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1、Unit 6An Introduction to Metallic MaterialsEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.1We should graspWhat is a metal?What is an alloy?What are the differences between their properities?Explain solid solution and intermetallic co
2、mpound.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2New Words & Expressions from Part1roamrumgraphitegrfaitmalleablemliblductiledktailsolublesljublchromiumkrumjmtransitiontrnzin shellelv.漫游，闲逛，徜徉漫游，闲逛，徜徉 ；n.漫步，漫游，徘徊漫步，漫游，徘徊n.石墨石墨a
3、.有伸延性的，可锻的有伸延性的，可锻的a.易延展的，柔软的易延展的，柔软的 a.可溶解的，可溶的可溶解的，可溶的 n.铬铬n.转换，跃迁，过渡转换，跃迁，过渡n.壳，外壳壳，外壳Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3Translation InThe outmost layer of electrons 最外层电子最外层电子nFree election gas 自由电子气自由电子气 nElectrical
4、 conductivity 电导率，电导性电导率，电导性nPlain-carbon steel 普通碳素钢普通碳素钢 nSolid solution 固溶体，固溶液，固体溶液固溶体，固溶液，固体溶液Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.4Translation IInIntermetallic compound 金属互化物金属互化物nMetallic material 金属材料金属材料 nStrainles
5、s steel 不锈钢不锈钢nSolute 溶质溶质 nSolvent 溶剂溶剂nPeriodic table 元素周期表元素周期表nElectronegativity 电负性电负性nTransition metal 过渡金属过渡金属 nCrystal structure 晶体结构晶体结构Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.5What is a Metal?Q: What is a Metal?A: Me
6、tal is consisted of positive centers (or ions) sitting in a “gas ” of free-electros.It tends to be good electrical conductors. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.6What is an Alloy?Consist of a mixture of a pure and one or
7、 more other elements. 由两种或两种以上的由两种或两种以上的金属金属或金属与或金属与非金属非金属经一定方法所合成的具有金属特性的物质。经一定方法所合成的具有金属特性的物质。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.7Its some properties: less malleable and ductile than pure metals and tend to have lower
8、to melting points.合金的一些性质：延展性较差，低熔点。合金的一些性质：延展性较差，低熔点。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.8Something else.1、合金根据组成、合金根据组成元素元素的数目，可分为二元的数目，可分为二元合金、合金、三元合金三元合金和和多元合金多元合金。 2、根据结构的不同，合金主要类型是：、根据结构的不同，合金主要类型是：(1)混合物合金：当液态合金凝固时，
9、构成混合物合金：当液态合金凝固时，构成合金的各合金的各组分组分分别分别结晶结晶而成的合金，如而成的合金，如焊锡焊锡；(2)固熔体合金当液态合金凝固时形成固熔体合金当液态合金凝固时形成固溶固溶体体的合金，如的合金，如金银合金金银合金；(3)金属互化物合金：各组分相互形成金属互化物合金：各组分相互形成化合化合物物的合金，如的合金，如铜铜、锌锌组成的组成的黄铜黄铜。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.93、合金
10、的一些性质：、合金的一些性质：(1)多数合金多数合金熔点熔点低于其组分中任一种组成低于其组分中任一种组成金属的熔点；金属的熔点；(2)硬度硬度比其组分中任一金属的硬度大；比其组分中任一金属的硬度大；(3)合金的合金的导电性导电性和和导热性导热性低于任一组分金低于任一组分金属。利用合金的这一特性，可以制造高电属。利用合金的这一特性，可以制造高电阻和高热阻材料。还可制造有特殊性能的阻和高热阻材料。还可制造有特殊性能的材料材料。(4)有的抗腐蚀能力强有的抗腐蚀能力强(如不锈钢如不锈钢) 4、常见合金：球墨铸铁、锰钢、不锈钢、常见合金：球墨铸铁、锰钢、不锈钢、黄铜、青铜、白铜、焊锡、硬铝、黄铜、青铜、
11、白铜、焊锡、硬铝、18K黄黄金、金、18K白金。白金。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.10What is an Alloy?Q: What is an Alloy?A: An alloy consists of a mixture of a pure metal and one or more other elements which can be metals or non-metal. Q: W
12、hat are the differences between their properties? A:Alloys are usually less malleable and ductile than pure metals and the tend to have lower melting points. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.11Think about.Give examples
13、to explain soild solution and intermetallic compound? Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.12Solid SolutionsIn many cases ,metals are quite soluble in other metals .For example ,solid copper and soild nickel are fully solub
14、le in each other .This type of perfect soild solubility is a side effect of having free electrons.Since the electrons are free to move ,the exact number of valence electrons possessed by any given atom shouldnt matter .Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Co
15、pyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.13So a “solid-solution” is that one metal serves as the solvent and the other as the other as the solute ,althought in a case like copper and nickel where these are mutually soluble at all compositions the terms solvent and solute can be a little misleading .Evaluati
16、on only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.14For example,the figure in the right is Au-Ag phase diagram，below fusiform area is solid solutions ，Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004
17、-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.15Intermetallic CompoundsNot all metals are soluble in other metals,thus, produced another new phase called “intermetallic compounds”,such as nickel will dissolve some aluminum, so that at low aluminum contents a solid solution is produced. But if larger amounts of aluminum are
18、added, then produce intermetallic compounds.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.16Some of these compounds have a very well defined composition ,such as Ni3AlOthers have quite a wide range of composition,such as NiAlEvaluat
19、ion only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.17Three types of circumstances of intermetallic compounds formingThe first circumstance:size differenence The second circumstance:a large differenence in electronegativity The third circumstanc
20、e:certain ratios of the number of valence electrons to the number of atoms in a structureEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.18Hume-Rothery RuleHume-Rothery Rule 1:Atomic Size Factor (the 15%) Rule.Extensive substitutional
21、 solid solution occurs only if the relative difference between the atomic diameters (radii) of the two species is less than 15%. If the difference 15%, the solubility is limited.Comparing the atomic radii of solids that form solid solutions, theempirical rule given by Hume-Rothery is given as：Mismat
22、ch=Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.19nHume-Rothery Rule 2:Crystal Structure Rule : For appreciable solid solubility, the crystal structures of the two elements must be identical.Hume-Rothery Rule 3: Valency Rule : A me
23、tal will dissolve a metal of higher valency to a greater extent than one of lower valency. The solute and solvent atoms should typically have the same valence in order to achieve maximum solubility.Hume-Rothery Rule 4: The Electronegativity Rule : Electronegativity difference close to 0 gives maximu
24、m solubility. The more electropositive one element and the more electronegative the other, the greater is the likelihood that they will form an intermetallic compound instead of a substitutional solid solution. The solute and the solvent should lie relatively close in the electrochemical series.Eval
25、uation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.20休姆罗瑟里（休姆罗瑟里（HumeRothery）规律）规律（1）形成合金的元素原子半径之差超过形成合金的元素原子半径之差超过1415，则，则固溶度极为有限；若尺寸差小于固溶度极为有限；若尺寸差小于15，尺寸因素成为次尺寸因素成为次要的影响因素，固溶度由其他影响因素确定，这就是知要的影响因素，固溶度由其他影响因素确定，这就是知名的名的15规律。规律。 （2）如果合金组元的负电
26、性相差很大，固溶度就极小；如果合金组元的负电性相差很大，固溶度就极小； （3）两元素的固溶度与它们的原子价有关，高价元素在两元素的固溶度与它们的原子价有关，高价元素在低价元素中的固溶度大于低价元素在高价元素中的固溶低价元素中的固溶度大于低价元素在高价元素中的固溶度；度； （4）BB族溶质元素在族溶质元素在B族溶剂元素中的固溶度族溶剂元素中的固溶度都相同都相同(e/a=1.36)，与具体的元素种类无关；，与具体的元素种类无关； （5）两组元只有具有相同的晶体结构才能形成无限两组元只有具有相同的晶体结构才能形成无限(或连或连续续)固溶体。固溶体。 Evaluation only.Created w
27、ith Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.21 各式各样的合金各式各样的合金磁磁性性合合金金 镍铬合金烤瓷牙镍铬合金烤瓷牙 铜中间合金铜中间合金 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.22金属外壳金属外壳锆石合金锆石合金 铜乌合金铜乌合金 Evaluation only.C
28、reated with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.231. Given that many of the compounds formed in alloys are size factor or electron compounds,these do not follow the rules of valency.在合金中，许多化合物是按比例组合或是在合金中，许多化合物是按比例组合或是电子化合物，不能很好的遵循价键理论。电子化合物，不能很好的遵循价键
29、理论。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.242.Whereas the chemical formula of an ionic compound , like NaCl or Al2O3 can be predicted easily from the compounds position in the periodic table ,this is not the case for many int
30、ermetallic compounds.换句话说，尽管像氯化钠，氧化铝的价键换句话说，尽管像氯化钠，氧化铝的价键可以通过他们在元素周期表的位置进行预可以通过他们在元素周期表的位置进行预测，但却不能解释合金中金属元素的成健测，但却不能解释合金中金属元素的成健方式。方式。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.253.Thus,knowing from their position in the periodi
31、c table that Na wants to from Na+ ions and chlorine wants to from Cl- ions explans why an ionic compound with a formula NaCl is observed. 从元素周期表可以知道，钠有变成钠离子从元素周期表可以知道，钠有变成钠离子的趋势，氯有变成氯离子的趋势，这就解的趋势，氯有变成氯离子的趋势，这就解释了氯化钠的形成。释了氯化钠的形成。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5
32、.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.264.In contrast,this dosent explain why a carbide with a formula Cr23C6 is formed in stainless steels. 然而，这却解释不了然而，这却解释不了Cr23C6在钢铁中的成健方在钢铁中的成健方式。式。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty L
33、td.275.The precipitation of Cr23C6 is a big problem when stainless steels are welded. 这样这样 Cr23C6 成为钢铁焊接的大问题成为钢铁焊接的大问题 高铬高碳冷作钢高铬高碳冷作钢Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.286.Cr23C6 forms in the “heat affected zone”around th
34、e weld (this region is heated but not melted during welding).在在“受热区受热区”的的Cr23C6遍布在焊接点周围遍布在焊接点周围（这个区域在焊接的时候受热但不熔化）（这个区域在焊接的时候受热但不熔化）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.297.The formation of this chromium-rich phase pulls chr
35、omium out of solution in the surrounding iron.富铬相的结构，使铬在离子溶液的氛围之富铬相的结构，使铬在离子溶液的氛围之外。外。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.308. This in turn,prevents the formation of a protective layer of Cr2O3 on the surface of the stainl
36、ess steel and so the stainless steel is no longer stainless,but instead suffers from catastrophic localized corrosion.这样，就保护了钢铁表面氧化铬保护层的这样，就保护了钢铁表面氧化铬保护层的结构，从而钢铁不再是单纯的铁，而是可结构，从而钢铁不再是单纯的铁，而是可以抗局部严重腐蚀的物质。以抗局部严重腐蚀的物质。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyrig
37、ht 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.319.Consider a different example,NiAl is an electron compound which froms due to having a “magic” 1.5 valence electrons per atom (this magic number isnt really magic , but is a results of deviations from the free electron model). 另外一个不同的例子，另外一个不同的例子，NiAl是具有是具有“魔法魔法”的化合物因为
38、其中每个原子都是的化合物因为其中每个原子都是1.5价的价的（神奇的不是数字本身，而是（神奇的不是数字本身，而是1.5价不符合价不符合自由电子模型）。自由电子模型）。 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3210.There is one nickel atom and one aluminum atom in NiAl and the valency of nickel is two and that o
39、f aluminum is three.given that (2+3)/2=2.5 this doesnt seem like 1.5 valence electons per atom . 一个镍原子和一个铝原子构成了一个镍原子和一个铝原子构成了NiAl，从，从价键理论看，镍是二价，铝是三价。照这价键理论看，镍是二价，铝是三价。照这样，应该平均每个原子有样，应该平均每个原子有2.5个价电子，与个价电子，与实际上每个原子实际上每个原子1.5个价电子不同。个价电子不同。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client
40、Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3311.However ,as a transition metal ,nickel is able to act as if it does nor have a valency by “hiding”electrons in the emply states in the shell.thus , effectively ,there are (0+3)/2=1.5 valence electrons per atom in NiAl. 镍作为一种过渡金属，可以将外层电子镍作为一种过渡金
41、属，可以将外层电子“隐藏隐藏”在次外电子层的空轨道，看起来没在次外电子层的空轨道，看起来没有价电子。所以，铝镍合金中，每个原子有价电子。所以，铝镍合金中，每个原子有有1.5个价电子。个价电子。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.34合金的组成多种多样，可分为混合物合金，固溶体合金的组成多种多样，可分为混合物合金，固溶体合金和金属化合物合金等类型。合金和金属化合物合金等类型。铋镉合金是一种混合物合金，合金由
42、两种金属的晶铋镉合金是一种混合物合金，合金由两种金属的晶粒相互间混合，紧密作用而得。这种合金有低共熔粒相互间混合，紧密作用而得。这种合金有低共熔点的特征，类似于某些盐的水溶液使水在低于零度点的特征，类似于某些盐的水溶液使水在低于零度时才结冰一样。时才结冰一样。铜镍合金是固溶体合金，由一种金属原子进入另一铜镍合金是固溶体合金，由一种金属原子进入另一种金属的晶胞空隙而形成的。种金属的晶胞空隙而形成的。我们上面所讲的铝镍合金是金属化合物合金，这类我们上面所讲的铝镍合金是金属化合物合金，这类合金原子以金属键相互作用，不遵守化合价规则。合金原子以金属键相互作用，不遵守化合价规则。这类合金比任意组分的纯金
43、属硬度都要强，但却降这类合金比任意组分的纯金属硬度都要强，但却降低了可塑性。低了可塑性。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3512.Even in cases where intermetallic formation does not occur ,there may not be perfect solid-solubility ,if tow metals have different cryst
44、al structures then at some intermediate composition there will have to be a change from the crystal structure of one metal to that of the other .即使两种金属形成的晶体没有缺陷，也不即使两种金属形成的晶体没有缺陷，也不能说明它们能形成完美的固溶体，如果两能说明它们能形成完美的固溶体，如果两种金属有不同的晶格结构，必须在介质中种金属有不同的晶格结构，必须在介质中改变一种金属的晶格结构，使其与另外一改变一种金属的晶格结构，使其与另外一种金属的晶格结构相适应
45、种金属的晶格结构相适应Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3613.In such a case the result would be ,on gradually changing the composition of an alloy from pure metal A(froming the a-phase )to pure metal B (froming the b-phase)为了形成这种晶格
46、，逐渐将合金从为了形成这种晶格，逐渐将合金从A（相）相）变到变到B（相）。相）。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.37Single-phase a soild-solution;Two-phase mixture of a soild-solution and b soild-sulition;Single-phase b solid-solution.单相固溶体单相固溶体单相固溶体与单相固溶体与单相固
47、溶体混合单相固溶体混合单相固溶体单相固溶体Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.38Think about.Q: Give examples to explain soild solution and intermetallic compound? A: For example, nickel will dissolve some aluminum,so that at low aluminum conte
48、nts a solid solution is produced.However,if larger amounts of aluminum are added,then a series of intermetallic compounds(for example Ni3Al and NiAl) are produced. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.39Do you still remembe
49、r?roamrumgraphitegrfaitmalleablemliblductiledktailsolublesljublchromiumkrumjmtransitiontrnzin shellelv.漫游，闲逛，徜徉漫游，闲逛，徜徉 ；n.漫步，漫游，徘徊漫步，漫游，徘徊n.石墨石墨a.有伸延性的，可锻的有伸延性的，可锻的a.易延展的，柔软的易延展的，柔软的 a.可溶解的，可溶的可溶解的，可溶的 n.铬铬n.转换，跃迁，过渡转换，跃迁，过渡n.壳，外壳壳，外壳Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Pr
50、ofile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.40New Words from Part2 Iphaseplasmaprecipitateferriteaustenitelatticeinterstitialcuboidorthorhombictetragonalcrystallography n.相相n.等离子体，等离子区等离子体，等离子区n.沉淀物；沉淀物；vt.沉淀沉淀n.铁盐酸，铁素体铁盐酸，铁素体n.体，奥氏体，碳丙铁体，奥氏体，碳丙铁n.格子格子a.空隙的，裂缝的空隙的，裂缝的a.立方体的，立方形的立方体的，立方形的a.正方晶的正
51、方晶的a.四方晶的四方晶的n.结晶学，晶体学结晶学，晶体学Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.41New Words from Part2 IIturbinebladepolygonalgemstonesphericalamorphoustransparentpitcoasterviscousinterfacial n.涡轮涡轮n.刀刃，刀片刀刃，刀片a.多角形的，多边形的多角形的，多边形的n.宝石宝石a
52、.球形的球形的a.无定形的，无晶形的无定形的，无晶形的a.透明的透明的n.坑，槽坑，槽n.垫子，银盘垫子，银盘a.粘性的，粘滞的，胶粘的粘性的，粘滞的，胶粘的a.界面的，分界面的界面的，分界面的Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.42Central Content of Part 2The text is about structures of metals and alloys, the most fa
53、miliar phases are solid, liquid, vapor and plasma. Explain crystal structure, atoms are arranged in a different pattern, the pattern is made up of a repeating unit. Because of the lattice parameter and the atoms are arranged differently within the cube, the metals and alloys have different structure
54、s-property. And the size of the atom can affect its structures-property. The differences between crystalline and amorphous metals. Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.43What is a Phase?Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.S
55、lides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.44Crystal StructuresEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.45Crystalline and Amorphous MetalsEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.46
