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1、高中英语语法复习专题之02英语句子剖析一一、词类句法作用代号主要的句法功能实词名词人或事物名称n.主,表,宾,补,定,同代词代替名词数词pron.主,表,宾,定,同数词数目或顺序num.主,表,宾,定,同动词动作或状态v.(vi./vt.)谓语动词主,表,宾,补,定,状形容词修饰人或事物adj.表,补,定,同副词修饰动作特征adv.表,状虚词冠词名词的泛特指art.介词词间关系prep.连词连接词或句子conj.感叹词说话感情口气interj.非谓语非谓语二、句子成分了解主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attrib
2、ute）、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)、同位语(appositive)、插入语(parenthesis)主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件，两者缺一不可。主语主语：句子动作的主体，表示句子要描述的对象,“谁”或是“什么”,一般位于谓语动词之前。1、Imay bewrong.我可能是错的。2、Whois speaking,please?(在电话中)请问你是谁？3、Twowill beenough.两个就够了。4、Shoppingiseasyinasupermarket.在超级市场购物很容易。5、Itisdifficultto answer that questio
3、n.回答这个问题很困难。6、What he saiddoesnotmatter.谓语：谓语：说明主语的动作或状态：由动词或动词短语担任不及物vt.Work,live,look,arrive,行为动词：（实义动词）及物vi.Spend,visit,see,reach,系动词link-v.：动词be，“五变”(go,get,turn,come,become)和“五感”(look,sound,smell,taste,feel).还有keep,stay，appear,lookas等，构成系表结构谓语核心谓语核心助动词aux.v.:一般没有词义，帮助主要动词构成谓语，以表示时态、语气、语态等，有时帮助构
4、成疑问句或否定句be(am,is,are,was,were);have,has,had;will,would，shall,should;do,does,did.情态动词mod.v.：can,could;may,must,need,shall,should,oughtto,will,would,dare.宾语宾语：及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语；一般位于动词或介词之后1.Whoknowsthe answer?2.Hehasrefusedto help them.3.Heenjoysreading.4.Theyatewhat was leftover.5.Wevebe
5、enlookingforwardtothis day.宾语包括直接宾语（动作的承受者）和间接宾语（对谁或为谁6.Hebroughtyoua dictionary.7.Ishowedhimmy pictures.宾语补足语：宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。名词/代词宾格+名词Thewarmadehimasoldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词Newmethodsmakethejobeasy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语Ioftenfindhimatwork./我经常发现他在工作.名
6、词/代词宾格+动词不定式Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.表语表语：说明主语的性质、特征、状态、或身份，位于连系动词之后1.Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary.2.Ournextstepwasto get the raw materials ready.3.Hisfaceturnedred.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtall an
7、d strong.6.Thetroubleisthat they are short of money.定语：定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词、介词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。形容词作定语：形容词作定语：Thelittleboyneedsabluepen小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。Tomisahandsomeboy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。数词作定语：数词作
8、定语：Twoboysneedtwopens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。代词或名词所有格作定语：代词或名词所有格作定语：HisboyneedsTomspen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。介词短语作定语：介词短语作定语：Theboyin the classroomneedsapenof yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。名词作定语：名词作定语：Theboyneedsaballpen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：副词作定语：ThebestboyhereisTom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。不定式作定语：不定式作定语：Theboyto write this letterisTom./将要
9、写这封信的男孩是汤姆。Thereisnothingto do today./今天无事要做。分词（短语）作定语：分词（短语）作定语：Thesmilingboyneedsapenbought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。定语从句：定语从句：Theboywho is readingneedsthepenwhich you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。Theboyyou will knowisTom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。状语：状语：状语修饰动词、形容词和副词，说明其程度频率；也可用于修饰全句，说明事件发生的方式、因
10、果、条件、时间、地点、让步、目的等状语在句子中的位置很灵活，常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般须在时间状语之前；一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。副词（短语）作状语副词（短语）作状语：Theboyneedsapenverymuch./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsverymuchthepenboughtbyhismother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的
11、那支钢笔。（宾语较长则状语前置）Theboyreallyneedsapen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）Theboyneedsapennow./Now,theboyneedsapen./Theboy,now,needsapen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：Intheclassroom,theboyneedsapen./在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Beforehismother,Tomisalwaysaboy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)OnSundays,thereisnostudentintheclassroom.
12、/星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：Hesitsthere,askingforapen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）=Hesitsthereandasksforapen.Havingtofinishhishomework,theboyneedsapen./因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,hesitstheresoundlessly./（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）不定式作状语：不定式作状语：Theboyneedsapentodohishomework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状
13、语）Tomakehisdreamcometrue,Tombecomesveryinterestedinbusiness./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.状语从句：状语从句：Becausetheboyhastofinishhishomework,heneedsapen.Tomworkshardsothathecanmakehisdreamcometrue.同位语：同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：Westudentsshouldstudyhard./(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）Weallarestudents./
14、(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）英语句子概论简单句简单句并列句并列句复合句复合句基本成分基本成分附属成分附属成分独立成分独立成分省略成分省略成分连接成分连接成分 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative)主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt. + O) 主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt. +IO+DO) 主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + C)简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语和谓语动词（不及物动词、
15、系动词、及物动词)是句子的核心成分，宾语、表语及补语为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分（主和谓），至多4个基本成分。nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主主语语谓谓语语宾语宾语宾语宾语宾补宾补表语表语(间间)宾宾(直直)宾宾VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe / feel / seem / lookappear / stand / lie become /get / grow
16、 / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/ My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语She is happy主语主语 双宾动词双宾动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 宾补动词宾补动
17、词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher asked me to read the passage.基本句型实例基本句型实例特殊句式1、There belies.句型句型There are many books on the desks.2、反意疑问句、反意疑问句John works in the factory, doesnt he?3、强调句、强调句It iswas+强调部分强调部分+thatwho+句子句子It was yesterday that I met Tom in the park.4、倒装句、倒装句Only in
18、 the class can I do my homework attentively.5、It 句型句型It is necessary for you to work harder now.6、祈使句、祈使句 v原型原型+其它其它Open the door, please.Tom, wash the dish now.7、感叹句、感叹句What + (aan) + adj. + n.+主主+谓！谓！How + adj. + 主主 + 谓！谓！What a beautiful flower it is!How beautiful the flower is!What beautiful flo
19、wers they are!附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的状语：即用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的单词、短语或从句。单词、短语或从句。定定 语语She likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of interestingHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing o
20、ver there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.（=She is si
21、tting at the desk and doing her homework.)My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）To tell you the truth, the girl is so beautiful!Come here，John（呼语）（呼语）句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语
22、法的关系。独立成分独立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others （gave him） rotteneggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster than, you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说
23、出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。(and, or, but, so, for, while “而、却而、却”，when “这时这时”）另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。属连词主要用于引导各种从句。连接成分连
24、接成分简单句即简单句即只有一个主谓结构只有一个主谓结构(包含并列主语或并包含并列主语或并列谓语），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列列谓语），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。四种作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述(肯定句、否定句）肯定句、否定句） 提出一个问题（一般提出一个问题（一般特殊特殊反意反意选择疑问句）选择疑问句） 发出一种命令或请求（祈使句）发出一种命令或请求（祈使句） 表示一种感叹（感叹句）表示一种感叹（感叹句）Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. /
25、The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at meangrily.We ate our meal in silence.The
26、car stopped suddenly.A young girl walkedconfidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the windo
27、w.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以连词两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both.and、eith
28、eror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is no
29、t flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is fl
30、ying to York.主主语语、谓谓语语、宾宾语语的的合合并并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her h
31、usband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主主语语、谓谓语语、宾宾语语的的合合并并并并列列句句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished a
32、ll day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、while、yet等等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并并列列句句常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, both
33、and, not onlybut also, neithernor, and thenbut, while, yetfor, soor, eitheror, neither nor并并列列句句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank wo
34、rked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed.主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed
35、.2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but he didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.由两个或两个以上的分句组成由两个或两个以上的分句组成, 一个一个些分句些分句（从句）做另一个分句（主句）的某个成分。（从句）做另一个分句（主句）的某个成分。注意：分
36、句之间一般要用连接词注意：分句之间一般要用连接词 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 连词连词+从句从句复复合合句句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 主语从句主语从句 宾语从句宾语从句 1、名词性从句：、名词性从句： 表语从句表语从句 同位语从句同位语从句 2. 定语从句（形容词性从句）定语从句（形容词性从句）限制性、非限制性
37、限制性、非限制性 3. 状语从句状语从句 （副词性从句）（副词性从句）时间、地点、原因、条时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较等状语从句）件、目的、结果、让步、比较等状语从句） 复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told methe news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he wa
38、s prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his father was working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished
39、his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the peoplesurprised That What he
40、saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Thatis the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.wha
41、t has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从
42、属连词 +简单句简单句Put the bookon the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vIknowwhen Tom will come here.vShewasreadinganovelwhen I came in.vIrememberthedaywhen we visited the farm.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状
43、语从句定语从定语从句句Practice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out. She was late. (why宾从宾从)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when定从定从)I still remember the day when I first went to York.以下句子连接为一个含有以下句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的复合句。PracticeHe didnt come yes
44、terday. He was ill. (原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.Ill give the letter to him. Ill see him. （时间时间）It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果结果）Well go to the Great Wall. Itll be fine tomorrow. (条件条件) We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the Great Wall if its fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.
