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1、American LiteratureAmerican LiteratureTeaching Materials:vA Survey of American Literature， 美国文学简史美国文学简史（第二版），常耀信，（第二版），常耀信， 南开大学出版社。南开大学出版社。Further Reading:李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信， Selected Readings in American Literature美国文学选读美国文学选读（上册）。（上册）。v李宜燮，常耀信，李宜燮，常耀信， Selected Readings in American Literature美国文学选读美
2、国文学选读（下册）。（下册）。vA Guide to a Survey of American Literature,（第（第二版）学习指南二版）学习指南，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。，赵红英，中国传媒大学出版社。v牛津文学术语词典牛津文学术语词典，上海外语教育出版社。，上海外语教育出版社。v漫话英美文学漫话英美文学.常耀信常耀信. 天津：南开大学出天津：南开大学出 版社，版社，2004. Introduction1.What is literature?Writingsthatarevaluedasworksofart,esp.fiction,dramaandpoetry.vLanguage
3、artisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.vLiteratureischaracterizedbybeautyofexpressionandformandbyuniversalityofintellectualandemotionalappeal.2.Forms (genres) of literature?Poetry,novel(fiction),drama,prose,essay,epic,elegy,shortstory,journalism,sermon,(a
4、uto)biography,travelaccounts,novelette,etc.ItcontainsItcontainsfictionfiction&non-fictionnon-fiction. .Fiction:(4genres)PoetrynoveldramashortstoryvNon-fiction:Essay(4categories)descriptionnarrationexpositionargumentation美国文学的历史不长，它几乎是和美国自由资本主义(non-monopoly capitalism)同时出现，较少受到封建贵族文化(feudal aristocra
5、tic culture)的束缚。美国早期人口稀少，有大片未开发的土地，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。 美国人民富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈，这在文学中有突出的反映。美国又是一个多民族的国家，移民不断涌入，各自带来了本民族的文化，这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性(multi-cultural)。美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。许多美国作家来自社会下层，这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚，总的特点是开朗、豪放。内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。Periodization一、Colonialism殖民时期（about160717
6、65）二、EnlightenmentandtheRevolutionaryWar启蒙时期和独立革命（176518世纪末）三、Romanticism浪漫主义时期（18651918）四、Realism现实主义时期（18651918）五、Modernism现代主义时期（19181945）六、ContemporaryLiterature当代文学（1945）v殖民地时期v独立革命至南北战争时期v南北战争到第一次世界大战v两次世界大战之间v第二次世界大战后ColonialismvIndian CulturevPro-immigration culture（CottonMather、JonathanEdwa
7、rds）vPoetry creation（迈克尔威格尔斯沃思、安妮布拉兹特里特、爱德华泰勒）TheRevolutionWarandTheCivilWarvThe forming of national literature托马斯杰弗逊本杰明富兰克林菲利普弗瑞诺vEarly Romanticism欧文库珀布莱恩特vTranscendentalism and Post-Romanticism爱默生梭罗霍桑梅尔维尔朗费罗洛威尔霍姆斯vThe literature of Abolition Movement（斯托夫人）vPoetry（民主诗人惠特曼）美国民族文学形成时期南北战争到第一次世界大战v现实主
8、义文学现实主义文学豪威尔斯豪威尔斯乡土文学与马克乡土文学与马克吐温吐温心理分析小说家亨利心理分析小说家亨利詹姆斯詹姆斯v黑人文学黑人文学道格拉斯道格拉斯邓巴切斯纳特两次世界大战之间v现代派文学的兴起现代派文学的兴起诗歌(艾米莉迪金森；庞德；H.D.希尔达杜利特尔；艾洛威尔；威卡威廉斯；桑德堡；沃斯蒂文斯；艾李马斯特斯；玛莫尔)戏剧（奥尼尔）小说（格斯泰因；舍安德森）迷惘的一代（海明威；菲茨杰拉尔德）两次世界大战之间v现实主义文学的发展现实主义文学的发展小说（德莱塞；辛刘易斯；薇拉凯瑟）“哈莱姆文艺复兴哈莱姆文艺复兴”（休斯；卡伦；理查德赖特）左翼文学与反法西斯文学左翼文学与反法西斯文学（约翰里
9、德；多斯帕索斯；斯坦贝克；海明威；海尔曼）“南方文艺复兴南方文艺复兴”（威廉福克纳）戏剧的戏剧的“黄金时代黄金时代”（奥尼尔）“新批评新批评”（注重对文学作品本身进行精密分析，在现代诗歌的分析上有其独到之处，他们摆脱了过去仅仅介绍背景知识与发挥个人印象的批评方式。但这一流派总的倾向是忽视文学作品的社会意义，割断作品与历史、社会背景的关系）第二次世界大战后v战争文学战争文学（梅勒；詹姆斯琼斯）v“垮掉的一代垮掉的一代”v“黑色幽默黑色幽默”（海勒；冯内古特；阿尔比-荒诞派戏剧）v“非虚构小说非虚构小说”（卡波特的凶杀(1966)与梅勒的刽子手之歌）v犹太人文学犹太人文学（贝洛；辛格；马拉默德；罗
10、斯）v黑人文学黑人文学（拉尔夫艾列森；鲍德温；关德琳布鲁克斯；洛伦亨斯伯利；勒鲁伊琼斯）v南方作家南方作家（福克纳；波特；威尔蒂；斯泰伦；奥康诺；麦柯勒斯；威廉斯）v纽约作家纽约作家（利特里林；玛麦卡锡；约翰契弗；厄普代克）v个性化的诗歌个性化的诗歌（“垮掉派”、“黑山派”、“纽约派”、“具体派”、“自白派”和“新超现实主义派”）v理论与批评理论与批评按照体裁分类v一、自传v二、诗歌v三、戏剧v四、小说按流派分类重农派（Agrarians)（20年代）迷惘的一代(TheLostGeneration)(20年代）黑山派诗歌(BlackMountainPoems)（50年代）垮掉的一代(TheBe
11、atGeneration)（50年代）黑色幽默(BlackHumor)（60年代）Table of ContentsIntroduction Brief Outline of American LiteratureChapter I Colonial PeriodChapter II Revolutionary PeriodBenjamin FranklinPhilip FreneauChapter III American RomanticismWashington IrvingJames Fenimore CooperWilliam Cullen BryantEdgar Allan Poe
12、Nathaniel HawthorneBrief Outline of American literature1.Colonialperiod(1607-1775)AnneBradstreetEdwardTaylor2.Revolutionaryperiod(1775-1783)BenjaminFranklinPhilipFreneau3.DemocraticPeriod(1783-1802)4.Romanticism(1820-1861)WashingtonIrvingEdgarAllanPoeNathanielHowthorneWilliamWhitman*Transcendentalis
13、m*(NewEnglandRenaissance)RalphWaldoEmersonFillipThoreau5.Realism (1861-1914)Mark TwainHenry JamesNaturalism:Stephen CraneTheodore Dreiser6.The 1920sT.S. EliotWilliam FaulknerErnest Hemingway (Lost Generation)Imagism: Ezra PoundBrief Outline of American literature7.The1930sSteinbeckHarlemRenaissance(
14、BlackAmericanliterature)HughesWrightEllison8.AmericanDramaEugeneONeillArthurMillerTennesseeWilliams9.The Post-war SceneSaul BellowSalingerPoetry:Confessional PoetryBlack Mountain PoetsSan Francisco RenaissanceThe Beat GenerationThe New York PoetsColonialPeriod(1607-1775)Chapter OneContentsvHistorica
15、lbackgroundvThedefinitionofliterarytermsvTheLiterarySceneHistoricalbackgroundvThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericaatJamestown,Virginiain1607.vIn1630thepuritansestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColony.vIndependentWar(1776-1783);thefoundationofaFederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublictheUnitedSta
16、tesofAmerica.The early settlersvChristopherColumbusdiscoveredtheAmericancontinentin1492.vCaptainJohnSmithreachedJamestown,Virginiain1607.vPuritanscametheNewEnglandarea,byMayflowerin1620.vThefirstsettlementwasestablishedinPlymouthin1620.vMassachusettsBayColonywasestablishedin1630.Puritanism in Americ
17、a Why did Puritans come to America?-toescapereligiouspersecution-toreformtheChurchofEngland-tohaveanentirelynewchurch*Godschosenpeople*ToseekanewGardenofEden*Tobuild“CityofGodonearth”TheDefinitionofLiteraryTermsvColonialAmericavAmericanPuritanismvAmericanDreamvGreatAwakeningColonialAmericavColumbusf
18、oundthenewworldinavoyageof1492.vTheearly1600switnessedthebeginningofagreattideofemigrationfromEuropetoNorthAmerica.vInNovember9,1620,theMayflowershiplandsatCapeCod,Massachusetts,with101colonists:theestablishmentofthefirstAmericancolonyandthebeginningofthestrenuoussettlementinthenewworld.vTheNativeAm
19、ericanspossessedatragichistoryofsubjugationandbloodshedbythosestrangersfromabroad.AmericanPuritanismvPuritanismwasareligiousreformmovementthatarosewithintheChurchofEnglandinthelate16thcentury.Undersiegefromchurchandcrown,itsentanoffshootinthethirdandfourthdecadesoftheseventeenthcenturytothenorthernE
20、nglishcoloniesintheNewWorldamigrationthatlaidthefoundationforthereligious,intellectualandsocialorderofNewEngland. PuritanismvPuritanismisahighlystrictreligiousdoctrine.ThePuritansweredeterminedtofindaplaceonthenewcontinentwheretheycouldworshipGodinthewaytheythoughttrueChristiansshould.vPuritanismals
21、ohasitspracticalaspect.ThePuritanshadtoworkhardinordertomakealivingandbereadyforanymisfortunesandtragicfailuresthatmightlieinwaitforthem. Puritanism: American PuritanslPuritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改
22、革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.lTheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence.lInthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland. Puritanism: American PuritansvPuritanswanttoma
23、keuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.vPuritanswishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.vPuritanslookuponthemselvesasachosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGodswillandisnottobeaccepted.vPuritanoppositiontopleasureandthea
24、rtssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.vReligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.Puritanism: American PuritansvPuritansfollowtheideasofJohnCalvin.PuritanismwasinfluencedheavilybyCalvinism.vCalvinismreferstoacomprehensivetheologicalsystem,chieflydistinguishedbyitsviewofGodandHisrelationshipto
25、man.ThenameofthesystemisderivedbyJohnCalvinssurname.Thereare5majorpointsofCalvinism.Theyareberememberedbytheacronym:TULIP.TULIPvTotalhereditary/depravity(originalsin,mansnaturalinabilitytoexercisefreewill,sincethroughAdamsFall,hehassufferedhereditarycorruption.)vUnconditionalelection.(predestination
26、,whichmanifestsitselfthroughGodswisdomtoelectthosetobesaved,despitetheirinabilitytoperformsavingwork.)vLimitedatonement.(particularredemption,manshereditarycorruptionbeingpartiallyatonedbyChrist,andthisatonementbeingprovidedtheelectthroughtheHolySpirit,givingthemthepowertoattempttoobeyGodswillasreve
27、aledthroughBible)vIrresistiblegrace.(effectualcalling,anticipatorygracemadeavailableonlytotheelect.)vPerseveranceoftheSaints(oncesaved,alwayssaved)FeaturesofPuritanism1)Predestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.2)Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddown
28、fromgenerationtogeneration.3)Totaldepravity:HumanitysuttercorruptionsincetheFall.4)Limitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.InfluenceofPuritanismInfluence - AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.-Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,i.e.theBibl
29、icalmythoftheGardenofEden.-PuritanismcanbecomparedwithChineseConfucianism.InfluenceofPuritanism1）Agroupofgoodqualitieshardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.2)Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.AllliteratureisbasedonamythgardenofEden.Americanliterature,inasense,wasal
30、iteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismofthePuritanrequest.Namely,Americanliteratureisbasedonamyth,thatis,themythofGardenofEden.(optimism/AmericanDream)3)Symbolism:ThePuritansmetaphoricalmodeofperceptionbroughtAmericanliterarysymbolismintobeing,aliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.4)Withregardtot
31、heirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.ThePuritanstyleofwritingwascharacterizedbysimplicity.(Theuseofmetaphorswasonlytoexplainthewritersopinionsratherthantodecorate.)Puritanism: Puritan values /Cr
32、eedslhardworklthriftlpietylsobrietylPuritansaremorepractical,tougher,andtobeeverreadyforanymisfortuneandtragicfailure.Theyareoptimistic.AmericanDreamTheAmericanDreamisthefaithheldbymanyintheUnitedStatesofAmericanthatthroughhardwork,courage,anddeterminationonecanachieveabetterlifeforoneself,usuallyth
33、roughfinancialprosperity.ThesewerevaluesheldbymanyearlyEuropeansettlers,andhavebeenpassedontosubsequentgenerations.NowadaystheAmericanDreamhasledtoanemphasisonmaterialwealthasameasureofsuccessand/orhappiness.GreatAwakeningGreatAwakeningisaseriesofreligiousrevivalthatsweptovertheAmericancoloniesabout
34、themiddleofthe18thcentury.Itresultedindoctrinalchangeandinfluencedsocialandpoliticalthought.InNewEnglanditwasstartedin1734bytherousingpreachingofJonathanEdwards.Types of writing: histories, travel accounts, diaries, biographies, letters, autobiographies, sermons, and poems.Major writers: vJohn Smith
35、the first American writervAnne Bradstreetthe first important poet in the American colonies. Her work The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(1650) is considered as the first book of original poetry written in colonial America.vEdward Taylorfinest poet of the colonial period.AuthorsandTheirWorksvP
36、uritanism:WilliamBradford,AnneBradstreet,EdwardTaylor,JonathanEdwards.vAntiPuritanism:RogerWilliams,JohnWoolman,ThomasPaine,PhilipFreneauMajor Writers Captain John Smith （约翰（约翰史密斯）史密斯）u the first American writeru A Description of New England新英格兰叙事(1616)u General History of Virginia弗吉尼亚通史（1642）vPocah
37、ontasWilliamBradford(1590-1657)vOneofthegreatestofcolonialAmerican,whollyconsecratedtoamissioninwhichheregardedhimselfasaninstrumentofGod.vAttheageof18,heaccompaniedthegrouptoHollandtoescapepersecution.v13yearslaterhewasoneofthosewho,onDecember11,tookontheMayflowerandenteredPlymouthBay.vFrom1622unti
38、lhisdeath,Bradfordwasreelectedthirtytimedasgovernor.vMasterpiece:Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth PlantationvAstoryoftheseearlyAmericanandtheirlonggeographicalandspiritualpilgrimage.vThroughthestory,wesharethestruggle,thefears,andthevictoriesovertheelements.vBradfordseesthesignseverywhereandalways
39、keepssightofsignsofGodsjudgmentandprovidence.vBradfordwritesinthePuritanPlainstyle,seldomusinganymetaphorordecorativelanguage.Three major poets in colonial period:1.AnneBradstreet2.MichaelWigglesworth3.EdwardTaylor Anne Bradstreet (安妮安妮布布拉德斯特里特拉德斯特里特) (1612-1672)uthefirstAmericanwomanpoetu uaPuritan
40、poet,oncecalled“TenthMuse”umostfamouspoems“Contemplations”沉思录 Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)thefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiodthefirstnotedpoetessincolonialperiod1.Anne Bradstreets Works“Some verses on the Burning of Our House”“The Spirit and the Flesh”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America2.Anne
41、 Bradstreets Life* She was born and educated in England.* At the age of 18, she came to America in 1630 with her father and husband. * She had 8 children.* She became known as the “Tenth Muse” who appeared in America.the first collection published by English colonists living in AmericaThe Tenth Muse
42、 Lately Sprung Up in AmericavPublishedinEnglandin1650asherfirstbook.vBradstreetsfinestpoemsarethoseclosesttoherpersonalexperienceasaPuritanwifeandmotherlivingintheedgeofthewildness.vShefoundsimilaritiesbetweenthedomesticdetailsofdailylifeandthespiritualdetailsofherreligiouslife.vInconclusion,AnneBra
43、dstreetwasnotaninnovativepoet,butherdirectnessandhersincerityaremoving.2. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705)themostpopularpoetinAmericanColonialthemostpopularpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodPeriodWork:“TheDayofDoom”(1662)3. Edward Taylor (1642?-1729)thefinestpoetincolonialperiod/thefinestpoetincolonialper
44、iod/ThegreatestpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodThegreatestpoetinAmericanColonialPeriodWork: Preparatory MeditationFeatures of Colonial Poets1.TheywereservantsofGod.2.TheyfaithfullyimitatedandtransplantedEnglishliterarytraditions.In English stylePuritan poetsMain Features of Colonial LiteraturevAmericanl
45、iteraturegrewoutofhumbleorigins.Personalliteratureinitsvariousforms,occupyamajorpositionintheliteratureoftheearlycolonialperiod.vIncontenttheseearlywritingsservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.vInform,iftherewasanyformatall,Englishliterarytraditionswerefaithfullyimitatedandtransplanted.vThePurit
46、anismformedinthisperiodwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.Chapter TwoRevolutionary Period (1775-1783) The Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)“The Age of Reason”“American Enlightenment”Literature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)I. Background
47、-TheEnlightenmentMovement -TheWarofIndependence(1775-1783)II. Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin FranklinA.JonathanEdwards“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod”B.BenjaminFranklinsThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin(pp.21-28)III. Features of LiteratureLiterature of Reason and Revolution (1700-1800)I. Backgrou
48、nd The Enlightenment MovementA. IntroductionB. Three Enlightenment thinkers1.JohnLocke(1642-1704)2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778) C.The two basic patterns of thoughtdominatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking1.Deism2.CalvinistbeliefsandtenetsD. Influence on literatureThe Enligh
49、tenment MovementA. IntroductionvOriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturyvResources:Newtonstheory;deism（自然神教派，见课本，宗教与启蒙精神相结合的产物）;Frenchphilosophy(Rousseau,Voltaire)vBasic principles:stressingeducation;stressingReason(Order)(TheAgeofReason.);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concern
50、sforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjusticevSignificance:acceleratingsocialprogress;freeingpeoplefromthelimitationssetbyprevailingPuritanism;makingspiritualpreparationforAmericanRevolutionB.ThreeEnlightenmentthinkers1.John Locke(1642-1704),EnglishEnlightenmentthinkerputforwardtheideaofmenbeingbyn
51、amefree,equalandindependent.maintainedthatlifeisanaturalright,alongwithlibertyandproperty.believedthatgovernmentshouldbebasedupontheconsentofthegovernedandastatefoundedontheconceptofconsentmustbestructuredtoallowforexpressionsofpopularconsentorwill.2.ThomasHobbes(1588-1679)anEnglishpoliticalphilosop
52、hersoughttoapplyrationalprinciplestothestudyofhumannature.believedthatmanismotivatedmoststronglybyadesireforself-preservation,asaresultofwhichheseekspower.Manisabeastinjungle,andifletalone,wouldresorttoanarchy,whereonlytheuseofforcecanbesuccessful.Inordertoinsurehimselfasocietywherereasonprevailsove
53、rforce,manmustsurrendersomeofhisrightstogovernmentinreturnforprotectionandorder.Andthegovernmentmostsuitedtomaintainorderandsuppressthoseinstinctsinmanisanabsolutemonarchy.Governmentshouldalsoprotectproperty3.JeanJacquesRousseau(1712-1778)aSwiss-bornFrenchwriter,maintainedthatmanisgoodbynature.Hisfa
54、mouswork,The Social Contract(1762),claimedthatwhenmenformasocialcontracttoformagovernment,powerrestsultimatelywiththepeople.Theymaywithdrawtheirsupportoftheirleaderswhennecessary.Hebelievedthattheleastamountofgovernmentwasbestandthatprivatepropertyprotectedbygovernmentisevil. Their InfluenceLockeand
55、RousseaurepresentedtheimpulseforJeffersonian democracy,andHobbesrepresentedthepointofview,oftenexpressedbyHamilton,ofa strong central government.TheseEnlightenmentconceptsalsoproducedgreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.American EnlightenmentvThe18th-centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyane
56、mphasis on rationalityratherthantradition,scientific inquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentative governmentinplaceofmonarchy.vEnlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtothe ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.vThecolonistswhowouldformanewnationwer
57、efirmbelieversinthepowerofreason;theywereambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politicallyastute,andself-reliant.Basicassumptionsandbeliefsvhumanreasonvknowledgecomesonlyfromexperienceandobservationguidedbyreasonvdiscoveryoftruththroughtheobservationofnature,ratherthanthroughthestudyoftheBiblev
58、Deism:Godisthecreatoroftheuniverse,yetHeleavesittooperateaccordingtonaturallawvHumanaspirationsshouldnotbecenteredonthenextlife,butratheronthemeansofimprovingthislife.Worldlyhappinesswasplacedbeforereligioussalvation. C. The two basic patterns of thought dominating the 18th century American thinking
59、1. Deism(自然神论）自然神论）acompletenewviewoftheuniverseawholesetofnewideasandphilosophiesinterestedinmansownnature,thenaturalworldandthehumanworld2.Calvinist beliefs and tenetsCalvinistsbelievethatmanwas,sincetheFall,basicallyevilandenslavedbyhissenseofsin,andthatGodwasall,andwouldinHismercyandloveworkform
60、anssalvation,butasformen,allhecoulddowastoworshiptheAlmightyandhope. D.Influence on literatureIn form:imitatingEnglishclassical（古典主义）writersIn content:utilitariantendency(forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose)The War of Independence (1775-1783)v1775,Lexington,beginningoftheIndependenceWarvJune4th,1776,Th
61、omasJefferson,Declaration of Independencev1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmyv1778,Englisharmysurrenderedv1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernmentAuthors:vBenjamin Franklin(1706-1790):PoorRichards Almanac格言历书格言历书; AutobiographyvThomasPaine(1737-1809):Comon SensevThomasJefferson(17
62、43-1826):Declaration of Independence (1776)vWilliamHillBrown(1765-1793):The Power of SympathyvPhilipFreneau(1752-1832):“TheWildHoneySuckle”romanticpoemsvJonathan EdwardsII. Edwards, FranklinvEdwards-Puritannaveidealism(usedCalvinistbeliefandtenetstostageaseriesofreligiousrevivalsknownasthe“GreatAwak
63、ening”inNorthAmericafrom1735to1750.)vFranklin-crudematerialism(useddeismasaneffectivepracticalsupporttothenewideasofprogress.)vBoth-inheritorsofthePuritantradition.Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)vManofGodJonathan Edwards (1703-1758)1. Status: apuritan writer, theologian,colonialAmericanpreacherandmissi
64、onarytoNativeAmericans2. Comments:vEdwards“iswidelyacknowledgedtobeAmericasmostimportantandoriginalphilosophicaltheologian.vHeisknownasoneofthegreatestandmostprofoundofAmericantheologiansandrevivalists.(bornforreligionanddiedforscience)3. Works:The Freedom of the Will(1954);The Great Doctrine of Ori
65、ginal Sin Defended(1758);The Nature of True Virtue(1765)v“PersonalNarrative”and“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”arehisfrequentlyanthologizedpieces.Jonathan Edwards4. Criticism: vHisworkisverybroadinscope,butheisoftenassociatedwithhisdefenseofCalvinisttheology,themetaphysicsoftheologicaldetermin
66、ism,andthePuritanheritage.vHisfamoussermon“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,”emphasizedthejustwrathofGodagainstsinandcontrasteditwiththeprovisionofGodforsalvation;theintensityofhispreachingsometimesresultedinmembersoftheaudiencefainting,swooning,andothermoreobtrusivereactions.v上帝愤怒之弓已经绷起，利剑已在弦上，
67、正义将箭锋直指你的心脏，拉紧了弓弦，何时松手，让利箭飞来吸吮你的鲜血，完全由上帝的意志决定，他既不允诺，也不负责。The Great AwakeningvGeneral revival of evangelical religion in the American colonies, which reached its peak in the early 1740s. Local revivals had occurred previously, inspired by the teaching of such clergymen as the congregational theologia
68、n Jonathan Edwards. They stimulated religious zeal, produced conversions, and increased church membership. In New England, Calvinism was reinvigorated, and Jonathan Edwards emerged as the leading orthodox theologian.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)vA. Status:voneofthegreate
69、stfounding fathersoftheAmericanNationva rare geniusinhumanhistoryvJack of all trades:essayist,autobiographicalwriter,printer,scientist,postmaster,almanacmaker,orator,statesman,philosopher,politicaleconomist,ambassador,parlorman,almosteverything自传格言历书C. LifevBenjamin Franklin came from a Calvinist ba
70、ckground.vHe was born into a poor candle-makers family. He had very little education. He learned in school only for two years, but he was a voracious reader.vAt 12, he was apprenticed to his elder half-brother, a printer.vAt 16, he began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” .vAt 1
71、7, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune.vHe set himself up as an independent printer and publisher. In 1727 he founded the Junto club.B. Works The Autobiography Poor Richards Almanack Franklins Contributions to SciencevHe was also remembered for volunteer fire departments, effective s
72、treet lighting, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and efficient heating devices. vAnd for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.” Franklins Contributions to the U.S.vHe was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: T
73、he Declaration of Independence, The Treaty of Alliance with France, The Treaty of Peace with England, The ConstitutionD. Franklins Contributions to SocietyHe helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital. He founded an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania. And he helped found the American Ph
74、ilosophical Society.PoorRichardsAlmanackv1.Time:almostaquarterofcenturyv2.Content:Literarypiecessuchaspoemsandessays,agoodmanyadages,commonsensewitticismsv3.Sources:heborrowedthemfromsuchfamouswriterssuchasRabelais,Defoe,SwiftandPopeandtriedtosimplifythesequotationsv4.Examples:Famoussayingssuchas“Lo
75、sttimeisneverfoundagain”,“Godhelpthemthathelpthemselves”,“Fishandvisitorsstinkinthreedays”,etc.v5.Function:practical,instructive,andamusingPoorRichardsAlmanackvanannualcollectionofproverbsvemphasisoncommercialsuccessinthesealmanacsexplainswhyFranklinhascomedowninAmericanhistoryastheperfectrepresenta
76、tiveoftheAmericanDreamof“ragstoriches.”vstressontheimportanceofworkinghardtomakemoneyandsavingtoreinvestittomakemorevtheideathathappinessdependedinthefirstplaceoneconomicsuccessvoptimisticallybelievedsuccesswaswithinthegraspofanynormalAmericanwhoworkedhard,livedmodestlyandremainedalerttoseizeeveryop
77、portunityforpracticaladvancement.vnomancouldbevirtuousorhappyunlesshedidhisbesttoimprovethelifeofhissocietyandhisownlife.SayingsfromPoor Richards AlmanackvApennysavedisapennyearnedvAnounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure.vCreditorshavebettermemoriesthandebtors.vAwordtothewiseissufficient.vHethatgoesa
78、-borrowinggoesa-sorrowing.vGodhelpsthemwhohelpthemselves.vEarlytobed,andearlytorise,makesaManhealthy,wealthy,andwise.vDiligenceistheMotherofGoodLuck.vOnetodayisworthtwotomorrow.vAsmallleakwillsinkagreatship.The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklinv1.Nature:Probablythefirstofitskindinliterature.Asimple
79、yetfascinatingrecordofamanssuccess.AfaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmericasfirstself-mademan.v2.Structure:Thebookconsistsoffourparts,writtenatdifferenttimes.Franklinwas65whenhebegantowrite.v3.Content:v(a)Puritanism:ItisfirstofallaPuritandocument,arecordofself-examinationandself-improvement,amet
80、iculouschartof13virtuestocultivate.v(b)Enlightenment:Itembodiestheneworderofthe18thcenturyEnlightenment.(OrderandModeration)v4. Style:ThisworkiswritteninthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision.Themostsalientfeaturesaresuchastheplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofd
81、iction,syntax,andexpression.v5.Tone: OptimismvTheAmericandreambeganwiththesettlementoftheAmericancontinentthepromisedlandtheGardenofEdenoptimisticaboutthefuture1. TEMPERANCE.2. SILENCE.3. ORDER.4. RESOLUTION.5. FRUGALITY.6. INDUSTRY.7. SINCERITY.8. JUSTICE.9. MODERATION.10. CLEANLINESS.11.TRANQUILLI
82、TY.12. CHASTITY.13. HUMILITY.TheAutobiographyisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.BenjaminFranklinwasaspokesmanfortheneworderofthe18thcenturyenlightenmentTheAutobiography isahow-to-do-itbook,abookontheartofself-improvement.(forexample,Franklins13virtues)Throughtellingasuccessstoryofself-re
83、liance,thebookcelebrates,infact,thefulfillmentoftheAmericandream.The AutobiographyisinthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directness,andconcision. EvaluationStyleofFranklinvabrilliantwriter,withadefinitegiftforwritingvhaspowerofexpression,simplicity,asubtlehumor,sometimessarcasticvperfectthePuritanplainst
84、yle,“smooth,clearandshortwritings”vUse“aclose,naked,naturalwayofspeaking;positiveexpressions,clearsenses,anativeeasiness,bringingallthingsasnearthemathematicalplainnessastheycan.Hector St. John de CrevecoeurvHector St. John de CrevecoeurvA. Birth:borninaFrenchnoblefamilyvB. Settlement:SettledinAmeri
85、caandhopedthattheNewWorldmanwouldbeabletoshakeofftheshacklesoftheoldandlivethewaymankindshould.vC. Works:Letters from an American Farmer(1775)vHewrote12lettersbacktoEurope,explainingthemeaningofAmericatotheoutsideworld.Thefirst8lettersrevealtheprideofamanbeinganAmerican,and,thereupon,optimistic.Star
86、tingfromhisninthletter,hebegantospeakwiththevoiceofadisillusionedman,renderingthelast4letterspessimistic.ThomasPaine(1737-1809)vthemostpersuasiverhetoricianofthecauseforindependence.vborninEngland,thesonofastaymakervin 1774, at the age of 37, recognized byFranklinbecauseofhispeculiartalents,andmadeh
87、iswaytoPhiladelphia,whereheeditedthePennsylvaniaMagazineownedandpublishedbyFranklinvin1776,hisfamouspamphletCommon Sensecameout,bringingtheseparatistagitationtoacrisis.vthemostarticulatespokesmanoftheAmerican Revolution, his chief contributionwasaseriesofsixteenpamphletsentitledThe American CrisisWo
88、rksofThomasPainevCommon Sense(1776)urgedanimmediatedeclarationofindependencevThe American Crisis(Dec.1776-April1783),aseriesof16pamphletsinsupportoftheRevolutionaryWarvThe Rights of Man(1791-2),adefenseoftheFrenchRevolutionagainsttheattacksofEdmundBurkevThe Age of Reason(1794-5),hisgreatdeistic(自然神论
89、的)workTheAphoristicStyle(格言风格)vAlthoughPaineslanguageissimpleandblunt,hecomposessomesentenceswithextracare,achievingwhatiscalledanaphoristicstyle.Thesearememorablestatementsinthemselves:Whatweobtaintoocheap,weesteemtoolightly”;“Tyranny,likehell,isnoteasilyconquered.”IneachcasePainecutsandpolishedthe
90、sentencetomakeitstandout. Philip Freneau (1752-1832)“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”HeisknownasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolution,themostaccomplishedpatriotpoet,thefirstAmerican-bornpoet,and“fatherofAmericanpoetry.”Hisvoiceis
91、oneofdemocracyandindependence.MuchofhispoetryfocusedonAmericasfuturegreatness,andonothersubjectslikethebeautiesofthenaturalworld.SuchlyricpoemscanbeseenasthefirstexpressionsinAmericanpoetryofadeepspiritualengagementwithnature.HehasbeenregardedasafountforAmericanRomanticism,atleastapioneerofromantics
92、pirit.美洲光辉的兴起美洲光辉的兴起夜之屋夜之屋英国囚船英国囚船1. Works“The Rising Glory of America” (1772)“The House of Night” (1779, 1786)“The British Prison Ship” (1781)“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781)“The Wild Honey Suckle” (1786)“The Indian Burying Ground” (1788)“The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi”纪念美国勇士纪念美国勇士野金银花野
93、金银花印第安人墓地印第安人墓地奄奄一息的印第安人：奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆托姆 察吉察吉The wild honeysuckleThe wild honeysuckle2. LifeHe was born in New York. At 16, he entered the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).While still an undergraduate, he wrote in collaboration with one of his friends (H. H. Brackenridge) a poem entit
94、led “The Rising Glory of America”.( It pronounced the virtues of a new nation progressing towards its freedom; America would be a land blessed with “sweet liberty!/Without whose aid the nobles genius fails,/And science irretrievable must die”)In 1771 he decided do a postgraduate study in theology. B
95、ut two years later he gave it up. Later he attended the War of Independence, and he was captured by British army in 1780. After being released, he published “The British Prison Ship” in 1781. In the same year, he published “To the Memory of the Brave Americans”.After war, he supported Jefferson, and
96、 contributed greatly to American government. But after 50 years old, he lived in poverty. And at last he died in a blizzard.3. EvaluationHe was the most significant poet of 18th century America.Some of his themes and images anticipated the works of such 19th century American Romantic writers as Coop
97、er, Emerson, Poe and Melville.4. Aspects of FreneauPoet of American Independence: Freneau provides incentive and inspiration to the revolution by writing such poems as The Rising Glory of America and Pictures of Columbus. Journalist: Freneau was editor and contributor of The Freemans Journal (Philad
98、elphia) from 1781-1784. In his writings, he advocated the essence of what is known as Jeffersonian democracy - decentralization of government, equality for the masses, etc.Freneaus Religion: Freneau is described as a deist - a believer in nature and humanity but not a pantheist. In deism, religion b
99、ecomes an attitude of intellectual belief, not a matter of emotional of spiritual ecstasy. Freneau shows interest and sympathy for the humble and the oppressed.Freneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become im
100、portant in 19th century writing. His famous poems are The Wild Honey-Suckle (1786), The Indian Burying Ground (1787), The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi (1784), The Millennium (1797), On a Honey Bee (1809), To a Caty-Did (1815), On the Universality and Other Attributes of the God of Nature, On the Unifor
101、mity and Perfection of Nature, and On the Religion of Nature (the last three written in 1815).PoemAppreciationvTheWildHoneysucklevThefollowingpoemwaspublishedinhisPoems(1786)andwasvirtuallyunreadinthetimewhenhewasliving.vInthepoemthepoetexpresseshiskeenawarenessofthelivelinessandtransienceofnaturece
102、lebratingthebeautyofthefrailforestflower,thusshowinghisdeeplovefornature.vThepoemwaswritteninsix-lineiambictetrameterstanzasrhymedonababcc pattern.vThepoemissaidtoanticipatethenineteenth-centuryromanticuseofsimplenatureimagery.vItisconsideredoneoftheauthorsfinestnaturepoems.Fairflower,thatdostsocome
103、lygrow,Hidinthissilent,dullretreat,Untouchdthyhoneydblossomsblow,Unseenthylittlebranchesgreet:Norovingfootshallcrushtheehere,Nobusyhandprovokeatear.ByNaturesselfinwhitearrayd,Shebadetheeshunthevulgareye,Andplantedheretheguardianshade,Andsentsoftwatersmurmuringby;Thusquietlythysummergoes,Thydaysdecli
104、ningtorepose.Smitwiththosecharms,thatmustdecay,Igrievetoseeyourfuturedoom,Theydied-norwerethoseflowersmoregay,TheflowersthatdidinEdenbloom;Unpityingfrosts,andAutumnspowerShallleavenovestigeofthisflower.FrommorningsunsandeveningdewsAtfirstthylittlebeingcame:Ifnothingonce,younothinglose,Forwhenyoudiey
105、ouarethesame;Thespacebetween,isbutanhour,Thefraildurationofaflower.TheIndianBuryingGroundvThepoemwaspublishedinthepoets Miscellaneous Worksin1788.vLike“TheWildHoneySuckle”,itanticipatedromanticprimitivismandthecelebrationofthe“noblesavage”.vThepoemportrayssympatheticallythespiritofthenomadicIndianhu
106、nters,whoweretraditionallyburiedinasittingpositionandwithimagesoftheobjectstheyknewinlife.vItisbelievedtobetheearliesttoromanticizetheIndianasachildofnature.vThepoemwaswritteninteniambictetrameterquatrainswiththerhymeschemeof“abab”.Inspiteofallthelearnedhavesaid;Istillmyoldopinionkeep,Theposture,tha
107、twegivethedead,Pointsoutthesoulseternalsleep.NotsotheancientsoftheselandsTheIndian,whenfromlifereleased,Againisseatedwithhisfriends,Andsharesagainthejoyousfeast.Hisimagedbirds,andpaintedbowl,Andvenison,forajourneydressed.Bespeakthenatureofthesoul,Activity,thatknowsnorest.Hisbow,foractionreadybent,An
108、darrows,withaheadofstone,Canonlymeanthatlifeisspent,Andnottheoldideasgone.Thou,stranger,thatshaltcomethisway.NofrauduponthedeadcommitObservetheswellingturf,andsayTheydonotlie,butheretheysit.Herestillaloftyrockremains,Onwhichthecuriouseyemaytrace,(Nowwasted,half,bywearingrains)Thefanciesofaruderrace.
109、Herestillanagedelmaspires,Beneathwhosefarprojectingshade(Andwhichtheshepherdstilladmires)Thechildrenoftheforestplayed!ThereoftarestlessIndianqueen(PaleShebah,withherbraidedhair)AndmanyabarbarousformisseenTochidethemanthatlingersthere.Bymidnightmoons,oermoisteningdews,Inhabitforthechasearrayed,Thehun
110、terstillthedeerpursues,Thehunterandthedeer,ashade!AndlongshalltimorousfancyseeThepaintedchief,andpointedspear,AndReasonsselfshallbowthekneeToshadowsanddelusionshere.III. Features of LiteraturevFeatures:-outstandingpoliticalwriting-slowedliteraryindependence(anexcessiveimitationofEnglishorclassicalliterarymodels;difficultyinpublishing)-ImaginativeliteraturederivativeanddependentvLiterary forms:rationalessaysvContent:politicsandrevolution;religion
