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1、句子翻译之主语确定汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐含或无主语的情况时有发生。例如：校门口今天停满了小汽车。星期天下大雨。每隔两个铺面就是一条仿宋标语。在桌子上有两本字典。空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 必须对党员，特别是领导干部要严格要求，严格管理，严格监督。 起大风了。英语句子则主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名只能由名词或名词性词语或主格人称代词充当。词性词语或主格人称代词充当。在英语里，除祈使句祈使句等外，句子必须要有主语句子必须要有主语，否则就不成句子。We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as f
2、ar as reforms are concerned.Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding.The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.v汉译英时主语确定
3、1 以原文主语作为译文主语；当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以以原主语作为英译文的主语。我们的房子我们的房子是十年前建造的。-Our house was built over ten years ago.如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车排出的废气废气就会造成城市空气污染。-Exhaust from boiler and vehicles, unless properly treated, may cause air pollution in cities.假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。-The young people in pairs and coupl
4、es rambled about the park on holidays.基于丝绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力，将途径希腊，埃及，美索不达米亚，波斯，印度和中国，这些都以共享和平，共享奥运为主题。With a concept inspired by the Silk Road, our Torch relay will travel through Greece, Egypt, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia, India and China, carrying the message “Share the peace, Share the Olympics”.我们每个
5、人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.我们相互支持，平等互利，讲求实效，形式多样，共同发展，这些方面都取得了举世瞩目的成就。We have been supporting each other in our pursuit for common development on the basis of
6、 equality and mutual benefit and have taken pragmatic approaches in various forms; and our achievements have attracted world attention.公园里设有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起操练。In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young, gather at regular time to practice their oral Engl
7、ish.2 重新确定主语由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文流畅，语言自然地道。鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨。-Lu Hsuns bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness.-Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃
8、。-At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.-The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.胎又瘪了。-the tire turns flat again.-we have got another flat tire.空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。-In the wilderness, her sweet sounds of laughter rose and fell like
9、waves.她从来没有想到他是个不道德的人。-It never occurs to her that he was an immoral man.他只要听到几句恭维的话就会得意忘形。A little flattery would get him carried away.我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋友，而且成为兄弟。-The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers.Our relations have so grown that they bind us no
10、t only as close friends but also as brothers.中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.楼的质量不好。The quality of the building is poor.The building is not well bu
11、ilt.你的教学和科研都取得了长足的进步，但不能因此而骄傲自满。You have made god progress in teaching and research, but you should not get conceited and arrogant.委员们的意见有分歧。The committee are divided in their opinions.那无赖什么都干得出来。Anything is possible with that rascal.我们南京我们南京还在吸引外资企业进行老企业技术改造，房地产开发等方面制定了一系列优惠政策。We have also formulat
12、ed a series of preferential policies to absorb foreign capitals in such fields as technical renovation of old enterprises, and real estate development in Nanjing.大家知道，中国在2005年成功发射了一枚新型导弹。As is known to us, 2005 saw the successful launching of Chinas new-type missile.中国在四千年前就发明了指南针。The compass was in
13、vested in China four thousand years ago.深圳经济特区正在采取措施抑制房地产投机热。Officials in Shenzhens Special Economic Zone are taking steps to cool a frenzy of property speculation.3增补主语汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语增补起来。?用劳动实现自己的理想，?用理想指导自己的劳动。-You realize your ideals through hard work, and you guide your wo
14、rk by ideals.那肥大的荷叶下面，有一个人的脸，下半截身子长在水里，那不是水生吗？?又往左右看去，不久，个人就找到了个人丈夫的脸，啊，原来是他们。-Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a mans headthe rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husbandso this was where they are.端午节?吃粽子On the Dragon Boat Festi
15、val, people eat Zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice).表示时间、天气等自然现象的无主句，借用英语习惯使用的it来翻译，如：都九点钟了，他还没有来。It is already 9 oclock, and he has not shown up.下雨了，咱们快走吧。It is raining now. lets get going.起大风了。It is blowing hard.用泛指的人称代词we,you, one, anyone等充当主语。活到老，学到老。One is never too old to
16、learn.知己知彼，百战不殆。Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.不承认这一定律，就不是物理学家。Anyone who does not recognize this law is not a physicist.改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments in our reform and opening-up efforts.沉默呵，沉默
17、呵！不再沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。-Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.采用“there+be”或“it +be +to”的句型。除了枪声，再也没有其他声音。There was no sound but that of the gunfire.现在很难说谁对谁错。At the moment, it is very difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong.使用英语的被动语态，把汉语句子里的宾语变成英语被动句的主语。必须保证产品质量。T
18、he quality of the products must be guaranteed.这里将建造一个新的博物馆。A new museum will be built here.明天上午将宣布结果。The results will be announced tomorrow morning.如果排气管装在陆路车辆上，则总会配以消声器。If an exhaust pipe is fixed to a road vehicle, it will always be fitted with a silencer.欢迎外教来我校执教英文。Foreign teachers are welcome t
19、o teach English in our university.希望今后我校能够与更多的学校结为友好学校。It is hoped that our university will establish friendly relations with more universities in the future.没听说南京是长江三大火炉之一吗？Dont you know that Nanjing is one of the three furnaces along the Changjiang River?v改错：改错：为了维持生计，有沉重和繁琐的家务要干。不少家庭主妇被家务活累坏了身体。I
20、n order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down.In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of heavy housework so that they finally break down.人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠实于原文。He was not regarded faithful in his translation of this poem.His trans
21、lation of this poem was regarded unfaithful.上海近几年发生的巨大变化赢得全世界人民的赞叹。The great changes of recent years in Shanghai have won admiration from people all over the world.That Shanghai has changed greatly in recent years has won admiration from people all over the world.v作为一种世代相袭的传统，中国人就餐时围桌而坐，人人手里都有一碗主食，炒
22、菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。这一古老的风俗习惯反映了食物在中华文明史上的重要地位：占据餐桌中心位置的是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美的享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。当然，在一些卫生意识比较强的地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙以防疾病传染。v作为一种世代相袭的传统，中国人就餐时围桌而坐，人人手里都有一碗主食，炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。v传统，中国人围桌而坐，炒菜vTraditionally，at the Chinese dining table everyone has his o
23、r her own bowl of staple food, while dishes are placed in the middle of the dinner table to be shared by all.v这一古老的风俗习惯反映了食物在中华文明史上的重要地位：占据餐桌中心位置的是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。v习惯反映地位：是，不是；食物vThis age-old custom is one manifestation of the importance of food in Chinese civilization: it is the cooked dishes
24、, rather than flowers, that serve as centerpieces on a Chinese table; food is frequently the main topic of dinnertime conversation.v菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美的享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。v搭配是美；习俗有助于团结和友谊vVariety in the color and texture of the dishes serve aesthetic ends, while the ritual of sharing the food
25、from the same dish plates is conducive to family togetherness and friendship.v当然，在一些卫生意识比较强的地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙以防疾病传染。v“当然”，公筷vIn more health-conscious environments, however, only “public” chopsticks and spoons are used to remove food from the plates in the middle of the dining table, so as to prevent any possible spread of diseases.
