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1、Unit 3Looking good, feeling goodNon-restrictive attributive clauses & Question tags1. 定语从句定语从句 (attributive clauses) 通常由关通常由关系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代系代词或关系副词引出。常见的关系代词有：词有：which (指物指物)，that (既可指人又既可指人又可指物可指物)，who (指人，在定语从句中作指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语主语或宾语)，whom (指人，在定语从句指人，在定语从句中作宾语中作宾语)，whose (指人或物，作定语指人或物，作定语)等。关系副
2、词有等。关系副词有: when (指时间指时间)，where (指地点指地点)，why (指原因指原因)等。等。2. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句定语从句分为限制性定语从句(restrictive ) 和非限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive) 两种。两种。限制性限制性定语定语从句紧跟先行词，与先行词之间一从句紧跟先行词，与先行词之间一般般不加逗号不加逗号；非限制性非限制性定语从句与定语从句与主句之间通常用主句之间通常用逗号分开逗号分开。1. My mother, who you met last year, keeps telling me not to take
3、them because they are dangerous.2. Im taking weight-loss pills called Fat-Less, which are quite popular among young women here.Non-restrictive attributive clauses:3. My mother insisted on sending me to the hospital, where I received good medical treatment.4. Its the same in Chinamany people, some of
4、 whom are not overweight at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which are often dangerous.Differences between the restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clauses.DiscussionLook at the following examples and tell the differences between the sentences.1. His father, who work
5、s in Beijing, came back yesterday.2. Shanghai, which is in East China, is developing rapidly.Example 1Conclusion 1当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独当先行词是地名、人名、世界上独一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，一无二的事物或家庭唯一成员时，通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。通常只用非限制性定语从句修饰。1. I have a sister who / that works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。2. I have a sister,
6、 who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。Example 2不只一位姐姐不只一位姐姐只有一位姐姐只有一位姐姐3. The magazines here which / that have nice pictures in them were written by him. 里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。里面有漂亮图画的那些杂志是他写的。4. The magazines here, which have nice pictures in them, were written by him. 所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮所有
7、的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。的图画。杂志有两类杂志有两类杂志只有一类杂志只有一类Conclusion 21. 限制性限制性定语从句与定语从句与先行词关系密切先行词关系密切，是先行词不可缺少的部分，如果去是先行词不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，主句意思往往不明确。掉它，主句意思往往不明确。 2. 非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充或说明，去掉它也不会影响主句充或说明，去掉它也不会影响主句的意思。的意思。1.This is the house (which/ that )we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。这是我们上个月买的那幢
8、房子。2.2. The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。这房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。Example 3限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句3. He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。他似乎没领会我的意思，这使我心烦。非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句Conclusion 31. 限制性定语从句可以由关系代词，限制性定语从句可以由关系代词，关系
9、副词来引导，关系代词作宾语关系副词来引导，关系代词作宾语时可以省略。时可以省略。2. 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导引导且关系代词不可以省略。且关系代词不可以省略。1. The famous basketball star, _ comes from America, will visit our school soon.2. In those days, she used to go to Mr black, with _ she had a wonderful time.3. I bought a
10、 car yesterday, _ cost me a lot.whichwhomwho4. Xian, _ I visited last year, is a nice old city.5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy.6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago.whichwherewhen7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true.8. _
11、we all know, he is good at English.Aswhich非限制性定语从句考点归纳：非限制性定语从句考点归纳：I.as和和which引导非限制性定语从句，引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句。代替整个主句。1. As everyone knows, China is a country with a long history. 众所周知，中国是一个众所周知，中国是一个历史历史悠久的国悠久的国家。家。Example:2. She is a teacher, as is clear from her manner. 她是个教师，这一点从她的举止可以她是个教师，这一点从她的举
12、止可以清楚地看出。清楚地看出。3. He missed the show, which was really a great pity. 他他错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。错过了演出，这真是很大的遗憾。Conclusion1. as 和和which在引导非限制性定语从句在引导非限制性定语从句时，时，as和和which可代替整个主句，相可代替整个主句，相当于当于and this或或and that。这两个关系。这两个关系代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思代词都可指代主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。2. as和和which引导非限制性定语从句
13、的不引导非限制性定语从句的不 同之处在于：同之处在于：(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which引导的定语从句不可放在句首。引导的定语从句不可放在句首。(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句的若从句中的谓语为行为动词，则从句的关系代词只能用关系代词只能用which。另外，。另外，as引导引导非限制性从句，常带有非限制性从句，常带有“正如正如”的意思。的意思。1.Alice received an invitation fr
14、om her boss, _ came as a surprise.2.2. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 3. _ is expected, the England team won the football match.Aswhichwhich4. It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.5. _ we can see, the smoke came from the little dus
15、tbin.whichAsII. all / some/ of + whom / which引导非引导非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句Example:1.He has told us many stories, all of which are about the famous Long Match.2. The students of Class 1, some of whom came from Japan, went camping yesterday.Conclusion在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，一些表达数量或定一些表达数量或定位的数词或代词如位的数词或代词如 all/
16、some/ one/ both/ neither/ none/ any/ either/ any 等可与等可与 of 构构成介词词组修饰限制先行词，此时先行词在成介词词组修饰限制先行词，此时先行词在其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语其后的定语从句中作介词的宾语，关系代词关系代词不可用不可用that。如如先行词指人则用先行词指人则用whom，如如先先行词指物则用行词指物则用which引导从句。引导从句。1. Many students in this school, some of which are not overweight, are going on diets.2. There are 54
17、 students in my class and ten of whom come from US.whomCorrection:them3. Half a million pairs of shoes are produced by the workers here every year, 80% of whom are sold abroad. 4. I have many friends in this town, some of which are businessman. 5. I am doing different types of exercises, all of them
18、 are quite helpful to my health.whichwhich 或或 all 前加前加andwhom1.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. A. who B. that C. what D. whichPractice time2. The English play, _ my students acted at the New Years party, was a great success. A. fo
19、r which B. at which C. in which D. on which3. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that4. Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer what it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. when B. which C. what D. that5.
20、 The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _ is often the case in other countries. A. it B. that C. as D .soJoin each pair of sentences to from one sentence, using one of them as a non-restrictive attributive clause with who, whom, whose, which, where or
21、 when.1. Amy is an actress. She is Zhou Lings friend.2. _3. _Amy, who is Zhou Lings friend, is an actress.2. The doctors at the hospital tried their best to save Amy. Amy spend about two months in that hospital. _ _ _3. Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables. All of them are good for her health.The d
22、octors at the hospital, where Amy spent about two months, tried their best to save Amy. _ _4. Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the afternoon. It is fine and warm in the afternoon. _ _ _Amy eats lots of fruit and vegetables, all of which are good for her health.Amy sometimes goes for a walk in the af
23、ternoon, when it is fine and warm.5. My uncle is an engineer and is working in Beijing. I told you about him yesterday. _ _ _6. Mike has decided to visit the Great Wall next month. His hobby is travelling. _ _ _My uncle, whom I told you about yesterday, is an engineer and is working in Beijing.Mike,
24、 whose hobby is travelling, has decided to visit the Great Wall next month.Answers to Part B:(1) who (2) where (3) which (4) which (5) which (6) which(7) whose (8) when (9) who(10) who1. What are question tags?Question tags are short questions that come at the end of statements. Discussion2. What ar
25、e question tags used for?Question tags are used for agreement or confirmation.3. Look at the following examples and tell in what different situations the question tags are used. Example 1: Its a lovely day, isnt it?Situation 1: to start a conversation in spoken EnglishExample 2: Neither of you has h
26、eard the news, have you? Situation 2: to ask for information in a polite wayExample 3: Pass the knife on the table to me, will you? Situation 3: to ask someone politely to do somethingSituation 4:1. to ask for agreement, using a falling tone. (The speaker is sure about what is said.)2. to ask for co
27、nfirmation, using a rising tone. (The speaker is not sure about what is said.)Example 4:1. Youre a high school student, arent you? 2. Youre a high school student, arent you?1. Looking good is important to women, isnt it?2.I was lucky, wasnt I?3.We shouldnt be ashamed of the way we look, should we?Ex
28、amplesAll the question tags above are used to ask for agreement by the writer and they should be read in a falling tone.Conclusion:Rules:陈述部分带有陈述部分带有seldom，hardly，never，neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little 等否定词时，疑问部分应用肯定。等否定词时，疑问部分应用肯定。如果陈述部分的否定词如果陈述部分的否定词仅带否定前缀或仅带否定前缀或后缀后缀，那么，陈述部分做肯定句处理，那么，陈述部分做肯
29、定句处理，疑问部分仍用否定形式。疑问部分仍用否定形式。e.g. He was unsuccessful, _? 当陈述部分是以当陈述部分是以there开头时，疑问开头时，疑问 部分主语也用部分主语也用there。e.g. There is no help for it, _? There is something wrong, _?wasnt heis thereisnt there如果陈述部分是如果陈述部分是I am 的结构，疑问部的结构，疑问部分用分用arent I. e.g. I am late, _?如果陈述部分是一个带有如果陈述部分是一个带有that分句作宾分句作宾语的主从结构时，疑
30、问部分一般应语的主从结构时，疑问部分一般应与主与主句句的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系。arent Ie.g. She says that I did it, _? 注意：注意：当陈述部分的主句是当陈述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe等结构时，等结构时，疑问部分则往往与疑问部分则往往与that分句分句中的主语中的主语和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注和谓语动词保持对应关系，但要注意否定的转移。意否定的转移。e.g. I supposed that he is serious, _? I dont think that she work
31、s hard, _?doesnt sheisnt hedoes she陈述部分含有陈述部分含有ought to时，疑问部分可以时，疑问部分可以用用ought形式，也可用形式，也可用should形式。形式。e.g. The child ought to be punished, _?We ought to go there, _?陈述部分有陈述部分有used to时，疑问部分可用时，疑问部分可用used形式，也可用形式，也可用did形式。形式。e.g. He used to smoke five cigarettes a day, _?oughtnt heshouldnt wedidnt / u
32、sednt he陈述部分有陈述部分有had better，would rather，would like时，疑问部分时，疑问部分要注意区别简略要注意区别简略形式形式。e.g. Youd better go now, _? Youd rather go there early, _? Hed like to go, _?hadnt youwouldnt hewouldnt you陈述句中陈述句中must后动词的类属与时态不后动词的类属与时态不同，反意疑问句也不同。同，反意疑问句也不同。1) must表表“必须必须”“必要必要”时，疑问部分用时，疑问部分用mustnt或或neednt。e.g. Y
33、ou must work hard next term, _? You must go home right now, _?mustnt youneednt you2) mustnt 表表“禁止禁止”，疑问部分用，疑问部分用must。 e.g. You mustnt walk on grass, _?3) must 表推测时，表推测时，疑问部分不用疑问部分不用must，而要把陈述部分改写。如：而要把陈述部分改写。如： e.g. He must be very tired, _? (=Im sure he is very tired.)must youisnt heHe must have wa
34、ited for a long time, _?(=Im sure he has waited for a long time.)You must have seen the play last week, _? (=Im sure you saw the play last week.)hasnt hedidnt you陈述部分中有陈述部分中有have时时1) have意为意为“有有”时，可以有时，可以有两种两种形式。形式。 e.g. He doesnt have any sisters, _? He hasnt any sisters, _? You have a Rolls-Royce,
35、 _?has hedoes hehavent /dont you2) have 意为意为“吃，经历，遭受，得到吃，经历，遭受，得到”等等其它含义时，疑问部分只用其它含义时，疑问部分只用do的适的适当形式。当形式。e.g. You all had a good time, _? He often has colds, _?3) 当含有当含有have to，had to时，疑问部分时，疑问部分 用用do的适当形式。的适当形式。e.g. They had to take the early train, _?didnt youdoesnt hedidnt they当陈述部分主语为当陈述部分主语为th
36、is，that，everything，anything，something，nothing等时，反意疑问句的主语用等时，反意疑问句的主语用it。e.g. Everything is all right, _? Nothing can stop us now, _?isnt itcan it当陈述部分中主语为当陈述部分中主语为anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, those, these反反意疑问句中主语用意疑问句中主语用they。e.g. Everyone knows the answe
37、r, _?dont they在祈使句中在祈使句中1) 肯定与否定肯定与否定的祈使句中，疑问部分都的祈使句中，疑问部分都 用用will you。e.g. Dont move the chair, _?2) 以以lets开头的祈使句，疑问句部分用开头的祈使句，疑问句部分用shall we。3) 以以let us开头的祈使句，疑问句部分用开头的祈使句，疑问句部分用will you。will you感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，疑感叹句的反意疑问句一律用否定式，疑问部分人称代词与陈述部分一致。问部分人称代词与陈述部分一致。e.g. What a lovely day, _?陈述句的主语是不定式，动名
38、词或词组陈述句的主语是不定式，动名词或词组时，反意疑问句的主语应为时，反意疑问句的主语应为it。e.g. Doing morning exercises has helped to improve her health, _?isnt ithasnt it(想喝想喝)-Yes, we will.(不想喝不想喝)-No, we wont.(他能他能)(他不能他不能)-Yes, he can.-No, he cant.反意疑问句的回答方式与一般疑问句一反意疑问句的回答方式与一般疑问句一样，肯定回答用样，肯定回答用yes，否定回答用，否定回答用no。e.g. Neither of us will h
39、ave coffee, will you? -His father cant name the plant, can he?1.Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, _ she? 2. A. had B. did 3. C. hadnt D. didnt解析：肯定性陈述句中的解析：肯定性陈述句中的had是表示是表示“让让”的实义动词，其反义疑问句的实义动词，其反义疑问句应用应用didnt的形式。的形式。2. Im sure youd rather she went to school by bus, _
40、? A. hadnt you B. wouldnt you C. arent you D. didnt she解析：解析： Im sure 属于第一人称所持属于第一人称所持某种见解的结构，应根据其后的宾某种见解的结构，应根据其后的宾语从句确定反义疑问句的形式。语从句确定反义疑问句的形式。3. When youve finished with that book, dont forget to put it back on the shelf, _? A. do you B. dont you C. will you D. wont you解析：题干中主句为否定祈使句，只解析：题干中主句为否定祈使句，只能用能用will you引导反义疑问句。引导反义疑问句。1. Go over the question tags.2. Finish Part A and B on P51 in your textbook as well as Part C1&C2 on P104 in your workbook.3. Preview Task.
