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1、跨文化沟通培训跨文化沟通培训1 1Learning Objectivesn nBy this end of this chapter, you should be able to:Understand how language and culture are Understand how language and culture are closely linkedclosely linkedUnderstand cultural influences on some Understand cultural influences on some commonly observed differ
2、ences between commonly observed differences between English and ChineseEnglish and ChineseDistinguish denotational and Distinguish denotational and connotational meanings of wordsconnotational meanings of words2 2Learning ObjectivesDistinguish linear and nonlinear language, Distinguish linear and no
3、nlinear language, deductive and inductive patternsdeductive and inductive patternsMake cross-cultural comparisons of Make cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal stylesspeech acts and verbal styles3 3Mea
4、ns of Human Communicationn nVerbal communicationUsing words that have mutually Using words that have mutually understood meanings and a set of rulesunderstood meanings and a set of rulesn nNonverbal communicationEdward T. Hall refers to it as the Edward T. Hall refers to it as the “ “silent silent l
5、anguagelanguage” ”4 4The Relationship Between Language and Culture1. The influence of culture on language2. The influence of language on culture5 5The Influence of Culture on Language1. Language as a reflection of the environmentLanguage reflects the environment in Language reflects the environment
6、in which we live. We label things that are which we live. We label things that are around us. (examples)around us. (examples)The environment influences the The environment influences the development of technology, products, and development of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. (ex
7、amples)the appropriate vocabulary. (examples)6 6The Influence of Culture on Language2. Language as reflection of valuesLanguage reflects cultural values.Language reflects cultural values.Language is a mirror of culture, because Language is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relatio
8、nships, language reflects human relationships, reflects the way the society operates. reflects the way the society operates. Example: Chinese kinship terms reflect Example: Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.the importance of our family system.7 7Linguistic Determinism
9、Linguistic Relativity8 8Sapir-Whorf Hypothesisn nLanguage not only serves as a mechanism for communication , but a guide to social reality.n nReality for a culture is discoverable in its language9 9Linguistic Determinismn nLanguage structure controls thought and cultural normsn nThe world as each of
10、 us knows it is to a large extent predetermined by the language of our culturen nThe differences between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.1010Linguistic Relativityn nLinguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other.n nCulture is controlled
11、by and controls language.n nLanguage provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are encoded and stored.1111Cultural Impact onVerbal Communicationn nAt lexical leveln nAt discourse leveln nAt pragmatic level12121. At lexical level1313Denotational meaningConnotationa
12、l meaning1414Meanings of Wordsn nDenotational meaningDenotational meaning It refers to a definitional meaning depending It refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection.upon our choice of word selection. Denotation means a dictionary definition.Denotation means a dicti
13、onary definition.n nConnotational meaningConnotational meaning It refers to extended meanings or associated It refers to extended meanings or associated meanings.meanings. Connotational meanings have developed over Connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially
14、by time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.poets and writers.1515Comparison between English and Chinese n nSome words have the same denotational Some words have the same denotational and conntational meanings.and conntational meanings.n nThere are also many words with the same
15、 There are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different denotational meanings but different connotational meanings.connotational meanings.n nBoth denotational and connotatinal Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are different in many other words.meanings are different in
16、 many other words.1616Examples n nDove: peaceDove: peacen nFox: cunningFox: cunningn nOwl: wisdomOwl: wisdomn nBat: an evil animalBat: an evil animaln nCricket: a happy insectCricket: a happy insectn nDragon: fiercenessDragon: fiercenessn n鸽子：和平鸽鸽子：和平鸽n n狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾n n猫头鹰：坏运气猫头鹰：坏运气n n蝙蝠：福，
17、幸福，洪福蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福n n蟋蟀：哀愁蟋蟀：哀愁n n龙：龙袍，龙的传人龙：龙袍，龙的传人(Chinese Dragon)(Chinese Dragon)1717Culture Culture Red Red Yellow Yellow Green Green Blue Blue Europe and Europe and North North AmericaAmericaDanger Danger CautionCautionCowardiceCowardiceSafetySafetyGrowth and Growth and rebirthrebirthMasculinityMa
18、sculinitySweetnessSweetnesscalmcalmJapan Japan Anger Anger Danger Danger GraceGraceNobilityNobilityChildish Childish gaietygaietyFuture Future Youth Youth Energy Energy villainyvillainyChina China Joy Joy Celebration Celebration Power Power Honor Honor Royalty Royalty No special No special associati
19、onassociationNo special No special associationassociationArabic Arabic countriescountriesNo special No special associationassociationHappinessHappinessprosperityprosperityFertilityFertilityvirtuevirtueStrengthStrengthFaithFaithTruth Truth 1818Business Implicationsn nInternational businesspersons may
20、 encounter problems with such connotational meanings of colors.n nInternational marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.19192. At discourse leveln nLinear and nonlinear languagen nDe
21、ductive an inductive patterns2020Linear VS. Nonlinear Languagen nLinearLinear has a beginning has a beginning and an endand an end Logical and Logical and objectiveobjectiven nNonlinear Nonlinear CircularCircular Tradition-orientatedTradition-orientated Subjective Subjective 2121Styles of Paragraph
22、Developmentn n直线型（英语）n n平行对仗型（闪族语）n n螺旋型（东方语言）n n迂回转折型（拉丁语系）n n更自由的迂回转折型（俄语）2222直线型English英语平行对仗型Semitic闪族语（阿拉伯语）螺旋型Oriental东方语言（汉语）迂回转折型Romance拉丁语系（法语、西班牙语）迂回转折型（更自由的）Russian2323Deductive VS. Inductive thought patternsn nDeductiveDeductive From the general to From the general to the specificthe spe
23、cific Western Western n nInductive Inductive From the specific to From the specific to the generalthe general Eastern Eastern 2424Example 1 n nBecause of most of our production is done Because of most of our production is done in China now, and itin China now, and it s not really certain how s not r
24、eally certain how the government will react in the run-up to the government will react in the run-up to 1999, and since I think a certain amount of 1999, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of
25、the expense. So, I is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. until after Legco makes its decision. 2525Example 2n nI suggest that we delay making our decision I suggest that we
26、delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thatuntil after Legco makes its decision. That s s because I think a certain amount of caution because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of th
27、e expense. In necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and itdone in China now, and it s not really certain s not really certain how the government will react in the run-up how the government will
28、react in the run-up to 1999.to 1999.2626Deductive vs. Inductiven nX X Comment, main Comment, main point, or action point, or action suggestedsuggestedn nBecause ofBecause ofn nY Y Topic, background, Topic, background, or reasonor reasonn nBecause of Because of n nY Y topic, background, topic, backgr
29、ound, or reason or reason n nX X comment, main comment, main point, or action point, or action suggested suggested 27273. At pragmatic level2828Pragmatics definedn npragmatics is defined as “language in use” (Thomas)2929Pragmatic transfer definedn nThe use of rules of speaking from ones own native s
30、peech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.3030pragmalinguistic failuresociolinguistic failure3131Pragmalinguistic Failure Definedn nPragmalinguistic failure occurs when the
31、 pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of the target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.3232Examples n n“
32、岂有此理” as a compliment responsen n“sorry, sorry” for “I am very sorry”3333Sociolinguistic Failure Definen nSociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally different perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.3434Examples n n白象牌电池白象牌电池n n芳芳牌唇膏芳芳牌唇膏n n大宝大宝SODSOD蜜蜜n n金鸡牌鞋油金鸡牌鞋油n
33、 n龙牌卷闸龙牌卷闸n nWhite ElephantWhite Elephantn nFang FangFang Fangn nDabao SODDabao SODn nGolden CockGolden Cockn nDragon Dragon 3535Analysis of Speech Actn nAddressn nGreeting and leaving-takingn nOffer and thanksn nInvitation and responsen nApologiesn nCompliment and response3636countrycountryAppropri
34、ate Appropriate topicstopicsTopics to avoidTopics to avoidAustralia Australia Professions, cars, Professions, cars, skiing, musicskiing, musicMoney, religion, Money, religion, divorcedivorceGermany Germany Travel abroad, Travel abroad, international politics, international politics, hobbieshobbiesWo
35、rld War Two, World War Two, questions about questions about personal lifepersonal lifeGreat BritainGreat BritainHistory, architecture, History, architecture, gardeninggardeningPolitics, money/pricePolitics, money/priceFrance France Music, books, Music, books, sports, the theatresports, the theatrePr
36、ice of items, Price of items, personperson s work, s work, income, ageincome, ageMexico Mexico Family, social Family, social concernsconcernsPolitics, debt, Politics, debt, inflation problems, inflation problems, border violationsborder violationsJapanJapanHistory, culture, artHistory, culture, artW
37、orld War TwoWorld War Two3737Verbal Stylen nAmerican verbal stylen nJapanese verbal stylen nChinese verbal style3838American Verbal Stylen nDirect n nHonestn nPing-pang or tennis game style3939Japanese Verbal Stylen nTaking turnsn nWaiting politelyn nBowling style4040Chinese Verbal Stylen nImplicit
38、communication（含蓄）n nListening centeredness（听话）n nPoliteness（客气）n nA focus on insiders（自己人） n nFace-directed communication strategies（面子） 4141Chinese VS. North American Verbal Stylen nWhat is not said vs. what is saidWhat is not said vs. what is saidn nThe use of we vs. I The use of we vs. I n nPolit
39、e vs. impolite talkPolite vs. impolite talkn nIndirect vs. direct talkIndirect vs. direct talkn nHesitant vs. assertive speechHesitant vs. assertive speechn nself-effacing vs. self-enhancing talkself-effacing vs. self-enhancing talkn nPrivate vs. public personal questionsPrivate vs. public personal questionsn nReticent vs. expressive speechReticent vs. expressive speech4242Homework 1. Can you evaluate thought patterns and their relationship to intercultural communication?2. Whats a Chinese discourse pattern like and how does it differ from the English one? 4343Thank You See You Next Time4444
