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1、VitaminsWhat are vitamins ? Thevitaminisakindoftraceorganicsubstancethatthehumanandanimalmustobtainedfromfoodstomaintainnormalphysiologicalfizil diklfunctions,andplaysanimportantroleinhumangrowth,metabolismanddevelopment.NOTICE:Vitaminsneitherparticipateintheformingofhumancellsnorprovideenergyforthe
2、body.The classification of vitamins Basedonthedifferentsolubility,thevitaminscanbedividedintothefatsoluble-vitaminsandwater-solublevitamins.vitaminsWater-solubleVitaminCBvitaminsFat-solubleVitaminAD,E,KVocabularyvkbjlriexcreteikskri:teliminatefromthebody排泄排泄;分泌分泌;排出排出;排除排除Endothelialendi:liloforrela
3、tingtoorlocatedintheendothelium医医内皮的内皮的Retinolretinln.松香油，维生素松香油，维生素A,视黄醇视黄醇fracturefrkt(r)vt.&vi.（使）折断，破碎（使）折断，破碎;n.破裂，断裂破裂，断裂;骨折骨折;precursorpri:k:s(r)n.前辈，前驱，前辈，前驱，先锋，前任先锋，前任;预兆，先兆预兆，先兆VocabularyexcreteEndothelialRetinolfractureprecursortoxictksikadj.有毒的有毒的;中毒的中毒的;因中毒引起的因中毒引起的n.毒物毒物;毒剂毒剂;calciumkl
4、simn.钙钙;phosphorusfsfrsn.化化磷磷;磷光体磷光体;Prostateprsteitn.前列腺前列腺;adj.前列腺的前列腺的;colonkulnn.冒号冒号;结肠结肠;spinabifidaspainbifidn.脊柱裂脊柱裂;homocysteinehumusisti:in同型半胱氨酸同型半胱氨酸perniciousanemiapnisni:mi:恶性贫恶性贫血血toxictksikcalciumklsimphosphorusfsfrsProstateprsteitcolonkulnspinabifidaspainbifidhomocysteinehumusisti:i
5、nperniciousanemiapnisni:mi:disorientationdis:rinteinn.方向障碍，迷惑方向障碍，迷惑hallucinationhlu:sineinn.幻觉，幻想幻觉，幻想tinglingtigliv.有刺痛感有刺痛感(tingle的现在分词的现在分词)scurvysk:vin.坏血病坏血病;adj.下贱的，卑鄙的下贱的，卑鄙的collagenkldnn.胶原质胶原质;生化生化胶原蛋白胶原蛋白berriesberizn.(葡萄，番茄等葡萄，番茄等)浆果浆果;干果仁干果仁;干种子干种子;broccolibrklin.花椰菜花椰菜;西兰花西兰花;spinachsp
6、initn.菠菜菠菜;胡说八道胡说八道;disorientationdis:rinteinhallucinationhlu:sineintinglingtigliscurvysk:vicollagenkldnberriesberizbroccolibrklispinachspinitFunctions, Deficiencise and SourcesTextOneofthemajorqualityofourfoodsupplyisitscontentofvitaminsandminerals.Vitaminsaredifinedasorganicmaterialswhichmustbesup
7、pliedtothehumanbodyinsmallamountsapartfromtheessentialamino-acidsorfattyacids.Vitaminsfunctionasenzymesystemswhichfacilitatethemetabolismproteins,carbohydratesandfatsbutthereisgrowingevidencethattheirrolesinmaintaininghealthmayextendyetfurther.Youneedonlysmallamounts(thatswhytheyareoftenreferredtoas
8、micronutrients)becausethebodyusesthemwithoutbreakingthemdown,ashappenstocarbohydratesandothermacronutrients.Sofar,13compoundshavebeenclassifiedasvitamins.VitaminsA,D,E,andK,thefourfat-solublevitamins,theirabsorptionbythebodydependsuponthenormalabsorptionoffatfromthediet,tendtoaccumulateinthebody.Vit
9、aminCandtheeightBvitamins:biotin,folate,niacinpantothenicacid,riboflavin,thiamin,vitaminB6,andvitaminB12,dissolveinwater,soexcessamountsareexcreted.文字简洁精练文字简洁精练英语科技论文一般句子较长，虽然借助介词、关系词、连接词把各成英语科技论文一般句子较长，虽然借助介词、关系词、连接词把各成分连接成一个整句，使其通顺明了，但长句通常使读者颇费思考，一分连接成一个整句，使其通顺明了，但长句通常使读者颇费思考，一般还是将过长的句子分成几个短句为好。般还
10、是将过长的句子分成几个短句为好。（50wordslong）Example：名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切，也可使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而使所含信息量增大，尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实，而非个别行为。不定式短语、非个别行为。不定式短语、-ing分词短语和分词短语和-ed分词短语这分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能，可代替各种从句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒句，这样既可缩短句子，行文简练，结构紧凑，又比较醒目。目。Underthe
11、conditionswhichwereusedTheexperimentalresultsinFig.2showsExample：Example：VitaminsAdoesmuchmorethanhelpyouseeinthedark.Itstimulatestheproductionandactivityofwhitebloodcells,takespartinremodelingbone,helpsmaintainthehealthofendothelialcells(thoseliningthebodysinteriorsurfaces),andregulatescellgrowthan
12、ddivision.AlthoughitsrelativelyeasytogettoolittlevitaminA,itsalsoeasytogettoomuch.Intakeofupto10000IU,twicethecurrentrecommendeddailylevel,isthoughttobesafe.However,thereissomeevidencethatthismuchpreformedvitaminAmightincreasetheriskofhopfractureorsomebirthdefects.Thecurrentrecommendedintakeofvitami
13、nAis800microgramsofretinolformenand700microgramsforwomen.Manybreakfastcereals,juices,dairyproducts,andotherfoodsarefortifiedwithvitaminA.Manyfruitandvegetables,andsomesupplements,alsocontainbeta-caroteneandothervitaminAprecursors,whichthebodycanturnintovitaminA.IncontrasttopreformedvitaminA,beta-car
14、oteneisnottoxicevenathighlevelsofintake.ThebodycanformvitaminAfrombeta-caroteneasneeded,andthereisnoneedtomonitorintakelevels.Therefore,itispreferabletochooseavitaminsupplementthathasallorthevastmajorityofitsvitaminAintheformofbeta-carotene.解释、因果承接，常用解释、因果承接，常用therefore、thus、sothat、consequently等词。等词
15、。Example：Example39：Example40：Vitamin AFunctions:1.TheVitaminAcanmaintainsnormaleyesightandpreventnyctalopianiktlupi(夜盲症）夜盲症）anddry-eyedisease.Rhodopsin（视紫质）isanimportantpartoftheretina(视网膜)IfanimallacksvitaminA,Itcannotsynthesizesinsaizenoughrhodopsin,whichcouldleadtonightblindness.2.VAisrelatedtore
16、gulationofnutrientmetabolism.VitaminAhassomethingtodowiththemetabolismofcarbohy-drate,fat,proteinandmineral.Infact,itplaysaroleofregulating.Vitamin ADeficiencyLackingofvitaminAforalongtime,theanimalwouldsuffersfromthenightblindness.Growthandproductivityslowdown.Thelayingrateandthehatchingrateofthepo
17、utryshowadowntrend.Thefuroftheanimallooksrough.Theanimalwilllosttheappetite.SourcesVitaminAcomesmainlyfromtheanimalsources,suchasthefishmeal,eggyolk,milk,bloodmealanimalliverandsoon.Vitamin DFunctions:1.Promotetheabsorptionofcalciumandphosphorus.VitaminDcanpromotetheformationofcalcium-bindproteinine
18、nterocytes(肠细胞)andactivatethetransportsystemofcal-ciumandphosphorusinintestinalepithelial(上皮的)cells.Inaddition,VitaminDcanhelptherenaltubular(肾小球)toreabsorbtheCalciumandphosphate.2.VDisimportantforthegrowthofbonesandteeth.ThestorageofcalciumandphosphorusinbonecanbecontroledbyVitaminD,whichcanimprove
19、thestateofcalciumandphosphorus.Vitamin DDeficiencyAlackofVitaminDcanleadtostopofbonecalcification.Asaresultofthat,rickets(佝偻病)willappearinyounganimalsandosteomalacia(骨软化症)orosteoporosis(骨质疏松症)stiuprsiswillappearinadultanimals.Besides,thelayingrateofpoultryreduce.SourcesInnature,VitaminDexistsinavari
20、etyofforms.SuchasD2,D3andD4.Amongthem,D2andD3arethemostimportantforanimals.TheVitaminD2mainlycomesfromplantswhiletheVitaminD3mainlycomesfromanimalsources.Vitamin EFunctions:1.Ithasthepromotionofsexhormonesecretionandtheregula-tionofgonadal(性腺)developmentandfunction.Itcanimprovesthereproductivefuncti
21、on.Soitalsocalledtocopherol.2.VEcanleadstoaterminationofperoxidationprocessofbodyfat,stabilizestheunsaturatedfattyacidsandprotectstheinte-grityofbiologicalmembranes.3.VEisnecessaryforthestructure&functionofskeletalmuscle(skelitlmsl骨骼肌),cardiack:dikmuscle(心肌)，andthesmoothmuscle.Vitamin EDeficiencyWhe
22、nitislacking,themusculardystrophy(营养不良)(whitemuscledisease)occuresfirst.Inaddition,italsohasaseriousinfluenceonthereproductivefunction.Especiallyforthemaleanimals,thespermcellformationblocked,thesemenqualityispoor,alltheseleadtoinfertility(不育).Forfemale,theconceptionratedecline,theembryo(胚胎)ispronet
23、odeathinthemidway.SourcesAnimalsource:onlyincolostrum(初乳)ofcattleandhumanPlantsource:widelyinnature,vegetableoilespeciallywheatgermoil.Themostofgreenfeedisagoodsource.CerebellarsofteningTypicaldeficienceVitamin KFunctions:Vkinvolvedinthesynthesis(合成)ofprothrombin(prourmbin凝血酶原)inliverandmaintainthen
24、ormalbloodcoagulation.Moreover,Itcanstrengthenthedetoxification(di:tksifikein解毒能力)ofliverandhelpcontrolthebloodpressure.Deficiency:Bloodcoagulationtimeistoolong.Thewoundishardtoheal.Vitamin KSourcesAnimalsources:Fishmeal,animalliver,eggaregoodsourcePlantsource:Mostofgreenvegetable科技英语修辞特点科技英语修辞特点科技英
25、语的逻辑性、严密性、简明性较普通英语更突出。科技英语的逻辑性、严密性、简明性较普通英语更突出。用词方面：用词方面：u专业术语较多，一词一意，词义专业，能够准确的表达科专业术语较多，一词一意，词义专业，能够准确的表达科学学含义。含义。u专业术语词形较长，发音较难，但却广泛应用于科技论文中。专业术语词形较长，发音较难，但却广泛应用于科技论文中。u许多词语来源于希腊语和拉丁语，前后缀出现频率较高，还许多词语来源于希腊语和拉丁语，前后缀出现频率较高，还有大量缩写词，使翻译英文专业科技论文有一定的难度有大量缩写词，使翻译英文专业科技论文有一定的难度。u多用介词短语、分词短语、形容词短语、动词不定式短语等，多用介词短语、分词短语、形容词短语、动词不定式短语等，使句子结构简洁而信息容量大。使句子结构简洁而信息容量大。语法方面：语法方面：u科技英语中被动语态比较多，是一般科技文体的特征句型。科技英语中被动语态比较多，是一般科技文体的特征句型。u时态形式多以过去时为主，注重事实和逻辑，借用图表、时态形式多以过去时为主，注重事实和逻辑，借用图表、公式来表达和说明内容。公式来表达和说明内容。u常使用常使用含有假定、设想条件的句子含有假定、设想条件的句子以及以及祈使句祈使句和和it句型句型，以，以表明作者对事物和现象的看法。表明作者对事物和现象的看法。
