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1、动词及其时态动词及其时态中考语法中考语法 动词及其时态概述动词及其时态概述 动词即表示动作或状态的词。如：come, think, call, sit, study, have, be, feel等；动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态的变化。 时态是谓语动词的一种形式。在英语中，不同时间所发生的动作或存在的情况要用不同的动作形式来表现。初中阶段学习了八种，但中考只考查其中六种。即：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时和现在完成时。考点分布 1动词的考点：（1）动词的基本形式（2）系动词（3）及物动词和不及物动词（4）助动词（5）情态动词2. 时态的考点（1）现在进行时（2）一
2、般现在时（3）一般过去时（4）一般将来时（5）过去进行时（6）现在完成时考点梳理 考点一考点一 动词的基本形式动词的基本形式 动词的基本形式有：原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、过去分词和过去式。类别用法要求或变化规则举 例原形1. 位于情态动词之后，如：can, may, must, should, would, have to, neednt 等。He can play the piano.You must finish your homework on time.2. 位于助动词之后，如：do, does, did, will, shall等。Did you have a good time
3、 yesterday?3. 位于感官动词或使役动词之后，如：see, watch, hear, make, let, have等。Dont let her eat too much.Lets go to play basketball with Jack.4. 跟在to后面构成动词不定式，如：to comeTell your father to give up smoking.考点梳理 类别用法要求或变化规则举 例第三人称单数在一般现在时里，当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要用第三人称单数形式。其变化规则如下:1. 一般动词在词尾加-s构成;2. 以x, s, ch, sh和o结尾的动词，在词尾加
4、-es;3. 以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词，先改“y”为“i”后，在加-es;4、不规则形式：havehas；beis 1. playplays; likelikes; speakspeaks 2. teachteaches ; gogoes fixfixes; washwashes 3. studystudies ; flyflies carrycarries; crycries 注：以元音字母加-y结尾的，直接加-s如：buys, says, plays, obeys等。考点梳理 类别用法要求或变化规则举 例现在分词现在分词与be动词构成进行时态，其变化规则如下：1. 一般动词直接在词尾加
5、-ing;2. 以不发音的字母e结尾的，去e再加-ing； 3. 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母再加-ing.4. 以-ie为重读音节结尾的动词，改ie为y，再加-ing.1. look looking listen listening 2. come coming writewriting注意：seeseeing; agreeagreeing 3. put putting stop stopping run running swim swimming4. lie lying die dying tie tying考点梳理 类别用法要求或变化规则举 例过去式过去式用在一般过去时里
6、， 规则动词变化如下：1. 一般动词在词尾加-ed构成；2. 重读闭音节词，先双写末尾辅音字母再加-ed；3. 以不发音字母e结尾的动词，加-d；4. 以辅音字母加-y结尾的，先改y为 i，再加-ed。1. workworked; callcalled; cleancleaned ; looklooked 2. stopstopped ; dropdropped 3. likeliked ; smilesmiled 4. carrycarried; studystudied 过去分词过去分词用在现在完成时、过去完成时和被动语态中，规则变化同过去式，不规则需查不规则动词表动词有规则和不规则动词之
7、分考点梳理 考点二考点二 助动词助动词 助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：种类用 法举 例be1. 构成各种进行时态It was raining all day yesterday.2. 构成被动语态The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.3. 与不定式连用表示按计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作They are to see an English film this
8、 evening. 他们今天晚上看英语电影。考点梳理 种类用 法举 例do构成疑问式或否定式Does he think so?I didnt say anything about the result.在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”They do study hard.他们学习确实很努力She does love listening to English songs.havehave的过去式是had;have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态He has lived here for three years.As soon as the sun ha
9、d set, they returned.shall, should1.助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；2.助动词should是shall的过去式构成过去将来时.I shall send ten letters to my good friends.She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 1. I _ an old friend of mine when I _ in the street yesterday afternoon.A. met; was walking B. was meeting;
10、 walkedC. was meeting; was walking D. met; walked( ) 2. Did the farmers have a good harvest last year? _.A. Yes, they had.B. No, they hadntC. Yes, they didD. No, they did.( ) 3. _ you like to write down his telephone number for me?A. AreB. Do C. Shall D. Would考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 4. Why are you in such a
11、hurry, Mike? There_an NBA basketball game in ten minutes. A. will have B. will be C. is going to have D. are going to be( ) 5. Monica, you _ the exam! Congratulation! A. passB. have passed C. will passD. are passing be动词用法口诀我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否
12、定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。考点梳理 考点三考点三 情态动词情态动词 情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。具体用法见下表：用法用法种种 类类举举 例例表能表能力力1.表示表示“能够能够”，can 用于一般现用于一般现在时在时, could用于一般过去时。用于一般过去时。2. be able to 也表示能力，表示也表示能力，表示做事的能力时可与做事的能力时可与can通用通用, 但但be able to可用于任何时态。可用于任何时态。1. Ros
13、e can speak now, but she couldnt a week ago.2. She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.They will be able to finish the work soon.表请表请求求can (could) 在疑问句中与第二在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。could 比比can语气更加委婉客气，语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。没有时间上的差别。Could yo
14、u lend me your pen?Yes, I can.考点梳理 用法用法种种 类类举举 例例表许表许可可1. may/might, can/could表表示许可常可互换，示许可常可互换，只是只是might, could语气比较语气比较委婉。委婉。2. May I ?的否定回答用的否定回答用No, you cant.或者或者No, you mustnt.1.May/Could I borrow your book?Yes, you may/can.2.May I take the book out of the room? No, you cant./ No, you mustnt.表必表
15、必须、须、必要必要must和和have to 一般情况下一般情况下可互换，但有以下区别：可互换，但有以下区别：1. must表示说话人的主观表示说话人的主观看法；看法；have to 表客观需要。表客观需要。2.否定式否定式mustnt表示禁止，表示禁止，意为意为“不准，不可以做不准，不可以做”；而；而dont have to 意为意为“不必不必”。3. Must I ?否定回答用：否定回答用：No, you neednt. 或者或者No, you dont have to.1.You must / have to finish the work.I must have a talk with
16、 him.He has to stay here because its raining.2.You mustnt copy others homework. You dont have to explain it to me if you dislike the job. 3.Must I hand in my homework now?No, you neednt./you dont have to.考点梳理 用法用法种种 类类举举 例例表推表推测测1. must表示有把握的推表示有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用语否定句或疑问句。2. could
17、, may, might表示表示把握不大的推测把握不大的推测, 用于肯用于肯定句定句;3. can用于否定句，表示用于否定句，表示没有可能用没有可能用cant1. The photo must be Lus. Those are his parents2. I cant find my backpack. It might/may/could be still at school.3. The red bicycle cant be Lucys. She has a blue bicycle.need的的双重双重身份身份need作情态动词时，多用作情态动词时，多用于否定或疑问结构，一般于否定或
18、疑问结构，一般不用于肯定句，表示不用于肯定句，表示“必必要要”。need用作一般实义动词，用作一般实义动词，根据需要作动词变形。根据需要作动词变形。They neednt go to work that day.They didnt need to work that day.Do you need any help? 考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 6.Must I get up at 6 oclock? No, you _.You can get up at 7 oclock. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. shouldnt( ) 7. A cross fro
19、m my home, _ a shop which sells things from foreign countries. A. it isB. it hasC. there is D. that is ( ) 8._ I know by what time you want the project to be done? By the day after tomorrow. _ you finish it on time? A. May; CanB. Must; NeedC. Could; Must D. Need; Would考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 9.Excuse me, may
20、 I keep the book a little longer? Sorry. You _ return it today.A. mustB. mustnt C. canD. cant( ) 10.I forgot to bring my dictionary. Could I use yours? Yes, you _.A. canB. mustC. couldD. should( ) 11. The man is feeling much better now, so you _ call a doctor. A. neednt B. cant C. mustnt D. shouldnt
21、考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 12. May I take this magazine out of the reading room? No, you _. You read it in here.A. mightnt B. wont C. neednt D. mustnt( ) 13. Lets go climbing, shall we? You _ be joking! Dont you know Im afraid of high places? A. may B. can C. must D. should( ) 14. Could you please have a walk w
22、ith me? Sorry, I _. I have something important to do now. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. may not考点梳理 考点四考点四 连系动词连系动词 连系动词有一定意义，它们要与其后作表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。常见系动词有：be, seem, keep, remain, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, become, get, grow, turn等。如：She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.她比
23、三年前更漂亮了。考点梳理 考点五考点五 行为动词行为动词 行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。1. 及物动词 及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.2. 不及物动词 不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：He only worried about his daughter.考点梳理 3. 动词短语 由两个或两个以上的单词构成一个短语，具有动词的意义和功
24、能，这样的短语叫动词短语，相当于一个动词。常见的有：类类 型型例例 词词类类 型型例例 词词不及物动不及物动词词+副词副词run out, get up动词动词+名词名词lose weight, take place不及物动不及物动词词+介词介词look for, care about动词动词+名词名词+介词介词take care of, make use of及物动词及物动词+副词副词send up, put off动词动词+介词介词+名词名词keep in touch, learnby heart动词动词+副副词词+介词介词come up with, keep away frombe+形容
25、词形容词+介词介词be proud of, be surprised at考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 17.Smart phones are more and more popular now. So they are. But they still _ too much. A. payB. cost C. takeD. spend( ) 18. Steven, we should _ the bus at the next stop. A. get upB. get offC. get toD. get in 考点梳理 考点六考点六 一般现在时一般现在时 项 别表现形式例 句具体用法1、表
26、示现在的状态He is twelve. She is at work.2、表示经常或习惯性的动作He reads English every morning.3、表示主语具备的性格和能力She speaks French very well.4、普遍的真理和自然规律 The moon goes around the earth. 5、在时间状语和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来的动作Please call me as soon as you arrive in Paris.We will put off the sports meeting if it rains this week.考点
27、梳理 项别项别表现形式表现形式例例 句句句型句型结构结构肯定句：主语肯定句：主语+ 动词动词原形原形+ 宾语宾语+其它其它 主语主语+动词的单三动词的单三形式形式+宾语宾语+其它其它We read English every morning.He does morning exercises at school.否定句：主语否定句：主语+ dont +V. + 宾语宾语+其它其它 主语主语+ doesnt +v.+ 宾宾语语+其它其它We dont read English every morning.He doesnt have breakfast every day.一般疑问句：一般疑问句
28、：Do/Does+主语主语+v.+其其它？它？ Do you read English every morning?Does your father go to work on foot?时间时间标志标志1. often, usually, always, sometimes 2. every +时间类时间类 如：如：every day/week/month3. on Sundays；once a week；twice a day；in the morning/evening/afternoon.注意：注意：often, usually, always在句子的位置：通常是在在句子的位置：通常是
29、在be动词之后，行为动词之前。动词之后，行为动词之前。注意注意的问的问题题一般现在时当中，当句子主语时第三人称单数时，谓语一般现在时当中，当句子主语时第三人称单数时，谓语动词用单三形式。动词用单三形式。beam/is/are 考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 19. Alice likes doing housework. She _ her room every afternoon. A. cleans B. cleaned C. will clean D. has cleaned( ) 20. Which teacher _ lessons_ to you every day? A. does
30、；gives B. does； give C. do； give D. gives；/( ) 21. Well go to play with snow if it _ tomorrow. A. snow B. snows C. will snow D. snowed( ) 22. Nobody _ how to run this machines. A . know B. have known C. knows D. is knowing考点梳理 考点七考点七 现在进行时现在进行时 项别项别表现形式表现形式例例 句句具体具体用法用法表示现在（说话瞬间）正表示现在（说话瞬间）正在进行或发生的动
31、作在进行或发生的动作 I am listening to my teacher.句型句型结构结构1. 肯定句肯定句 主语主语+be(am/is/are ) +doing + 其它其它 We are watching TV now.2. 否定句否定句 主语主语+be not +doing + 其它其它 She isnt looking at you.3. 一般疑问句：一般疑问句：Be +主语主语+doing +其它？其它？ 回答：回答：Yes, 主语主语+be ；No, 主语主语+be not.Are they doing their homework now? Yes, they are./
32、No, they arent.时间时间标志标志1. now; 2. Look, listen等提示语；等提示语； 3. these days； 4. at present； 5. at the moment6. these days； 7. from three to five； 8.上下文提上下文提示等示等考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 23. Someone _ at the door. Can you open it? A. knocksB. knocked C. is knockingD. was knocking ( ) 24. Hello, Betty! What are you d
33、oing now? I _ on the Great Wall of China. Ill send them to you later. A. will take pictures B. am taking pictures C. was taking pictures D. take pictures( ) 25.Where is your father? He _ the World Cup in the living room.A. is watching B. watches C. watched D. will watch( ) 26. Look! The police _ the
34、 food onto the bank of the river. A. am carrying B. is carrying C. are carrying D. are carried 考点梳理 考点八考点八 一般将来时一般将来时项别项别表现形式表现形式例例 句句具体具体用法用法表示在将来某一时间发生的表示在将来某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态动作或存在的状态I believe my dream will come true one day.句型句型结构结构1. 肯定句肯定句 主语主语 + will + v. + 其它其它主语主语 + be going to + v. +其它其它She wi
35、ll be 42 years old next year. She is going to fly a kite this Sunday .2. 否定句否定句 主语主语 + wont + v. + 其它其它主语主语 + be(not) going to + v. +其它其它The train wont arrive on time.Im not going to play soccer after school.1. 一般疑问句一般疑问句 Will +主语主语 + v. + 其它其它?Be+主语主语+going to + v. +其它其它?Will you take part in the s
36、ports meeting?There is going to be an English speech contest.时间时间标志标志1.tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 2. next + 时间时间 3. this+星期星期 4. in/on +将来时间将来时间 如：如：in 2016，on May 1st 201,8. 5.soon, right away等等注意注意的问的问题题有些短暂性动词可以用进行时表示将来，如：有些短暂性动词可以用进行时表示将来，如： come , go, leave, arrive, start等。等。 She is leavin
37、g for Shanghai tomorrow. 她明天要去上海。她明天要去上海。考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 27. Im busy now. I _ to you after school this afternoon. A. talkB. talked C. will talkD. have talked ( ) 28. Mr. Wang has left for Guangzhou. He _ a speech there in two days. A. givesB. gave C. will giveD. has given( ) 29. Look at those clouds.
38、 It _ soon, Im afraid. A. is going to rain B. is raining C. will rain D. wont rain( ) 30. Be careful. The train _. A. will come B. cameC. comes D. is coming考点梳理 考点九考点九- - 一般过去式一般过去式项别表现形式例 句具体用法表示在过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。He got up late and missed the early bus this morning.The little boy was born in 2007.
39、句型结构肯定句 主语+was/were+其它主语+动词的过去式+宾语+其它They were in the classroom just now.We played soccer last night.否定句 主语+ wasnt/werent +其它主语+ didnt + v.+宾语+其它They werent in the classroom just now.We didnt play soccer last night.一般疑问句 Was/Were+主语+其它？Did+主语+ v. +宾语+其它？Were they in the classroom just now?Did you pl
40、ay soccer last night?时间标志1. yesterday类; 2.last +时间类; 3. 时间段+ago类；4. in/on +过去时间 如：in 2008；on May 1st 2012等注意的问题be动词的过去为 was/were考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 31. I_tennis with my cousin every day when I was in America. A. play B. played C. had played D. has played( ) 32. The teacher is already standing here. Do yo
41、u know when she _? A. comesB. came C. is coming D. was coming ( ) 33. I suppose you are at least 60 years old. Thank you. Im glad you _ that. My real age is 62. A. say B. said C. are saying D. were saying( ) 34. Are you going anywhere? I _ about visiting my sister, but I have changed my mind. A. thi
42、nk B. have thought C. will think D. thought考点梳理 考点十考点十 过去进行时过去进行时项 别表现形式例 句具体用法过去进行时表示在过去某一时间正在进行或发生的动作。My mother was cooking when I came back home last Friday.句型结构肯定句 主语+was/were +doing +其它 I was watching TV when you called me.否定句 主语+was/were not +doing +其它 I wasnt doing housework at 7 yesterday.一般
43、疑问句Was/Were +主语+doing +其它 Was it snowing at this time yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt .时间标志at that time, then, at this time +过去类的时间 如：at this time last year at +点钟+过去类的时间 如：at five yesterday, when/while引导的表示过去时间的从句注意的问题when 和while用法上的区别（详见连词考点三的第3点）考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 35. I saw Ken in the meeting
44、room, he _ Joe for the school magazine. A. interviews B. interviewed C. has interviewed D. was interviewing ( ) 36.What were you doing when we were playing basketball yesterday afternoon? I _ the classroom. A. was cleaningB. have cleanedC. will cleanD. clean考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 37. When they_ through the
45、forest, a bear _ at them.A. walked； was coming B. were walking； cameC. were walking； comes D. walk；is coming( ) 38. While mother _ some washing, I _ a kite for Kate.A. did；made B. was doing；madeC. was doing； was making D. did； was making考点梳理 考点十一考点十一 现在完成时现在完成时 项别表现形式例 句具体用法1.表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影
46、响或结果I have had lunch already.2.表示过去已经开始的某一动作或状态一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去The film has been on for ten minutes.句型结构肯定句：主语have /has + P.P. I have already had lunch.否定句：主语havent /hasnt +P.P. I havent had lunch yet.疑问句： Have/Has +主语+ P.P. Have you had lunch yet?时间标志1. already (否定yet) 2. ever (否定never) 3. just 4.
47、before 5. for+段时间 6. since+时间点 7. since+时间段+ago 8. so far 注意的问题1. have been to, have gone to, have been in的用法详见第一模块常用词汇用法辨析第36组；2. already, yet, still用法详见见第一模块常用词汇用法辨析第2组。考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 39. How time flies! Three years _since I _ you last time. A. have passed; metB. has passed; metC. passed; have met
48、 D. passed；met( ) 40. Have you finished using my dictionary?Yes, I put it back on your desk just now. Who _ it away? A. will takeB. is taking C. took D. has taken( ) 41. He _ in this factory for 20 years already. A. will work B. works C. has worked D. is working( ) 42. Jim isnt in the classroom. Whe
49、re is he now? He _ the library. A. will go to B. has been to C. has gone to D. goes to考点梳理 【特别关注】【特别关注】延续性动词与非延续性动词动词按其动作发生的方式、发生过程的长短可分为延续性动词与非延续性动词。1. 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作。如：learn, work, stand, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。如：You can keep the book for 5 days. 这本书你能借5天。I stayed there for 2 weeks
50、last year. 去年我在那里住了两个星期。2. 非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。不能与时间段连用。考点梳理 如: open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。如果要与时间段连用，就把它转为延续性动词使用。3. 中考常见的延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换有：leave be awaydie be deadfall ill be illget married be marriedborrow keepfinish be overcatch a col
51、d have a coldfall asleep be asleepbuy haveopenbe opencome here be hereget to/ arrive/reach be inbegin/start be onclose be closedbecome become back be backjoin be in + 组织机构组织机构 或者或者be a member of + 组织机构组织机构考点梳理 如：1. The old man died 4 years ago. The old man has been dead for 4 years. 那位老人死了四年了。2. He
52、joined the Party 2 years ago. He has been in the Party for 2 years. He has been a Party member for 2 years. 他入党两年了。3. I bought the book 5 days ago. I have had the book for 5 days. 这本书我刚买5天。考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 43. A new shop _ for a week nearby. Lets have a look there. Good idea. But it doesnt _ on Monday
53、s. A. opened; opened B. has been opened; open C. has opened; opened D. has been open; open( ) 44. I _ my hometown for a long time. I really miss it. A. left B. went away from C. have left D. have been away from 考点梳理 【考点精练】( ) 45.How long can I _ the book? Two weeks.A. borrow B. lend C. keep D. get(
54、) 46.Her father _in 1990 and her husband _ for more than five years.A. died, dead B. has died, dead C. died, has been dead D. has died, has died考点梳理 【备考策略】动词及其时态是中考考查比例最大的一个语法项目。近年来主要集中在考查各类动词的词义辨析、词形变化、人称和数的一致以及在各种情景下正确使用时态等。其中情态动词表推测的用法，表示必然性的用法以及它们的否定形式和习惯用法等也是重点。在复习备考中同学们应注意：1. 掌握常见的系动词和助动词用法，学会区分及物动词和不及物动词，学会在具体的语境中观察、分析及正确使用情态动词；2. 总结和熟记一些重要动词和动词短语的意思、习惯用法和固定搭配等；3. 注意区分和掌握易混淆的常用动词和动词短语；4. 学会连用上下文或时间状语判断时态,注意动词的不同变化形式以及人称、数的一致。
