaterialanddetaileddescriptions.HispowerfulfranknesswidensthesocialandsexualrangepossibleforliteratureinAmeri

136、ca.HestruckattheAmericanmyththatsuccessandfameweretobeachievedbyworkandvirtue.128128StudyonSister CarrieDifferentVersionsDifferentVersions129129Charactersn nCarrie Meeber n nCharlie Drouetn nGeorge Hurstwood 130130Carrie Meebern nCaroline(Carrie)Meeber,theprotagonistoftheCaroline(Carrie)Meeber,thepr

137、otagonistofthenovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisternovel,travelstoChicagotostaywithhersisterandherbrother-in-law.TheworldofChicagoandherbrother-in-law.TheworldofChicagoenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuyenthrallsher,andsheconstantlywantstobuythings.Herfirstjobisalow-paid,arduousthings.Herfir

138、stjobisalow-paid,arduouspositioninafactory.Whenshelosesherjob,herpositioninafactory.Whenshelosesherjob,hersisterandbrother-in-lawcannotsupporther,sosisterandbrother-in-lawcannotsupporther,soshebecomesCharlieDrouetsmistress.shebecomesCharlieDrouetsmistress.Afterward,shebecomesinfatuatedwithanotherAft

139、erward,shebecomesinfatuatedwithanotherman,GeorgeHurstwood.CarrieandHurstwoodman,GeorgeHurstwood.CarrieandHurstwoodruntoNewYork,wheretheydiscoverthatruntoNewYork,wheretheydiscoverthatmarriedlifeisfarlessexcitingthantheiraffair.marriedlifeisfarlessexcitingthantheiraffair.CarrieleavesHurstwoodbecausehe

140、failstoCarrieleavesHurstwoodbecausehefailstoprovideherwiththelavishlifeshewants.Sheprovideherwiththelavishlifeshewants.Shebecomesafamous,high-paidactressinNewYorkbecomesafamous,high-paidactressinNewYorkCity.City.131131Charlie Drouetn nCharlieDrouetisacharming,flashyCharlieDrouetisacharming,flashysal

141、esmanwithastrongappetiteforsalesmanwithastrongappetiteforromance.Althoughheiswarm-hearted,romance.Althoughheiswarm-hearted,henevertakesanyofhisromanticaffairshenevertakesanyofhisromanticaffairsseriously.HeprovidesCarriewithaplaceseriously.HeprovidesCarriewithaplacetostayaftersheisforcedtostoplivingt

142、ostayaftersheisforcedtostoplivingwithhersister;healsopromisestomarrywithhersister;healsopromisestomarryher,butheneverreallyintendsonher,butheneverreallyintendsonfollowingthrough.HelosesCarrietofollowingthrough.HelosesCarrietoHurstwoodandthen,yearslater,aftersheHurstwoodandthen,yearslater,aftershehas

143、becomeafamousactress,trieshasbecomeafamousactress,triesunsuccessfullytowinherback.unsuccessfullytowinherback.132132George Hurstwoodn nGeorgeHurstwoodisthemanagerofasaloonGeorgeHurstwoodisthemanagerofasalooninChicago.Atthebeginningofthenovel,heisinChicago.Atthebeginningofthenovel,heisawealthy,importa

144、ntman.Hefallsinlovewithawealthy,importantman.HefallsinlovewithCarrieaftermeetingherthroughDrouet.HeCarrieaftermeetingherthroughDrouet.HetellsCarriethathelovesher,buthefailstotellsCarriethathelovesher,buthefailstomentionthatheismarried.Afterhiswifementionthatheismarried.Afterhiswifediscovershisaffair

145、withCarrieandfilesfordiscovershisaffairwithCarrieandfilesfordivorce,hestealstenthousanddollarsfromthedivorce,hestealstenthousanddollarsfromthesaloonandfleeswithCarrietoMontreal.There,saloonandfleeswithCarrietoMontreal.There,hemarriesherbeforehisdivorcewithJuliaishemarriesherbeforehisdivorcewithJulia

146、iscomplete.Althoughhekeepshistheftasecretcomplete.AlthoughhekeepshistheftasecretfromCarrie,heisdiscoveredbyaninvestigatorfromCarrie,heisdiscoveredbyaninvestigatorandrequiredtoreturnmostofthemoneyinandrequiredtoreturnmostofthemoneyinordertoprotecthisreputation.InNewYork,ordertoprotecthisreputation.In

147、NewYork,Hurstwoodslowlydescendsintopoverty.AfterHurstwoodslowlydescendsintopoverty.AfterCarrieleaveshim,hebecomesahomelessCarrieleaveshim,hebecomesahomelessbeggarandeventuallycommitssuicide.beggarandeventuallycommitssuicide.133133Themesn nAmericanDreamn nChangeandTransformationn nChoicesandConsequen

148、cesn nWealthandPovertyn nIdentityn nSex134134n nSister CarrieSister Carrietellsthestoryoftwocharacters:tellsthestoryoftwocharacters:CarrieMeeber,anordinarygirlwhorisesfromaCarrieMeeber,anordinarygirlwhorisesfromalow-paidwageearnertoahigh-paidactress,low-paidwageearnertoahigh-paidactress,andGeorgeHur

149、stwood,amemberoftheupperandGeorgeHurstwood,amemberoftheuppermiddleclasswhofallsfromhiscomfortablemiddleclasswhofallsfromhiscomfortablelifestyletoalifeonthestreets.NeitherCarrielifestyletoalifeonthestreets.NeitherCarrienorHurstwoodearntheirfatesthroughvirtuenorHurstwoodearntheirfatesthroughvirtueorvi

150、ce,butratherthroughrandomorvice,butratherthroughrandomcircumstance.Theirsuccessesandfailureshavecircumstance.Theirsuccessesandfailureshavenomoralvalue;thisstancemarksnomoralvalue;thisstancemarksSister CarrieSister Carrie asadeparturefromtheconventionalliteratureasadeparturefromtheconventionalliterat

151、ureoftheperiod.oftheperiod. 135135n nDreisertouchesuponawiderangeofDreisertouchesuponawiderangeofthemesandexperiencesinthemesandexperiencesinSister Carrie,Sister Carrie, fromgrindingpovertytoupper-middlefromgrindingpovertytoupper-middleclasscomfort.Thenoveldwellsontheclasscomfort.Thenoveldwellsonthe

152、momentasitisexperienced;themomentasitisexperienced;thecharactersidentitiesareconstantlycharactersidentitiesareconstantlysubjecttochange,reflectingthemodernsubjecttochange,reflectingthemodernAmericanexperiencethatatthattimeAmericanexperiencethatatthattimethousandsofruralAmericansrushedtothousandsofru

153、ralAmericansrushedtothecitiestofindjobsandtobuildthecitiestofindjobsandtobuildthemselvesnewlivesandidentities.themselvesnewlivesandidentities.Sister Sister CarrieCarriecapturestheexcitementofthatcapturestheexcitementofthatexperience.experience.136136AmericanDreamn nEachofDreiserscharactersinEachofDr

154、eiserscharactersinSister CarrieSister CarriesearchforsearchfortheirownAmericanDreamstheirownAmericanDreamsCarrie,apoorcountrygirl,arrivesinChicago,filledCarrie,apoorcountrygirl,arrivesinChicago,filledwiththeexpectationsofacquiringthefinerthingsinwiththeexpectationsofacquiringthefinerthingsinlife.She

155、imaginestheelegantclothesshewillwear,thelife.Sheimaginestheelegantclothesshewillwear,theexcitingplacestowhichshewillgo,andtheexcitingplacestowhichshewillgo,andthefashionablepeoplewithwhomshewillassociate,fashionablepeoplewithwhomshewillassociate,thinkingthateveryonewholivesbeyondthethinkingthatevery

156、onewholivesbeyondtheboundariesofherMidwesternstatehasachievedthatboundariesofherMidwesternstatehasachievedthathigherstatus.higherstatus.DrouetseekshisownversionoftheAmericanDrouetseekshisownversionoftheAmericanDream.HehasachievedacertainstationinlifeandDream.Hehasachievedacertainstationinlifeandwear

157、stheclothestoproveit.Hefrequentsthewearstheclothestoproveit.Hefrequentstheimportantestablishmentsintownandhasbefriendedimportantestablishmentsintownandhasbefriendedmanyoftheestablishedpeople.Yet,hepursuesthemanyoftheestablishedpeople.Yet,hepursuestheotherappointmentsthatrepresenthisdream,suchasaothe

158、rappointmentsthatrepresenthisdream,suchasabeautifulwomantoadornhisarmandhisownhome.beautifulwomantoadornhisarmandhisownhome.Hurstwoodhasthewoman,theestablishedhomeHurstwoodhasthewoman,theestablishedhomeandfamily,andagoodposition.He,though,wantsandfamily,andagoodposition.He,though,wantsmore.Heseekslo

159、ve,appreciation,andmoreprestige.more.Heseekslove,appreciation,andmoreprestige.137137ChangeandTransformationn nCarrieandHurstwoodundergodramaticCarrieandHurstwoodundergodramaticchangesfromthebeginningofthenovelchangesfromthebeginningofthenoveltotheend.totheend.CarriestransitiontakesherfromCarriestran

160、sitiontakesherfromcountrybumpkintoglamorousactress.countrybumpkintoglamorousactress.HurstwoodstransitionmoveshimfromHurstwoodstransitionmoveshimfromprominentandtrustedbusinessman,prominentandtrustedbusinessman,husband,andfathertohomelessstreethusband,andfathertohomelessstreetbeggar.Behindhimsurviver

161、obbedbeggar.Behindhimsurviverobbedemployers,adysfunctionalfamily,andaemployers,adysfunctionalfamily,andaself-satisfiedwoman.self-satisfiedwoman.138138ChoicesandConsequencesn nHurstwoodmakesonechoicethatdramaticallyaffectstherestofhislife.Whileallchoicesresultinconsequences,thoseconsequencescanbeposi

162、tiveornegative.Hurstwoodsdecisiontotakethemoneyfromhisemployerssafestartshiswaytotheeventualsuicide.139139WealthandPovertyn nIndustrialgrowthbroughttheUnitedStatesaperiodofIndustrialgrowthbroughttheUnitedStatesaperiodofprosperityduringthelate1800sandearly1900s.Withprosperityduringthelate1800sandearl

163、y1900s.Withfactoriesflourishing,jobopportunitieswereabundant.factoriesflourishing,jobopportunitieswereabundant.PeoplemadegoodmoneyinfactorymanagementPeoplemadegoodmoneyinfactorymanagementpositionsandotherwhite-collarjobs.Factoryworkers,positionsandotherwhite-collarjobs.Factoryworkers,however,notonly

164、earnedlowincomes,buttheyalsohowever,notonlyearnedlowincomes,buttheyalsoworkedlonghours.Consequently,awidedivisionworkedlonghours.Consequently,awidedivisionexistedbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.existedbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.n nCarriecomesfromalower-middle-classbackgroundCarriecomesfromalower-middle

165、-classbackgroundanddeterminesthatshewillriseaboveit.Carriewantsanddeterminesthatshewillriseaboveit.Carriewantsmoreforherself.moreforherself.n nThroughoutThroughoutSister CarrieSister Carrie,thedistinctionbetweensocial,thedistinctionbetweensocialclassesisobvious.Theclothespeoplewear,thehomesclassesis

166、obvious.Theclothespeoplewear,thehomesinwhichtheylive,andtheactivitiesinwhichtheyareinwhichtheylive,andtheactivitiesinwhichtheyareinvolveddistinguishtherichfromthepoor.Thewealthyinvolveddistinguishtherichfromthepoor.Thewealthywearstylishclothesandattendelaborateperformanceswearstylishclothesandattend

167、elaborateperformancesofthearts.Inthefinalchapter,thedescriptionofofthearts.Inthefinalchapter,thedescriptionofHurst-woodslastdaysoffersavividpictureoftheHurst-woodslastdaysoffersavividpictureoftheultimateplightofthepoorest.ultimateplightofthepoorest.140140Identityn nExperiencescontributegreatlytoshap

168、ingpeoplesExperiencescontributegreatlytoshapingpeoplesidentities.identities.CarriestransformationfromthebeginningoftheCarriestransformationfromthebeginningofthenoveltotheendoccursasaresultofherresponsestonoveltotheendoccursasaresultofherresponsestoherexperiences.TheCarriewhoboardsthetraininherexperi

169、ences.TheCarriewhoboardsthetraininColumbiaCitysitsupright,tryingtoignoretheglancesColumbiaCitysitsupright,tryingtoignoretheglancesofthemanseatednearher.Havingcertainmorals,ofthemanseatednearher.Havingcertainmorals,CarriehesitatestoacknowledgeDrouetspresence.Yet,CarriehesitatestoacknowledgeDrouetspre

170、sence.Yet,sherespondsquicklytohisinitialcommentsonherandsherespondsquicklytohisinitialcommentsonherandmakesdirecteyecontactwithhimwhenshesenseshismakesdirecteyecontactwithhimwhenshesenseshisinterestinher.Fromthispointon,Carrieallowsherselfinterestinher.Fromthispointon,Carrieallowsherselftoactinwhate

171、vermannerbenefitsher.Leavinghertoactinwhatevermannerbenefitsher.LeavinghersistershomeandmovingaroundwithDrouet.Shesees,sistershomeandmovingaroundwithDrouet.Shesees,though,thatthisactionwillgetherclosertohavingthough,thatthisactionwillgetherclosertohavingwhatshewants.Assheunderstandshervaluetowhatshe

172、wants.Assheunderstandshervaluetoothers,shechangesheridentityaccordingly.Asaresult,others,shechangesheridentityaccordingly.Asaresult,sheneverreallyhasanidentitybutadjustsher“act”tosheneverreallyhasanidentitybutadjustsher“act”tofitthesituation.Intheend,thisabilitygainsherfitthesituation.Intheend,thisa

173、bilitygainsherrecognitionasanacclaimedactressbutdoesnotresultrecognitionasanacclaimedactressbutdoesnotresultinherachievinghappiness.inherachievinghappiness.141141Sexn nIntheearly1900s,themoralsandvirtuesoftheIntheearly1900s,themoralsandvirtuesoftheVictorianerastillguidedpeoplesactions.PeoplewithVict

174、orianerastillguidedpeoplesactions.Peoplewithproperupbringingdidnotspeakofsex.Thepublicwasproperupbringingdidnotspeakofsex.ThepublicwasshockedthatDreiserscharacterssoopenlyshockedthatDreiserscharacterssoopenlyparticipatedinexplicitrelationshipsandthatDreiserparticipatedinexplicitrelationshipsandthatD

175、reiserseemedtotakeitgranted.seemedtotakeitgranted.n nCarrieusessextogainstatusforherself.SheseesCarrieusessextogainstatusforherself.SheseesnothingwronginlivingwithDrouettogettheclothesnothingwronginlivingwithDrouettogettheclothesshewantsandtohaveopportunitiestomoveinshewantsandtohaveopportunitiestom

176、oveinChicagosaffluentcircles.Later,CarrieseesthatChicagosaffluentcircles.Later,CarrieseesthatHurstwoodcanofferheranevenhigherstandardofHurstwoodcanofferheranevenhigherstandardofliving.Sheignoresthefactthatheisalreadymarriedliving.Sheignoresthefactthatheisalreadymarriedandthetwoofthemwillbecommitting

177、adultery.Withandthetwoofthemwillbecommittingadultery.WithnoregardforDrouetsemotions,shebreaksofftheirnoregardforDrouetsemotions,shebreaksofftheirrelationshipandpursuesonewithHurstwood.AfterrelationshipandpursuesonewithHurstwood.AfterlivingwithHurstwoodforsometime,sherealizesshelivingwithHurstwoodfor

178、sometime,sherealizesshecannolongerbenefitfromthearrangementandleavescannolongerbenefitfromthearrangementandleaveshim,too.him,too.142142Carl Sandburg (1878 - 1967)143About the author1)1)Carl Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, on January 6, Carl Sandburg was born in Galesburg, Illinois, on Janu

179、ary 6, 1878, as the son of poor Swedish immigrant parents. The 1878, as the son of poor Swedish immigrant parents. The Sandburgs were very poor; Carl left school at the age of Sandburgs were very poor; Carl left school at the age of thirteen to work odd jobs, from laying bricks to thirteen to work o

180、dd jobs, from laying bricks to dishwashing, to help support his family.dishwashing, to help support his family.2)2)At seventeen, he traveled west to Kansas as a hobo. He then At seventeen, he traveled west to Kansas as a hobo. He then served eight months in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-served eigh

181、t months in Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American war but saw no combat. Upon his return he American war but saw no combat. Upon his return he entered Lombard college in Galesburg, studying the classics. entered Lombard college in Galesburg, studying the classics. During these years he started to

182、write poetry and published During these years he started to write poetry and published his first book his first book In Reckless EcstasyIn Reckless Ecstasy (1904). (1904).3)3)After college without degree, from 1902 to 1912 he ever did After college without degree, from 1902 to 1912 he ever did diffe

183、rent kinds of jobs, as an advertising writer, journalist, different kinds of jobs, as an advertising writer, journalist, traveler, labor organizer, secretary, editor and so on, and traveler, labor organizer, secretary, editor and so on, and married a schoolteacher in 1908.married a schoolteacher in

184、1908.1444)4)Then he moved to Chicago, where Carl became an Then he moved to Chicago, where Carl became an editorial writer for the Chicago editorial writer for the Chicago Daily NewsDaily News. It was during . It was during this period that Sandburg was recognized as a member of this period that San

185、dburg was recognized as a member of the Chicago literary renaissance.the Chicago literary renaissance.5)5)He established his reputation with He established his reputation with Chicago PoemsChicago Poems (1916), (1916), and then and then CornhuskersCornhuskers (1918). Soon after the publication of (1

186、918). Soon after the publication of these volumes Sandburg wrote these volumes Sandburg wrote Smoke and SteelSmoke and Steel (1920), his (1920), his first prolonged attempt to find beauty in modern first prolonged attempt to find beauty in modern industrialism. With these three volumes, Sandburg bec

187、ame industrialism. With these three volumes, Sandburg became known for his free verse poems celebrating industrial and known for his free verse poems celebrating industrial and agricultural America, American geography and landscape, agricultural America, American geography and landscape, and the Ame

188、rican common people in Whitmanesque style. and the American common people in Whitmanesque style. 6)6)From the twenties, for thirty years he sought out and From the twenties, for thirty years he sought out and collected material, and gradually began the writing of the collected material, and graduall

189、y began the writing of the six-volume definitive biography of Abraham Lincoln. six-volume definitive biography of Abraham Lincoln. 1457)7)The twenties also saw Sandburgs collections of American The twenties also saw Sandburgs collections of American folklore, the ballads, and the brief tours across

190、America folklore, the ballads, and the brief tours across America which Sandburg took each year, playing his banjo or which Sandburg took each year, playing his banjo or guitar, singing folk-songs, and reciting poems.guitar, singing folk-songs, and reciting poems.8)8)In the 1930s, Sandburg continued

191、 his celebration of In the 1930s, Sandburg continued his celebration of America with America with Mary Lincoln, Wife and WidowMary Lincoln, Wife and Widow (1932), (1932), The The People, YesPeople, Yes (1936), and the second part of his Lincoln (1936), and the second part of his Lincoln biography, b

192、iography, Abraham Lincoln: The War YearsAbraham Lincoln: The War Years (1939), for (1939), for which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. which he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. 9)9)He received a second Pulitzer Prize for his He received a second Pulitzer Prize for his Complete PoemsComplete Poems in

193、 1950. His final volumes of verse were in 1950. His final volumes of verse were Harvest Poems, Harvest Poems, 1910-19601910-1960 (1960) and (1960) and Honey and SaltHoney and Salt (1963). Carl (1963). Carl Sandburg died in 1967.Sandburg died in 1967.146A Chinese imagistic poetry:A Chinese imagistic

194、poetry: AutumnAutumnEvening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered Evening crows perch on old trees wreathed with withered vine,vine,Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny Water of a stream flows by a family cottage near a tiny bridge.bridge.A lean horse walks on an ancient

195、 road in western breeze,A lean horse walks on an ancient road in western breeze,The sun is setting in the west,The sun is setting in the west,The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth. The heart-broken one is at the end of the Earth. 天净沙天净沙 秋思秋思马致远马致远枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家，枯藤、老树、昏鸦，小桥、流水、人家， 古道、西风、

196、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。古道、西风、瘦马，夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。 147There are nine nouns or nominal phrases placed in the There are nine nouns or nominal phrases placed in the first three lines in isolation from each other. first three lines in isolation from each other. To appreciate the poem you should link the scenes To app

197、reciate the poem you should link the scenes produced through these words up in your imagination by produced through these words up in your imagination by way like montage in movie art. So, a vivid picture like a way like montage in movie art. So, a vivid picture like a story will be displayed in you

198、r mind: In sight of the story will be displayed in your mind: In sight of the beautiful scenery with withered vine, old tree, crow beautiful scenery with withered vine, old tree, crow returning home at dusk, small bridge, river and returning home at dusk, small bridge, river and households, a man, a

199、ccompanied by west wind and a thin households, a man, accompanied by west wind and a thin horse on the ancient road, is suffering from homesickness. horse on the ancient road, is suffering from homesickness. 148 In a Station of the Metro In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the

200、 crowd; The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. Petals on a wet, black bough. 人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞，人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞， 黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。 149题都城南庄题都城南庄 崔护崔护 n n去年今日此门中， 人面桃花相映红。n n 人面不知何处去， 桃花依旧笑春风。 150vvAbout the poem:About the poem:The “Metro” is the underground rai

201、lway of Paris. The “Metro” is the underground railway of Paris. The word “apparition”, with its double meaning, binds The word “apparition”, with its double meaning, binds the two aspects of the observation together:the two aspects of the observation together:Apparition meaning “appearance”, in the

202、sense of Apparition meaning “appearance”, in the sense of something which appears, or shows up; something which something which appears, or shows up; something which can be clearly observed.can be clearly observed.Apparition meaning something which seems real but Apparition meaning something which s

203、eems real but perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be clearly observed.clearly observed.151The poem is an observation of the poet of the human The poem is an observation of the poet of the human faces seen in a Paris subway statio

204、n. It looks to be a faces seen in a Paris subway station. It looks to be a modern adoption of the Japanese haiku.modern adoption of the Japanese haiku.He tries to render exactly his observation of human He tries to render exactly his observation of human faces seen in an underground railway station.

205、 He sees faces seen in an underground railway station. He sees the faces, turned variously toward light and darkness, the faces, turned variously toward light and darkness, like flower petals on the wet, dark texture of a bough.like flower petals on the wet, dark texture of a bough.Repeating it, you

206、 can have a colorful picture, also you Repeating it, you can have a colorful picture, also you can feel the beauty of music through its repetition of can feel the beauty of music through its repetition of different vowels and consonants, such as /p/ and /au/. different vowels and consonants, such as

207、 /p/ and /au/. Especially the repetition of /e/ in the second line Especially the repetition of /e/ in the second line emphasizes its sense of music.emphasizes its sense of music.152In this brief poem, Pound uses the fewest possible words In this brief poem, Pound uses the fewest possible words to c

208、onvey an accurate image, according to the principles to convey an accurate image, according to the principles of the “Imagists”. Pound wrote an account of its of the “Imagists”. Pound wrote an account of its composition, which claims that the poems form was composition, which claims that the poems f

209、orm was determined by the experience that inspired it. determined by the experience that inspired it. Whether truth or myth, the piece has become a famous Whether truth or myth, the piece has become a famous document in the history of Imagism. document in the history of Imagism. 153I. Imagism:I. Ima

210、gism:1)1)It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized It is a Movement in U.S. and English poetry characterized by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, by the use of concrete language and figures of speech, modern subject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance modern sub

211、ject matter, metrical freedom, and avoidance of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of of romantic or mystical themes, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images.expression through the use of precise visual images.2)2)It grew out of the It grew out of the Sym

212、bolist MovementSymbolist Movement in 1912 and was in 1912 and was initially led by initially led by Ezra PoundEzra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others. , Amy Lowell, and others. 3)3)The Imagist manifesto came out in 1912 showed three The Imagist manifesto came out in 1912 showed three Imagist poetic princ

213、iples: direct treatment of the Imagist poetic principles: direct treatment of the “thing”“thing”（no fuss, frill, or ornamentno fuss, frill, or ornament）, exclusion of , exclusion of superfluous wordssuperfluous words（precision and economy of precision and economy of expressionexpression）, the rhythm

214、 of the musical phrase rather , the rhythm of the musical phrase rather than the sequence of fixed rhythemthan the sequence of fixed rhythem（free verse form and free verse form and musicmusic）. . 1544)4) Pound defined an image as that which presents an Pound defined an image as that which presents a

215、n intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, and later he extended this definition when he stated that and later he extended this definition when he stated that an image was “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas, an image was “a

216、vortex or cluster of fused ideas, endowed with energy.” endowed with energy.” 5)5) There existed great influence of Chinese poetry on the There existed great influence of Chinese poetry on the Imagist movement. Imagists found value in Chinese Imagist movement. Imagists found value in Chinese poetry

217、was because Chinese poetry is, by virtue of the poetry was because Chinese poetry is, by virtue of the ideographic and pictographic nature of the Chinese ideographic and pictographic nature of the Chinese language, essentially imagistic poetry.language, essentially imagistic poetry.155II. The Major

218、Representatives of the Modern Poetry:II. The Major Representatives of the Modern Poetry:Ezra Pound (1885- 1972)Ezra Pound (1885- 1972)T.S.Eliot (1888 - 1965)T.S.Eliot (1888 - 1965)Wallace Stevens (1879 - 1955)Wallace Stevens (1879 - 1955)William Carlos Williams (1883 - 1963)William Carlos Williams (

219、1883 - 1963)E.E.Cummings (1894 - 1963)E.E.Cummings (1894 - 1963)156e e cummings r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-rr-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r whoa)s w(e loo)kupnowgath PPEGORHRASS eringint(o- whoa)s w(e loo)kupnowgath PPEGORHRASS eringint(o- aThe):l eA !p:S a (r aThe):l eA !p:S a (r rIvInG .gRrEaPsPhOs) rIvInG .gRrEaP

220、sPhOs) torea(be)rran(com)gi(e)nglytorea(be)rran(com)gi(e)ngly ,grasshopper; ,grasshopper; Grasshopper, who, as we look, now upgathering into the Grasshopper, who, as we look, now upgathering into the leaps, arriving to become rearrangingly grasshopper.leaps, arriving to become rearrangingly grasshop

221、per.157 l(a l(a le le af af fa fa ll ll s) s) one one l l iness iness a leaf falls (loneliness) a leaf falls (loneliness)158Ezra Pound (1885 - 1972)Ezra Pound (1885 - 1972)1591. His Life:1. His Life:1)1)Born in Idaho in 1885 and raised in Pennsylvania, Ezra Born in Idaho in 1885 and raised in Pennsy

222、lvania, Ezra Pound spent most of his life in Europe and became one Pound spent most of his life in Europe and became one of the 20th centurys most influential - and controversial -of the 20th centurys most influential - and controversial - poets in the English language. - poets in the English langua

223、ge. 2)2)Pound was undoubtedly a genius. Before he graduated Pound was undoubtedly a genius. Before he graduated from university, he had mastered 9 languages as well as from university, he had mastered 9 languages as well as English grammar and literature. After college in English grammar and literat

224、ure. After college in Pennsylvania and a brief stint as a teacher, in 1908 Pound Pennsylvania and a brief stint as a teacher, in 1908 Pound travelled to Venice and then to London, where he refined travelled to Venice and then to London, where he refined his aesthetic sensibilities and edited the ant

225、hology his aesthetic sensibilities and edited the anthology Des Des ImagistesImagistes (1914). (1914). 3)3)Pound championed the likes of T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Pound championed the likes of T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams and James Joyce and, influenced by Chinese and Williams and James Jo

226、yce and, influenced by Chinese and Japanese poetry, advocated free meter and a more Japanese poetry, advocated free meter and a more economical use of words and images in poetic expression, economical use of words and images in poetic expression, leading the Imagist Movement of poetry.leading the Im

227、agist Movement of poetry.1604)4)He moved to Paris in 1920 and got acquainted with He moved to Paris in 1920 and got acquainted with Gertrude Stein and her circle of friends (which included Gertrude Stein and her circle of friends (which included Ernest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso), then settled in E

228、rnest Hemingway and Pablo Picasso), then settled in Italy in 1924. Italy in 1924. 5)5)Enamored with Benito Mussolini, Pound made anti-Enamored with Benito Mussolini, Pound made anti-American radio broadcasts during World War II. He American radio broadcasts during World War II. He was arrested as a

229、traitor in 1945 and initially confined in was arrested as a traitor in 1945 and initially confined in Pisa. He was then sent to the U.S., where he was Pisa. He was then sent to the U.S., where he was deemed mentally unfit to stand trial for treason. deemed mentally unfit to stand trial for treason.

230、6)6)Pound was confined for 12 years in a hospital (actually Pound was confined for 12 years in a hospital (actually prison) for the criminally insane in Washington. During prison) for the criminally insane in Washington. During this time he translated works of ancient Greek and this time he translat

231、ed works of ancient Greek and ancient Chinese literature. While in prison, he was ancient Chinese literature. While in prison, he was awarded a prestigious poetry prize in 1949 for his last awarded a prestigious poetry prize in 1949 for his last CantosCantos. .7)7)In 1958 he returned to Italy, where

232、 he continued to In 1958 he returned to Italy, where he continued to write and make translations until he died in 1972. write and make translations until he died in 1972. 161长干行长干行长干行长干行 妾发初覆额，折花门前剧。妾发初覆额，折花门前剧。郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。郎骑竹马来，绕床弄青梅。同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。同居长干里，两小无嫌猜。十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。十四为君妇，羞颜未尝开。低头向暗壁，千唤不一回。低头向暗壁

233、，千唤不一回。十五始展眉，愿同尘与灰。十五始展眉，愿同尘与灰。常存抱柱信，岂上望夫台。常存抱柱信，岂上望夫台。十六君远行，瞿塘滟滪堆。十六君远行，瞿塘滟滪堆。五月不可触，猿声天上哀。五月不可触，猿声天上哀。门前迟行迹，一一生绿苔。门前迟行迹，一一生绿苔。苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。苔深不能扫，落叶秋风早。八月蝴蝶来，双飞西园草。八月蝴蝶来，双飞西园草。感此伤妾心，坐愁红颜老。感此伤妾心，坐愁红颜老。早晚下三巴，预将书报家。早晚下三巴，预将书报家。相迎不道远，直至长风沙。相迎不道远，直至长风沙。 162T.S. EliotT.S. Eliot(1888-1965)(1888-1965)163T.S.

234、EliotT.S.Eliot(1888-1965)(1888-1965) T.S. Eliot was born in the United States T.S. Eliot was born in the United States in 1888, settled down in London in 1915 and became a in 1888, settled down in London in 1915 and became a British subject in 1927, so his works are considered a British subject in 1

235、927, so his works are considered a part of both national literatures. He was a poet, part of both national literatures. He was a poet, playwright, and literary critic.As the most influential playwright, and literary critic.As the most influential poet, he stands at the foremost place to 20poet, he s

236、tands at the foremost place to 20ththcentury century poetry. poetry. 164 He was educated between 1906 and 1910 at Harvard He was educated between 1906 and 1910 at Harvard University, where he studied philosophy, which Eliot University, where he studied philosophy, which Eliot adopted and reflected i

237、n his poetry. He was influenced adopted and reflected in his poetry. He was influenced by anti-Romanticism and the Italian Renaissance, by anti-Romanticism and the Italian Renaissance, particularly in Dantes poetry. He went to France and particularly in Dantes poetry. He went to France and Germany t

238、o study literature and philosophy. Then he Germany to study literature and philosophy. Then he studied at Oxford University.studied at Oxford University.165 From 1917 to 1919 he was assistant editor of From 1917 to 1919 he was assistant editor of The The EgoistEgoist , a magazine advocating the Imag

239、ist Movement. , a magazine advocating the Imagist Movement. In 1921 his marriage was a failure and then he went to In 1921 his marriage was a failure and then he went to Switzerland to receive medical treatment. Two Switzerland to receive medical treatment. Two months later he gave Ezra Pound the ma

240、nuscript of months later he gave Ezra Pound the manuscript of The Waste LandThe Waste Land. In 1927 he was received into the . In 1927 he was received into the Church of England.Church of England.166His main works: His main works: 1. 1.The The Love Love Song Song of of J. J. Alfred Alfred PrufrockPr

241、ufrock（19151915）J. J. 阿阿尔弗雷德尔弗雷德. .普鲁弗洛克的情歌普鲁弗洛克的情歌2.*2.*The Waste LandThe Waste Land (1922) (1922)荒原荒原3. 3.Four QuartetsFour Quartets （19431943）四个四重奏包括）四个四重奏包括: :1) 1)Burnt NortonBurnt Norton(1936) (1936) 烧毁的诺顿烧毁的诺顿2) 2)East CokerEast Coker(1940) (1940) 东科克东科克3) 3)The Dry SalvagesThe Dry Salvages(1

242、941) (1941) 干燥的萨尔维干燥的萨尔维 吉斯吉斯4) 4)The little GiddingThe little Gidding (1942) (1942) 小吉丁小吉丁1674. 4.Prufrock and Other ObservationsPrufrock and Other Observations(1917) (1917) 普鲁夫洛克及其他普鲁夫洛克及其他5. 5.The GerontionThe Gerontion (1919) (1919)小老头小老头6. 6.The Sacred WoodThe Sacred Wood (1920) (1920) 圣林圣林7. 7

243、.Homage to John DrydenHomage to John Dryden(1924) (1924) 向约翰向约翰 德莱顿致敬德莱顿致敬8. 8.The Hollow MenThe Hollow Men （19251925）空心人）空心人9. 9.For Lancelot AndrewsFor Lancelot Andrews (1928) (1928) 纪念兰斯洛特纪念兰斯洛特 安德鲁斯安德鲁斯10.10.Ash-WednesdayAsh-Wednesday （19301930） 圣灰星期三圣灰星期三11.11.Murder in the CathedralMurder in t

244、he Cathedral（19351935）大教堂谋杀案）大教堂谋杀案12.12.Family ReunionFamily Reunion (1939) (1939) 大团圆大团圆13.13.The Cocktail PartyThe Cocktail Party (1950) (1950) 鸡尾酒会鸡尾酒会168The Waste LandThe Waste Land Published in 1922 in Published in 1922 in The CriterionThe Criterion and dedicated to and dedicated to Ezra Pound

245、, T.S.Eliots poem Ezra Pound, T.S.Eliots poem The Waste LandThe Waste Land is 433 is 433 lines long, and includes five parts. It involves lots of lines long, and includes five parts. It involves lots of borrowings from 35 different writers and 6 foreign borrowings from 35 different writers and 6 for

246、eign languages, so it is obscure and hard to understand. It is languages, so it is obscure and hard to understand. It is broadly acknowledged as one of the most recognizable broadly acknowledged as one of the most recognizable landmarks of modernism.landmarks of modernism.169 The title derives from

247、the Fisher King legend and The title derives from the Fisher King legend and benefits from Jessie L. Westernsbenefits from Jessie L. Westerns From Ritual to Romance From Ritual to Romance（从仪式到传说）（从仪式到传说） and James Frazersand James Frazers The Golden BoughThe Golden Bough（金枝）（金枝）. Jessie L.Western te

248、lls of the Grail . Jessie L.Western tells of the Grail legend of which the story of the Fisher King is a part. legend of which the story of the Fisher King is a part. The Fisher King sins against God,who then punishes The Fisher King sins against God,who then punishes him by making him sexually woun

249、ded, and this disability him by making him sexually wounded, and this disability is reflected on his land, so that his kingdom becomes a is reflected on his land, so that his kingdom becomes a waste land. To make the King well, the Holy Grail, the waste land. To make the King well, the Holy Grail, t

250、he Cup which is said to have been used by Jesus at the Last Cup which is said to have been used by Jesus at the Last Supper, must be searched for by the quester.Supper, must be searched for by the quester.170 The quester must not get the Cup, but he must The quester must not get the Cup, but he must

251、 come to right place and ask the right question about come to right place and ask the right question about the nature of the Cup. Western also states that the the nature of the Cup. Western also states that the Holy Grail legend is connected with the Holy Grail legend is connected with the Arthurian

252、 Arthurian legend(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)legend(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight). King Arthur . King Arthur sends his knights to look for the Grail to save his sends his knights to look for the Grail to save his kingdom. The knights searching for the Holy Grail is kingdom. The knights searc

253、hing for the Holy Grail is one plot of the poem. The title symbolizes the decay one plot of the poem. The title symbolizes the decay of Western culture and the disorder of the modern of Western culture and the disorder of the modern civilization, so in fact it is the spiritual crisis of the civiliza

254、tion, so in fact it is the spiritual crisis of the postwar Europe.postwar Europe.171The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockLetusgothen,youandIWhentheeveningisspreadoutagainsttheskyLikeapatientetheriseduponatable;Letusgo,throughcertainhalf-desertedstreets,ThemutteringretreatsOfrestlessnightsinone-nightch

255、eaphotelsAndsawdustrestaurantswithoyster-shells:StreetsthatfollowlikeatediousargumentOfinsidiousintentToleadyoutoanoverwhelmingquestion.Oh,donotask,Whatisit?”Letusgoandmakeourvisit.1721. His character:1. His character:n nself-conscious, self-conscious, self-distrusting, self-distrusting, timid, timi

256、d, lacking lacking in in vitality and courage/cowardvitality and courage/cowardn nimpotent physically and spiritually, tortured between impotent physically and spiritually, tortured between desire and impotence desire and impotence 1732. His world:2. His world:n nelegant, elegant, empty, empty, triv

257、ial, trivial, trifling, trifling, without without force force and and vitality, vitality, sluggish, lifeless, listless, futile, meaninglesssluggish, lifeless, listless, futile, meaningless1743. His situation:3. His situation:n ndesire desire for for love, love, yet yet afraid afraid of of being bein

258、g rejected rejected and and misunderstood, misunderstood, desires desires for for true true life, life, love, love, turn turn a a new new leaf , yet has not courage to act/take actionleaf , yet has not courage to act/take action1754. Symbolic meaning of this character4. Symbolic meaning of this char

259、actern nArchetypal modern man, western intellectualsArchetypal modern man, western intellectuals176177Robert Frost (1874-1963)n nunofficial unofficial poet poet laureate, laureate, 4 4 Pulitzer Pulitzer Prize, Prize, read read poem at a presidential inauguration.poem at a presidential inauguration.n

260、 n Main Works. Main Works. A Boys Will A Boys Will 1913, 1913, North of BostonNorth of Boston, 1914, , 1914, Mountain Interval Mountain Interval, 1916, , 1916, New HampshireNew Hampshire 1923, 1923, West-Running Brook West-Running Brook 1928, 1928, A Further RangeA Further Range 1936, 1936, A Witnes

261、s TreeA Witness Tree 1942, 1942, Steeple BushSteeple Bush, 1947, , 1947, In the In the ClearingClearing 1962 1962 178Featuresn n Themes: Themes: Nature, Nature, Mens Mens relations relations to to the the natural natural world, mens relations to each other. world, mens relations to each other. n nFr

262、ost was perfectly willing to follow the traditional Frost was perfectly willing to follow the traditional rhythm and the iambic pattern.rhythm and the iambic pattern.n nFrost is often deceptively simpleFrost is often deceptively simple， exploring exploring complexity through plexity through triviali

263、ty.n nAlthough Frost depicts mostly New England Although Frost depicts mostly New England landscape, those scenes of rural life reflect the landscape, those scenes of rural life reflect the fragmentization of modern experience.fragmentization of modern experience.179The Road Not Taken Two roads dive

264、rged in a yellow wood,Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;

265、To where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair,Then took the other, as just as fair,And having perhaps the better claimAnd having perhaps the better claimBecause it was grassy and wanted wear;Because it was grassy and wanted wear;Though as for that the passing thereThough a

266、s for that the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,Had worn them really about the same,180 And both that morning equally layAnd both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.In leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Oh, I kept the first

267、for another day!Yet knowing how way leads on to way,Yet knowing how way leads on to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighI shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Somewhere ages and ages hence:Two road

268、s diverged in a wood, and ITwo roads diverged in a wood, and II took the one less traveled by,I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.And that has made all the difference.181Stanza 1n nThe poem begins as if when the poet was walking in The poem begins as if when the poet

269、 was walking in a wood in late autumn at a fork in the road. He was a wood in late autumn at a fork in the road. He was choosing which road he should follow. Actually, it is choosing which road he should follow. Actually, it is concerned with the important decisions which one concerned with the impo

270、rtant decisions which one must make in life; one must give up one desirable must make in life; one must give up one desirable thing in order to possess the other.thing in order to possess the other.182Stanza 2n nAfter the judgment and hesitation, the traveler makes After the judgment and hesitation,

271、 the traveler makes up his mind to take the road which looks grassy and up his mind to take the road which looks grassy and wants wear. This is often beloved to be the symbol of wants wear. This is often beloved to be the symbol of the poets choice of a solitary life-taking poetry the poets choice o

272、f a solitary life-taking poetry writing as his life profession.writing as his life profession.183Stanza 3n nThe two roads are equally pretty, so as soon as he The two roads are equally pretty, so as soon as he made the choice of the one, the poet felt painful for made the choice of the one, the poet

273、 felt painful for abandoning the other. He is quite aware that his abandoning the other. He is quite aware that his intention of “next choice” will be nothing than an intention of “next choice” will be nothing than an empty promise.empty promise.184Stanza 4n nThe poet was imagining many years later

274、when he The poet was imagining many years later when he recalling the choice he made today, he would respond recalling the choice he made today, he would respond with nothing else but a sigh, for it would be too hard with nothing else but a sigh, for it would be too hard for anyone, after many more

275、experiences in life, to for anyone, after many more experiences in life, to make any comment on the choice made early in life.make any comment on the choice made early in life.185Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Eveningn nWhose woods these are I think I know.Whose woods these are I think I know.His hous

276、e is in the village though;His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereHe will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.To watch his woods fill up with snow.My little horse must think it queerMy little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse ne

277、arTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.The darkest evening of the year.186n nHe gives his harness bells a shakeHe gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake.To ask if there is some mistak

278、e.The only other sounds the sweepThe only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.Of easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark and deep.The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go bef

279、ore I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep. And miles to go before I sleep. 187Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening It is an iambic tetrametre (It is an iambic tetrametre (抑扬格四音步抑扬格四音步) and ) and interlocking enclosed rhymeinterlocking enclosed rhyme（连锁抱韵）（连锁抱韵） is used, is used, that is, the first,

280、 second and fourth line in each stanza that is, the first, second and fourth line in each stanza are rhymed, the last sound of the third line is the are rhymed, the last sound of the third line is the rhyme of the next stanza. All the four lines in the last rhyme of the next stanza. All the four lin

281、es in the last stanza are rhymed to give readers a completely stanza are rhymed to give readers a completely harmonious impression.harmonious impression. 188 It represents a moment of relaxation from the burdensome journey of life, an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty whi

282、ch is wholesome and restorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.189After Apple-picking190 I think that this poem is referring to events in life I think that this poem is referring to events in life when they talk about picking apples. Each apple when they talk about picking apples. Each

283、apple represents a task or occasion in your life. He says that represents a task or occasion in your life. He says that there is a barrel that he did not fill. I think that he is there is a barrel that he did not fill. I think that he is talking about things that he never got to experience, or talki

284、ng about things that he never got to experience, or that he missed out on. He probably decided against that he missed out on. He probably decided against doing something for some reason or another. But now doing something for some reason or another. But now they come back to haunt him in his dreams.

285、 they come back to haunt him in his dreams. He cant think about anything else. He picks apples He cant think about anything else. He picks apples upon apples and he seems to be getting very tired. I upon apples and he seems to be getting very tired. I think that this means that he has so much work t

286、o do think that this means that he has so much work to do that he cant handle it. He is talking about a point that that he cant handle it. He is talking about a point that in our life sometime, we all get exhausted of everything. in our life sometime, we all get exhausted of everything. 191 I think

287、that we all have nightmares like him, when I think that we all have nightmares like him, when all we can think about is how much work we still have all we can think about is how much work we still have left to do. As well as dreams where we dwell on our left to do. As well as dreams where we dwell o

288、n our decisions that we make, and worry about everything. I decisions that we make, and worry about everything. I find that the main theme in this poem is regretting find that the main theme in this poem is regretting something that you didnt do, and not being able to turn something that you didnt d

289、o, and not being able to turn back. He feels as if he did not live his life to the fullest back. He feels as if he did not live his life to the fullest because he left some apples on the branches, now all he because he left some apples on the branches, now all he has is work to do, and there is no t

290、urning back. All he has is work to do, and there is no turning back. All he can do is wish that he had picked them. We need to be can do is wish that he had picked them. We need to be careful about the decisions that we make, but at the careful about the decisions that we make, but at the same time,

291、 we should know why we are making them, same time, we should know why we are making them, and not be afraid to take risks, or we might regret it and not be afraid to take risks, or we might regret it later.later.192Departmentaln n“Departmental” by Robert Frost is a poem written in rhymed couplets wi

292、th three beats per line. Throughout the poem, Frost uses poetic devices such as personification, allusion, rhyme, and alliteration. The poem as a whole serves as a metaphor for the way humans deal with issues like death.193Edwin Arlington Robinson(1869-1935)vRobinson is the first important poet of t

293、he twentieth centuryvPoet of transitionvPulitzer Prize winner for three times194vRobinsons poetry includes such typical elements as characterization, indirect and allusive narration, contemporary setting, psychological realism and interest in exploring the tangles of human feelings and relationships

294、, and expressing the modern fears and uncertainty in his own era.195Richard CoryvWhile stanza one introduces the narrator, more importantly it emphasizes his limited view of Richard Cory. Line one introduces us to Cory while line two establishes that the narrator has only an external view of Cory. F

295、rom this viewpoint, then, the narrator proceeds to make an assortment of limited value judgments. 196Miniver CheevyvMiniver is the archetypal frustrated romantic idealist, born in the wrong time for idealism. He is close enough to being Robinson himself so that Robinson can smile at him and let the

296、pathos remain unspoken.197vMiniver Cheevy is generally regarded as a self-portrait. The tone, characteristics sketched by Robinson and shared by the poet and Miniver, and the satiric humor of the poem all lead to that interpretation. vThe poem satirizes the age and, especially, its literary taste.19

297、8 Lost Generationn n Lost generation refers to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following WWI, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein, You are all a lost generation. addressed

298、to Hemingway, was used as a preface to the latters novel The Sun Also Rises, which brilliantly describes an expatriate group typical of the lost generation. Other American authors of the period to whom the term is generally applied included E. E. Cummings, Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound and so on.199F. Scot

299、t Fitzgerald200Jazz Agen nThe The Jazz AgeJazz Age was a feature of the 1920s (ending with was a feature of the 1920s (ending with The Great Depression) when jazz music and dance The Great Depression) when jazz music and dance became popular. This occurred particularly in the became popular. This oc

300、curred particularly in the United States, but also in Britain, France and elsewhere. United States, but also in Britain, France and elsewhere. Jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes Jazz played a significant part in wider cultural changes during the period, and its influence on pop

301、 culture during the period, and its influence on pop culture continued long afterwards.continued long afterwards.n n1920s youth used the influence of jazz to rebel against 1920s youth used the influence of jazz to rebel against the traditional culture of previous generations.the traditional culture

302、of previous generations.n nflapper: a young woman in the 1920s who wore flapper: a young woman in the 1920s who wore fashionable clothes, had short hair and was interested in fashionable clothes, had short hair and was interested in modern music and new ideas. modern music and new ideas. 201Francis

303、Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)n nFitzgerald is now considered the spokesman for the Fitzgerald is now considered the spokesman for the Jazz Age, Americas decade of prosperity, excess and Jazz Age, Americas decade of prosperity, excess and abandon. He is best remembered for his fiction which abandon. H

304、e is best remembered for his fiction which examines Americans search for the American dream of examines Americans search for the American dream of wealth and happiness.wealth and happiness.202Commentn n1. Fitzgeralds greatness lies in the fact that he found 1. Fitzgeralds greatness lies in the fact

305、that he found intuitively in his personal experience the embodiment intuitively in his personal experience the embodiment of the nation and created a myth out of American life.of the nation and created a myth out of American life.n n2. He has always been critical of the rich and tried to 2. He has a

306、lways been critical of the rich and tried to show the disintegrating effects of wealth on the show the disintegrating effects of wealth on the emotional make-up of his characters.emotional make-up of his characters.n n3. At his best Fitzgeralds craftsmanship is perfect. The 3. At his best Fitzgerald

307、s craftsmanship is perfect. The choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose choice of a dramatic narrator, through whose consciousness everything filters, ensures the compact consciousness everything filters, ensures the compact organic wholeness of the work.organic wholeness of the work.n n4. Fitz

308、gerald was one of the great stylists in American 4. Fitzgerald was one of the great stylists in American literature.literature.203The Great Gatsbyn nNick CarrawayNick Carrawayn nJay GatsbyJay Gatsbyn nJordan BakerJordan Bakern nDaisy BuchananDaisy Buchanann nTom BuchananTom Buchanann nMyrtle WilsonM

309、yrtle Wilsonn nGeorge WilsonGeorge Wilson204n nThe crowds hardly know their host; many come and go The crowds hardly know their host; many come and go without invitation. without invitation. n nThe music, the laughter, and the faces, all blurred as The music, the laughter, and the faces, all blurred

310、 as one confused mass, signify the purposelessness and one confused mass, signify the purposelessness and loneliness of the party-goers beneath their masks of loneliness of the party-goers beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality.relaxation and joviality.n nThe shallowness of Daisy whose voic

311、e is “full of The shallowness of Daisy whose voice is “full of money”, the restless wickedness of Tom, the money”, the restless wickedness of Tom, the representative of the egocentric, careless rich, and representative of the egocentric, careless rich, and Gatsby who is, on the one hand, charmingly

312、innocent Gatsby who is, on the one hand, charmingly innocent enough to believe that the past can be recovered, enough to believe that the past can be recovered, tragically convinced of the power of money, all clearly tragically convinced of the power of money, all clearly denote the vanishing of the

313、 great expectations which denote the vanishing of the great expectations which the first settlement of the American continent had the first settlement of the American continent had inspired. The hope is gone; despair and doom have set inspired. The hope is gone; despair and doom have set in. in. 205

314、Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)206Style n ntight, tight, terse, terse, spare, spare, reporter reporter prose, prose, lean, lean, reduce reduce the the sentences sentences to to its its essential, essential, functional functional components. components. Yet Yet muscular muscular and and efficient, effici

315、ent, convey convey its its emotional emotional insights clearly and with sharp impact.insights clearly and with sharp impact.n nVernacular, Vernacular, simple simple sentence sentence structure, structure, restricted restricted vocabulary, vocabulary, precise precise imagery, imagery, an an imperson

316、al impersonal tone, tone, avoid avoid expressing expressing feeling feeling directly, directly, prefer prefer to to express express feeling between the lines, with some symbols.feeling between the lines, with some symbols.n nAvoid Avoid abstract abstract words, words, complex complex sentences sente

317、nces for for he he feels feels embarrassed embarrassed by by these these words words such such as as glory, glory, honor, courage.honor, courage.207Themes n nWar, War, death death (physical, (physical, emotional emotional and and psychic psychic death), death), courage courage (mans (mans grace grac

318、e under under pressure, pressure, faced faced with with the the threat of ones values.), life values.threat of ones values.), life values.n nHemingways Hemingways view view on on life: life: life life is is one one of of perpetual perpetual annihilation annihilation (total (total destruction). destr

319、uction). The The idea idea of of mortality mortality had been a noticeable feature of his work.had been a noticeable feature of his work.208Code Hero n nHe is sensitive, intelligent. He is a man of action and of few He is sensitive, intelligent. He is a man of action and of few words. He is alone ev

320、en when with other people. He is words. He is alone even when with other people. He is somewhat an outsider, keeping emotion under control, and somewhat an outsider, keeping emotion under control, and self-disciplined in a dreadful place when one can not get self-disciplined in a dreadful place when

321、 one can not get happiness. In a world which is essentially chaotic and happiness. In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand. The awareness

322、against a force he does not even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair, but Hemingway hero possesses a engenders a sense of despair, but Hemingway hero possesses a k

323、ind of despairing courage. It is this courage that enables a kind of despairing courage. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. This is the essence of a code of honor in which

324、all adversity. This is the essence of a code of honor in which all of Hemingways heroes believe. of Hemingways heroes believe. n nA Man can be destroyed but not defeated. A Man can be destroyed but not defeated. 209 Iceberg Theoryn nIf If a a writer writer of of prose prose knows knows enough enough

325、 about about what what he he is is writing writing about about he he may may omit omit things things that that he he knows knows and and the the reader, reader, if if the the writer writer is is writing writing truly truly enough, enough, will will have have a a feeling feeling of of those those thi

326、ngs things as as strongly strongly as as though though the the writer writer had had stated stated them. them. the the dignity dignity of of an an iceberg iceberg is is due due to to only only one-eighth one-eighth of of it it being being above above water. water. (Death in the Afternoon, p192)(Deat

327、h in the Afternoon, p192)n nThe The emphasis emphasis on on submerging submerging information information is is the the most most revolutionary revolutionary part part of of Hemingways Hemingways theory theory of of the the short short story. story. Hemingway Hemingway had had a a great great deal d

328、eal to to say say about about America. America. The The autobiographical autobiographical impulse impulse was was major major in in him. him. His His way way is is exclusion. exclusion. The The form form came came by what he would choose to leave out.by what he would choose to leave out.210A Farewel

329、l To Armsn nThe The novel novel shows shows the the filth, filth, meaningless, meaningless, calamity calamity of of war war and disillusionment of people.and disillusionment of people. Henry Henry is is completely completely disillusioned. disillusioned. He He has has been been to to the the war, wa

330、r, but but has has seen seen nothing nothing sacred sacred and and glorious. glorious. He He is is determined determined to to say say farewell farewell to to arms. arms. But But the the adversity, adversity, threat threat of of death death still still foreshadows foreshadows his his life. life. At

331、At last last the the death death of of his his wife wife and and baby baby makes makes him him taste taste and and experience experience the the death, death, the the nothingness nothingness of of life, life, the the disillusionment with future, hope, love and happiness.disillusionment with future,

332、hope, love and happiness.211John Steinbeck One of The Great American Writers of the 20th Century212A Look at the AuthorBorn February 27th in 1902 in Salinas, California, John was the 3rd of 4 children, and the only son.During his childhood, Steinbeck learned to appreciate his surroundings, and loved

333、 the Salinas countryside and the nearby Pacific Ocean; it would be this appreciation that would later come out in his writing.Steinbeck worked during his summers as a hired hand in nearby ranches.213The Fields of Salinas, California214At the age of 14 he decided to be a writer and spent a lot of tim

334、e writing in his room.In high school, Steinbeck did well in English and edited the school yearbook.1919-1925 Steinbeck attended Stanford University to please his parents, but only chosecourses that interested him, classical and BritishLiterature, writing courses and the odd sciencecourse.However, St

335、einbeck did not receive a degree because he would drop in and out of school,sometimes to work with migrant and bindle-stiffs on California ranches.215During the late 1920s and 1930s he concentrated on writing and wrote several novels set in California.Steinbeck gained great success byreaders and cri

336、tics.216In 1929, he published his first novel, Cup of GoldHe married three times and divorced twice.In 1935, he won his first literary prize,Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal for Best Novel by a Californian for his novel, Tortilla Flat.In 1936, Of Mice and Men was published, and was so wide

337、ly accepted that Steinbeck began a book tour that led him to Europe.217In 1939, The Grapes of Wrath was published and became an instant best-seller; in 1940 it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, one of the most prestigious literary awards in the world.This novel, just like Of Mice and Men, stemmed from

338、 his experience working among migrant workers. Steinbecks experiences in the fields researching migrant workers led him to have more compassion for theseworkers, and stirred up his concern for social justice.218Dustbowl Map showing the major damage in 1932219Dust Storm Approaching Startford, Texas,

339、1930s220Hobo with bindle-stiff (home-made back pack) that carries all his possessions221Influences on Steinbeck:Mode of the documentaryDorothea Lange photography of Dust Bowl Oklahoma and California migrant life222Historical Background to Migrant WorkersBefore technology created farm machinery, huma

340、ns had to do a lot of the farm work by hand.Between the 1880s and the 1930s thousands of men would travel the countryside in search of work.Such work included the harvesting of wheat.223Steinbeck on Migrant IssueslEach of these versions of the migrant story shared a fixed core of elements:Entrenched

341、 power, wealth, authority and tyranny of Californias industrialized agricultural systemViolations of migrant civil and human rights, ensuring their continued poverty and loss of dignity through threats and violence In opposition to:Powerlessness, poverty, victimization, and fear of the nomadic Ameri

342、can migrantsDesiring dignity, work, and land of their ownKept alive by innate ability of recovery and resourcefulness224The Grapes of Wrath (1939)Movie PosterCover of 1st Edition225The Grapes of WrathAbove: 66 is the mother road, the road of flight. Right 1: the setting for Chapters 18-30 ofThe Grap

343、es of Wrath Right 2: places mentioned in Chapter 12 ofThe Grapes of Wrath 226The Grapes of WrathThe Exodus story of the Joad family on their way to an uncertain future in California, ends with a scene in which Rose of Sharon, who has just delivered a stillborn child, suckles a starving man with her

344、breast. 227Themes of The Grapes of WrathMans Inhumanity to Man;The Saving Power of Family and Fellowship;The Dignity of Wrath;The Multiplying Effects of Selfishness and Altruism.228William Faulkner(1897-1962)229229His Lifen nCreated Yoknapatawpha Created Yoknapatawpha County, modeled after County, m

345、odeled after Oxford, Miss.Oxford, Miss.n nOnly went to 10Only went to 10thth grade graden nRejected by Army- enlisted Rejected by Army- enlisted in Canadian Air Forcein Canadian Air Forcen nSeveral short lived jobsSeveral short lived jobs230230A Picture of Yoknapatawpha County( a little postage stam

346、p of native soil)231231Yoknapatawpha saga: Yoknapatawpha county is not only a complete Yoknapatawpha county is not only a complete and detailed creation of a mythical kingdom, it and detailed creation of a mythical kingdom, it functions also as an allegory of the South. Its functions also as an alle

347、gory of the South. Its appeal became universal as well as particular.appeal became universal as well as particular.232232Main Worksn nThe Sound and the Furyn nAs I Lay Dyingn nSanctuaryn nLight in Augustn nAbsolom, Absolem!n nThe Hamletn nGo Down, Moses233233A Rose for Emily “A Rose for Emily” is on

348、e of Faulkners most widely read in the American classroom. Chinese students may find it difficult to understand and appreciate. Some of them may think it is a bizarre story about an old eccentric lady in an American Southern town. It is true that the setting of the story is the American South. Yet,

349、the theme of the story is universal, transcending the boundaries of time and space. Like many other works of great literature, this short story tells about love, death, honor, pride, change, and loss.234234n nThe story is set in the southern town of Jefferson The story is set in the southern town of

350、 Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha Country which is also the in Yoknapatawpha Country which is also the setting for a dozen of his novels. setting for a dozen of his novels. n nEmily Grierson, the protagonist, has been twisted Emily Grierson, the protagonist, has been twisted in personality by forces beyon

351、d her control. in personality by forces beyond her control. Dominated by her aristocratic father, she has been Dominated by her aristocratic father, she has been prevented from marrying and after his death she is prevented from marrying and after his death she is left alone and penniless. She kills

352、her lover Homer left alone and penniless. She kills her lover Homer Barron in order to keep him with her. She does not Barron in order to keep him with her. She does not accept change of the time and alienates herself accept change of the time and alienates herself from the community. She is insane

353、and her actions from the community. She is insane and her actions grotesque, but she is a victim, a tragic woman who grotesque, but she is a victim, a tragic woman who invites sympathy. One of the themes of this story invites sympathy. One of the themes of this story is the relation of the individua

354、l and his actions to is the relation of the individual and his actions to the past, present and future. Apart from the the past, present and future. Apart from the exploration of psychological reality, the displaced exploration of psychological reality, the displaced chronology in narration is also

355、characteristic of chronology in narration is also characteristic of Faulkners style.Faulkners style.235235Southern Gothicn nSouthern Gothic is a subgenre of Gothic fiction unique Southern Gothic is a subgenre of Gothic fiction unique to American literature that takes place exclusively in to American

356、 literature that takes place exclusively in the American South. Common themes in Southern the American South. Common themes in Southern Gothic literature include deeply flawed, disturbing or Gothic literature include deeply flawed, disturbing or disorienting characters, decayed or derelict settings,

357、 disorienting characters, decayed or derelict settings, grotesque situations, and other sinister events relating grotesque situations, and other sinister events relating to or coming from poverty, alienation, racism, crime, to or coming from poverty, alienation, racism, crime, and violence. It is un

358、like its parent genre in that it and violence. It is unlike its parent genre in that it uses these tools not solely for the sake of suspense, uses these tools not solely for the sake of suspense, but to explore social issues and reveal the cultural but to explore social issues and reveal the cultura

359、l character of the American South, with the Gothic character of the American South, with the Gothic elements taking place in a realist context rather than a elements taking place in a realist context rather than a strictly fantastical one. strictly fantastical one. 236236 The Meaning of the Title Th

360、e meaning of the title is ambiguous, capable of various interpretations. A rose is a clich, symbolizing love and a pledge of faithfulness. From the story we can see Miss Emily was denied love. So, in this sense, the title has an ironic meaning. A rose for somebody can also mean a kind of memorial, a

361、n offering, in memory of somebody. Then, who offered a rose for Emily? 237237Writing style FlashbackFlashback（倒叙）（倒叙） and foreshadowing (and foreshadowing (预示预示) are ) are two often used literary devices that utilize time in two often used literary devices that utilize time in order to produce a des

362、ired effect. Flashbacks are order to produce a desired effect. Flashbacks are used to present action that occurs before the used to present action that occurs before the beginning of a story; foreshadowing is a literary beginning of a story; foreshadowing is a literary device in which an author indi

363、stinctly suggests device in which an author indistinctly suggests certain plot developments that will come later in certain plot developments that will come later in the story. Foreshadowing creates expectation for the story. Foreshadowing creates expectation for action that has not yet happened. Fa

364、ulkner uses action that has not yet happened. Faulkner uses both devices in A Rose for Emily. both devices in A Rose for Emily. 238238Why did Miss Emily kill Homer Barron?a.a.Barron had deserted her.b.b.Barron refused to marry her. c.c.She feared that Barron would not remain faithful to her after th

365、eir marriage.d.d.She was insane.e.e.He wanted to blackmail her.f. f.He wanted to take her to the North.239239What kind of a woman is Miss Emily? How is she portrayed in the story? Born into an aristocratic family of the South, Miss Emily was proud, self-important and obstinate like other Griersons.

366、As a lady from such a family, she enjoyed a high but out-dated social status. On the one hand she was placed on a pedestal for people to admire as if she were perfect. She was closely watched by the community and was always expected to bring honor to the town and set a good example for the young. Sh

367、e was viewed as a representative of the Southern tradition, “an idol in the niche”. Dominated by her father, she was deprived of all opportunities for a happy marriage and thus for a normal womans life. 240240 After she began to court with Homer Barron, a Northern laborer, she was accused of being a

368、 disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people. The patriarchal and social pressure twisted her character. She tried hard to cling to the past, which meant privilege and glory to her. She cut herself off from the changing world and lived in complete self-isolation. Over the years, she w

369、as transformed from a subordinate young lady controlled by her domineering father to a middle-aged woman courting a laborer against the accusation of the community and then to a murderer who not only killed her love but also kept the corpse in her house and even sometimes lay down beside the remains

370、 of the dead body. 241241How did the townspeople think of her？ For such a woman, the townspeople had mixed For such a woman, the townspeople had mixed feelings-she was “dear, inescapable, feelings-she was “dear, inescapable, imperviousimpervious（不受影响的）（不受影响的）, tranquil, and perverse, tranquil, and p

371、erverse( (执拗的执拗的)”. For better or worse, she is the )”. For better or worse, she is the embodiment of the social conditions at that time. embodiment of the social conditions at that time. Through telling this story and exploring the Through telling this story and exploring the character of Miss Emil

372、y, Faulkner reveals his character of Miss Emily, Faulkner reveals his ambivalent relationship to the South, of which he ambivalent relationship to the South, of which he felt proud and ashamed at the same time.felt proud and ashamed at the same time.242242What is the symbolic meaning of her vigorous

373、 iron-grey hair? It symbolizes her strong and stubborn personality. She refused to make any change to adapt her herself to the changing society. Even her hair ceased turning its color.243243The meaning of the story The plot of the story evolves around many The plot of the story evolves around many c

374、onflicts: the conflicts between Mr. Grierson and conflicts: the conflicts between Mr. Grierson and his daughter, the conflict between Miss Emily and his daughter, the conflict between Miss Emily and Homer Barron, the conflict between Miss Emily Homer Barron, the conflict between Miss Emily and the c

375、ommunity, the conflict between the and the community, the conflict between the South and the North, the conflict between Miss South and the North, the conflict between Miss Emily and the established codes of conduct, and Emily and the established codes of conduct, and the conflict between the past a

376、nd the present. the conflict between the past and the present. The readers different focus on these conflicts The readers different focus on these conflicts may lead to different interpretations. On the may lead to different interpretations. On the whole, it tells what it is like to live in the whol

377、e, it tells what it is like to live in the American South between the 1860s and the American South between the 1860s and the 1930s when the South had to digest the loss of 1930s when the South had to digest the loss of the war and cope with its legacy in a changing the war and cope with its legacy i

378、n a changing society.society.244244Detailed Study of the TextDetailed Study of the TextPart IPart I1.1.The street used to house only the best families. The street used to house only the best families. Then great changes took place: garages and cotton Then great changes took place: garages and cotton

379、 gins were established on the street and their gins were established on the street and their existence wiped out the aristocratic traces in that existence wiped out the aristocratic traces in that neighborhood. While the whole street was becoming neighborhood. While the whole street was becoming mod

380、ern and commercial, only Miss Emilys house modern and commercial, only Miss Emilys house remained the same. Although her house was remained the same. Although her house was decaying, it still assumed an air of a stubborn and decaying, it still assumed an air of a stubborn and frivolous girl. The cot

381、ton wagons and gasoline frivolous girl. The cotton wagons and gasoline pumps were ugly enough, but this house, which was pumps were ugly enough, but this house, which was old, in decay, pretentious, and completely out of old, in decay, pretentious, and completely out of place, was more unpleasant to

382、 look at. This detail place, was more unpleasant to look at. This detail shows that the house and its owner share the same shows that the house and its owner share the same character.character.2452452 . Miss Emily had lived long and had become a tradition because she represented the aristocracy of t

383、he Old South that had lost out in the Civil War. She was a care because she was old, unmarried, and without family, and the people in the town felt they must take care of her. They felt that taking care of her was their duty and obligation. This obligation passed from generation to generation as lon

384、g as she lived. 246246 3. Miss Emily would not have accepted charity. “Not 3. Miss Emily would not have accepted charity. “Not that” is used to say what follows is not true. that” is used to say what follows is not true. Charity would be humiliating to Miss Emily. When Charity would be humiliating t

385、o Miss Emily. When her father died, Miss Emily was quite poor, but her father died, Miss Emily was quite poor, but being a proud woman from an august family, she being a proud woman from an august family, she would not accept charity. Colonel Sartoris, born would not accept charity. Colonel Sartoris

386、, born into another aristocratic family in Jefferson, had into another aristocratic family in Jefferson, had elaborate ideas about how white upper class elaborate ideas about how white upper class women should be treated. With the decline of the women should be treated. With the decline of the South

387、 after the war, these rich white families also South after the war, these rich white families also declined. He knew that the wives and daughters of declined. He knew that the wives and daughters of the declining plantation owners enjoyed very high the declining plantation owners enjoyed very high b

388、ut also outdated status. They should be looked up but also outdated status. They should be looked up to, respected and taken care of. He knew exactly to, respected and taken care of. He knew exactly what Miss Emily needed and how she felt now, and what Miss Emily needed and how she felt now, and thu

389、s invented a tale to justify the edict so that he thus invented a tale to justify the edict so that he could give her some financial aid without appearing could give her some financial aid without appearing charitable.charitable.2472474. 4. fat, obese, plump, overweight, large, heavy, fat, obese, pl

390、ump, overweight, large, heavy, chubby, stout, tubbychubby, stout, tubby If you want to be polite, dont say that If you want to be polite, dont say that people are fat. Overweight or just large, in people are fat. Overweight or just large, in American English heavy, would be more American English hea

391、vy, would be more polite. Plump is most often used of women polite. Plump is most often used of women and children and means slightly or and children and means slightly or pleasantly fat. Chubby is most often used of pleasantly fat. Chubby is most often used of babies and children and also means bab

392、ies and children and also means pleasantly fat and healthy looking. Stout pleasantly fat and healthy looking. Stout means slightly fat and tubby means short means slightly fat and tubby means short and fat. If someone is extremely fat and and fat. If someone is extremely fat and unhealthy, he/she is

393、 obese. Obese is also unhealthy, he/she is obese. Obese is also the word used by doctors. the word used by doctors. 248248Part II1. 1. The ladies didnt believe that a man, any man, could The ladies didnt believe that a man, any man, could keep a kitchen properly. When the terrible smell keep a kitch

394、en properly. When the terrible smell developed, they thought it was because the manservant developed, they thought it was because the manservant didnt keep the kitchen clean.didnt keep the kitchen clean.2. The Griersons regarded themselves as very important 2. The Griersons regarded themselves as ve

395、ry important and the outside world as vulgar full of people inferior to and the outside world as vulgar full of people inferior to them. They belonged to entirely different worlds. After them. They belonged to entirely different worlds. After her father died, Miss Emily shut herself up in the house,

396、 her father died, Miss Emily shut herself up in the house, retreating to her world of the past. However, the retreating to her world of the past. However, the complaints about the smell served as a link between the complaints about the smell served as a link between the two different worlds and comp

397、elled her to deal with the two different worlds and compelled her to deal with the other world.other world.3. The next day the mayor received two more complaints. 3. The next day the mayor received two more complaints. One of them was from a man who came and pleaded to One of them was from a man who

398、 came and pleaded to the mayor in a shy and timid way.the mayor in a shy and timid way.2492494.Miss Emily sat in the 4.Miss Emily sat in the window with the light behindwindow with the light behind her. What people Could see her. What people Could see was her silhouette, a darkwas her silhouette, a

399、darkfigure seen against a lightfigure seen against a lightBackground. In this imageBackground. In this imageShe didnt look like a livingShe didnt look like a livingperson but an idol, or a person but an idol, or a Goddess. Such a image suited Goddess. Such a image suited her rigid and stubborn her r

400、igid and stubborn personality,personality,her arrogant character.her arrogant character.2502505.5.长久以来，我们把这家人一直看做一幅画中的人物：身段苗条、穿着白衣的爱米丽小姐长久以来，我们把这家人一直看做一幅画中的人物：身段苗条、穿着白衣的爱米丽小姐立在背后，她父亲叉开双脚的侧影在前面，背对爱米丽，手执一根马鞭，一扇向后开立在背后，她父亲叉开双脚的侧影在前面，背对爱米丽，手执一根马鞭，一扇向后开的前门恰好嵌住了他们俩的身影。的前门恰好嵌住了他们俩的身影。 This sentence depicts

401、 a central image that tells several things This sentence depicts a central image that tells several things about the relationship between father and daughter in Grierson about the relationship between father and daughter in Grierson family. First, the positions of the father and daughter are family.

402、 First, the positions of the father and daughter are meaningful. The father was standing in the foreground while meaningful. The father was standing in the foreground while Miss Emily was standing in the background. This shows the Miss Emily was standing in the background. This shows the fathers dom

403、inant position and the daughters subordinate role. fathers dominant position and the daughters subordinate role. The fathers spraddling adds to his image as a stern patriarchal The fathers spraddling adds to his image as a stern patriarchal figure. Second, the father turned his back to her, showing

404、that figure. Second, the father turned his back to her, showing that he refused to listen to her, denying her wishes. Then Mr. he refused to listen to her, denying her wishes. Then Mr. Grierson was clutching a horsewhip, which was clearly a symbol Grierson was clutching a horsewhip, which was clearl

405、y a symbol of power, authority, and strict control. Miss Emilys slender of power, authority, and strict control. Miss Emilys slender figure suggests vulnerability, and her white dress symbolizes figure suggests vulnerability, and her white dress symbolizes purity, the most valued quality of the Sout

406、hern white women. purity, the most valued quality of the Southern white women. The fact that the two of them were framed by the back-flung The fact that the two of them were framed by the back-flung front door may be interpreted in different ways. One front door may be interpreted in different ways.

407、 One interpretation is that the father was blocking the door, interpretation is that the father was blocking the door, suggesting Miss Emily was unable to walk out of the house and suggesting Miss Emily was unable to walk out of the house and choosing her suitor freely. Another interpretation is tha

408、t the choosing her suitor freely. Another interpretation is that the door was open for suitors but the suitors were driven away by door was open for suitors but the suitors were driven away by the father holding a horsewhip.the father holding a horsewhip.2512516. When she got to be thirty and was st

409、ill single, people 6. When she got to be thirty and was still single, people in the town were not happy about such an outcome, in the town were not happy about such an outcome, but it did confirm their predictionsMiss Emily was still but it did confirm their predictionsMiss Emily was still single be

410、cause the Griersons held themselves too high single because the Griersons held themselves too high for what they really were, and all the young men who for what they really were, and all the young men who had come to court Miss Emily had been driven away by had come to court Miss Emily had been driv

411、en away by the father. They knew that even though there was the father. They knew that even though there was insanity in the family, Miss Emily wouldnt have turned insanity in the family, Miss Emily wouldnt have turned down all of her chances if they had really existed.down all of her chances if the

412、y had really existed.7. Without her fathers over-protection and without 7. Without her fathers over-protection and without much money, she had become a common person much money, she had become a common person like the other townspeople. Ordinary people often like the other townspeople. Ordinary peop

413、le often become excited or worried when they get a penny become excited or worried when they get a penny more or a penny less. Being poor, now Miss Emily more or a penny less. Being poor, now Miss Emily would learn to appreciate the value of money like would learn to appreciate the value of money li

414、ke other people in the town. other people in the town. 252252Part III1.1.It is obvious that there is something else beneath the change It is obvious that there is something else beneath the change of appearances. What is it? It is quite ambiguous. The of appearances. What is it? It is quite ambiguou

415、s. The images in this passage may be interpreted as a woman images in this passage may be interpreted as a woman stripped of her sexuality. In this portrait, Emily assumes the stripped of her sexuality. In this portrait, Emily assumes the semblance of a girl instead of a sexually mature woman of sem

416、blance of a girl instead of a sexually mature woman of thirty. Her cut hair is especially important. Since ancient thirty. Her cut hair is especially important. Since ancient times, a womans hair has symbolized her sexuality. Emilys times, a womans hair has symbolized her sexuality. Emilys hair, alo

417、ng with her sexuality, has been cut short through her hair, along with her sexuality, has been cut short through her fathers pride. The cut hair also introduces religious imagery, fathers pride. The cut hair also introduces religious imagery, for an initiate into nunnery shears her hair as a symbol

418、of her for an initiate into nunnery shears her hair as a symbol of her chastity. In addition, the adjectives “tragic and serene” chastity. In addition, the adjectives “tragic and serene” envisage a Madonna, a holy virgin, as an addendum to the envisage a Madonna, a holy virgin, as an addendum to the

419、 primary image of angels who, although often depicted as primary image of angels who, although often depicted as women, are asexual. The images can also indicate that with women, are asexual. The images can also indicate that with her hair cut short, Emily was now a liberated woman. She her hair cut

420、 short, Emily was now a liberated woman. She was determined to change her role as an upper-class genteel was determined to change her role as an upper-class genteel woman. A short hair usually makes a woman look stronger woman. A short hair usually makes a woman look stronger and more independent in

421、 character. This quality of hers can and more independent in character. This quality of hers can be seen in her courting with Homer Barron, a Yankee be seen in her courting with Homer Barron, a Yankee foreman, despite traditional social prejudice.foreman, despite traditional social prejudice.2532532

422、. Yankee: Homer Barron was one of those from the victorious North who, after the Civil War, came to South in the hope of making money. They were often called “carpetbaggers”, and were objects of scorn or suspicion for most Southerners.2542543. But there were still others, older people, who said that

423、 no matter how sad Miss Emily was over her fathers death, she should not forget she had certain obligations as a member of the nobility, though a real lady would not describe her self-restraint by the expression noblesse oblige. The implied meaning is that it should be unthinkable for Emily as part

424、of the local “nobility” to consider marrying a man so far beneath her.255255Part IV 1. He would never disclose what happened during his talk with 1. He would never disclose what happened during his talk with Miss Emily. We can infer that Miss Emily must have treated him Miss Emily. We can infer that

425、 Miss Emily must have treated him with distain when he came to express the communitys with distain when he came to express the communitys disapproval of her public courting activities with Homer Barron. disapproval of her public courting activities with Homer Barron. This is why he refused to have a

426、nother talk with Miss Emily.This is why he refused to have another talk with Miss Emily. 2. The townspeople were glad because they had been annoyed 2. The townspeople were glad because they had been annoyed by the arrogant attitude of Miss Emily and now the two cousins by the arrogant attitude of Mi

427、ss Emily and now the two cousins were even more stubborn and self-important than Miss Emily. were even more stubborn and self-important than Miss Emily. They believed that the two cousins would succeed in They believed that the two cousins would succeed in persuading Miss Emily and Homer Barron to g

428、et married persuading Miss Emily and Homer Barron to get married quickly so that her public courting with Homer Barron would quickly so that her public courting with Homer Barron would come to an e to an end. 3. The people in the town guessed that their relationship had 3. The people in the town gue

429、ssed that their relationship had turned sour and so Homer Barron had left. And they expected turned sour and so Homer Barron had left. And they expected to see a quarrel between them. When nothing of the kind to see a quarrel between them. When nothing of the kind happened, they were a little disapp

430、ointed. Then they began to happened, they were a little disappointed. Then they began to think that he perhaps had gone to prepare for the wedding.think that he perhaps had gone to prepare for the wedding. blowing-off: a loud quarrel that signals the end of something blowing-off: a loud quarrel that

431、 signals the end of something2562564. By that time, the cousins had completed their mission and 4. By that time, the cousins had completed their mission and should leave Jefferson. Now the townspeople were taking should leave Jefferson. Now the townspeople were taking the side of Miss Emily and made

432、 secret plans to help her the side of Miss Emily and made secret plans to help her deal with her cousins in a clear way.deal with her cousins in a clear way.5. Her father had driven away her suitors so many times, thus 5. Her father had driven away her suitors so many times, thus preventing her from

433、 getting what she wanted as a woman. preventing her from getting what she wanted as a woman. thwart: to prevent someone from doing what they are trying thwart: to prevent someone from doing what they are trying to doto do6. What is the symbolic meaning of her 6. What is the symbolic meaning of her v

434、igorous iron-grey vigorous iron-grey hair?hair? It symbolizes her strong and stubborn personality. She It symbolizes her strong and stubborn personality. She refused to make any change to adapt her herself to the refused to make any change to adapt her herself to the changing society. Even her hair

435、ceased turning its color. changing society. Even her hair ceased turning its color. 2572577. Now Miss Emily no longer went out. 7. Now Miss Emily no longer went out. From time to time the townspeople would From time to time the townspeople would see her in one of the downstairs windows. see her in o

436、ne of the downstairs windows. She had evidently shut the top floor of the She had evidently shut the top floor of the house. Sitting in the window, Miss Emily house. Sitting in the window, Miss Emily looked like the carved torso of an idol for looked like the carved torso of an idol for worship plac

437、ed in a niche. Whether she worship placed in a niche. Whether she was looking at us or not we could not tell was looking at us or not we could not tell and it was not important because she had and it was not important because she had ceased to be a real human being, but ceased to be a real human bei

438、ng, but had completely become a sort of had completely become a sort of monument,monument, symbol of a tradition and hereditary symbol of a tradition and hereditary obligation. obligation.258258niche2592598. The author uses five adjectives to describe how the 8. The author uses five adjectives to de

439、scribe how the townspeople felt about Miss Emily. These words reflect townspeople felt about Miss Emily. These words reflect the townspeoples ambivalent attitude toward Miss Emily. the townspeoples ambivalent attitude toward Miss Emily. She was dear because she represented the Southern She was dear

440、because she represented the Southern heritage to a certain extent. She was inescapable heritage to a certain extent. She was inescapable because she was “a sort of hereditary obligation upon because she was “a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town”. She was impervious and not affected by any t

441、he town”. She was impervious and not affected by any changes taking place in the town, and her changes taking place in the town, and her imperviousness was well reflected by her ignoring the imperviousness was well reflected by her ignoring the tax notice and her refusal to pay taxes. She was tranqu

442、il. tax notice and her refusal to pay taxes. She was tranquil. Though she was tragic, she remained calm and free Though she was tragic, she remained calm and free from disturbance. Her tranquility as well as her rigidity from disturbance. Her tranquility as well as her rigidity was portrayed by her

443、motionless silhouette in the was portrayed by her motionless silhouette in the window. She was certainly perverse, always behaving in window. She was certainly perverse, always behaving in an unreasonable way and regularly doing the opposite of an unreasonable way and regularly doing the opposite of

444、 what people expected her to do.what people expected her to do. 260260Part V1. 1. The very old men, who were even older than Miss Emily, came The very old men, who were even older than Miss Emily, came to the funeral. Some of them were veterans of the Civil War, to the funeral. Some of them were vet

445、erans of the Civil War, and they had put on their old Confederate uniforms to pay their and they had put on their old Confederate uniforms to pay their last respect to this Southern lady from an aristocratic family. last respect to this Southern lady from an aristocratic family. Standing on the porc

446、h and the lawn, they talked of Miss Emily, Standing on the porch and the lawn, they talked of Miss Emily, mistakenly thinking of her as someone of their age, born mistakenly thinking of her as someone of their age, born around 1840 or so whereas she (born around 1855) was much around 1840 or so wher

447、eas she (born around 1855) was much younger than they were. They imagined they had danced with younger than they were. They imagined they had danced with her and courted her perhaps. As the old people often do, they her and courted her perhaps. As the old people often do, they confused the dates and

448、 years of past happenings. To the old confused the dates and years of past happenings. To the old people, all the past should be like a road that becomes smaller people, all the past should be like a road that becomes smaller as it reaches further back. But to those old southerners, the as it reache

449、s further back. But to those old southerners, the recent past of ten years or so was like a bottleneck, a narrow recent past of ten years or so was like a bottleneck, a narrow passage, or a tunnel. Beyond that narrow passage, the remote passage, or a tunnel. Beyond that narrow passage, the remote pa

450、st became a huge level meadow where things were past became a huge level meadow where things were pleasantly and fondly mixed up together. Like the green grass pleasantly and fondly mixed up together. Like the green grass on the meadow never touched by the winter, their memories of on the meadow nev

451、er touched by the winter, their memories of the remote past remained blurred, sweet, romanticized, and the remote past remained blurred, sweet, romanticized, and unchanged.unchanged. 261261American Literature262Colonial America(17th century)n nColonial settlementColonial settlementn nJamestown, Virg

452、inia Jamestown, Virginia n nCaptain John SmithCaptain John Smithn nPuritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift, piety, sobrietyPuritan Thoughts: hard work, thrift, piety, sobrietyn n Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklin Jonathan Edwards, Benjamin Franklinn nPrivate literature: theological, moral, historical,

453、 Private literature: theological, moral, historical, political politicaln nAnne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor Anne Bradstreet, Edward Taylor 263Reason and Revolution(18th century)n nThe War for Independence (1776-1783)The War for Independence (1776-1783)n nBourgeois EnlightenmentBourgeois Enlightenmentn

454、 nBenjamin Franklin: Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richards AlmanacPoor Richards Almanac The Autobiography The Autobiographyn nThomas Paine: Thomas Paine: The American CrisisThe American Crisisn nThomas Jefferson: Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of IndependenceThe Declaration of Independencen nPhilip Fr

455、eneau: Philip Freneau: The Wild Honey SuckleThe Wild Honey Suckle The Indian Burying Ground The Indian Burying Ground264Romanticism (end of the 18th century-Civil War )n nNoah Webster: Noah Webster: An American Dictionary of the English An American Dictionary of the English LanguageLanguagen nWashin

456、gton Irving: Washington Irving: Sketch BookSketch Bookn nJames Fenimore Cooper: James Fenimore Cooper: The Leatherstocking TalesThe Leatherstocking Talesn nEdgar Allan Poe: Edgar Allan Poe: To Helen, The Raven, Annabel Lee, The To Helen, The Raven, Annabel Lee, The Fall of the House of UsherFall of

457、the House of Ushern nTranscendentalism: Transcendentalism: DialDial Ralph Waldo Emerson: Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature, the American ScholarNature, the American Scholar Henry David Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau: WaldenWalden265n nNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Lettern nHerman Melville: Moby Dickn nHe

458、nry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of Lifen nWalt Whitman: Leaves of Grassn nEmily Dickinson: Because I could not stop for Death 266Realism (Naturalism)(Civil War-World War I)n nHarriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Toms Cabinn nWilliam Dean Howellsn nMark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyern nHenry James (in

459、ternational theme): The Portrait of A Lady Isabel Archern nO Henry: The Cop And the Anthemn nJack London: Martin Eden Ruth Morsen nTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie26720th Century Poetsn nCarl SandburgCarl Sandburgn nEzra Pound: imagism Ezra Pound: imagism In a Station of the MetroIn a Station of the

460、Metro The River-Merchants Wife: A Letter The River-Merchants Wife: A Letter the Cantos the Cantosn nT.S.Eliot: T.S.Eliot: The Waste LandThe Waste Land The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockn nWallace Stevens: Wallace Stevens: Anecdote of the JarAnecdote of the Jarn n

461、Robert Frost: Robert Frost: The Road Not TakenThe Road Not Taken Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningn nEdward Arlington Robinson: Edward Arlington Robinson: Richard CoryRichard Cory Miniver CheevyMiniver Cheevy 26820th Century Novels n nF. Scott. Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsbyn nErnest Hemingway: A Farewell to Armsn nJohn Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrathn nWilliam Faulkner: A Rose for Emily269