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1、会计学1日本日本(r bn)大阪大学光学设计大阪大学光学设计第一页，共37页。The five Seidel aberrationsn nParallel rays do not meet one pointn nSpherical aberrationn nComan nThe image is not flatn nAstigmatismn nCurvature of fieldn nImage of a line is not a linen nDistortion第1页/共36页第二页，共37页。Longitudinal (axis)Transversal (lateral)n nAb
2、erration is measured towards Longitudinal or Transversal directionLongitudinal aberrationEx. Spherical aberrationTransversal aberrationEx. comaLongitudinalTransversal第2页/共36页第三页，共37页。Spherical aberration(1)n nThe source of the degradation at the center of the image (monochromatic)n nLenses with sphe
3、rical surface always have(Aspherical lens solves) n nHas effect to whole of the image, but usuallymeasured at the center onlySpherical aberration(longitudinal)hFunction of ray height hmeasured on the optical axis第3页/共36页第四页，共37页。Representation of sphericalaberrationSpherical aberration curveRay heig
4、htParaxial focusLongitudinal aberration is symmetric around optica axis; half of the curve is sufficient.Near objectAppearance of spherical aberrationObject at infinity第4页/共36页第五页，共37页。Control of spherical aberration(1)Control of spherical aberration(1)BendingBalance of thickness and index of glassD
5、ivide one thick lens to two thin lensesCombination of conversing and diverging lensShape modification with constant thickness and focal length (spherical aberration is changing)第5页/共36页第六页，共37页。Control of spherical Control of spherical aberration(2)aberration(2)Spherical aberration of diverging lens
6、Diverging lens has positive spherical aberrationwhich is useful to compensate conversing lensParaxial focus第6页/共36页第七页，共37页。Example of spherical aberrationExample of spherical aberration (1)(1)Types of spherical aberrationsSpherical aberrationRay heightFull correcton Over correction Under correction
7、第7页/共36页第八页，共37页。n n1/500 of focal lengthn n0.05mm each for front and back, F1.4n nDiameter of circle of confusion is Diameter of circle of confusion is 0.036mm0.036mm(as small as permissible circle of (as small as permissible circle of confusion)confusion)Example of spherical aberration (1)Spherica
8、l aberration of standard 50mm F1.4 lens第8页/共36页第九页，共37页。DistortionFunction of object height (angle) measured on the image planeRay height 0(principal ray only)For photography, 2% is permissiblelBarrel shape is better than pin-cushion shapeDistortion(Transversal)第9页/共36页第十页，共37页。Distortion (2)Positiv
9、e(pin-cushion)Negative(barrel)第10页/共36页第十一页，共37页。Field curvaturen nfunction of Object height measured to the direction of optical axisn nCausing defocus at the corner of the imagen nRay height 0(independent to the spherical aberration)Direction of approaching the limit is very important (because len
10、s is 3D)Field curvature（Longitudinal）第11页/共36页第十二页，共37页。Astigmatismn nDifference of the field curvature for different direction of approaching limit（also 0 , measured to optical axis)n nObject height / ray height : meridional imagen nObject heightray height : Sagittal imageAstigmatism(longitudinal)M
11、S第12页/共36页第十三页，共37页。Astigmatism (2)n nMeridional : (Meteorology) (chiefly of winds and air flow) aligned with lines of longitude.n nSagittal : relating to or denoting the suture on top of the skull that runs between the parietal bones in a front to back direction.Object sagittal image meridional ima
12、ge第13页/共36页第十四页，共37页。Astigmatism (3)M imagemiddle imageObjectS image第14页/共36页第十五页，共37页。Astigmatic differencen nFrom the aesthetic point of view, M and S image must be closen nOr we would feel “flow” on the image Astigmatic curveObject height(angle)Astigmatic differenceTypes of astigmatism第15页/共36页第十
13、六页，共37页。Coman nFunction of ray height measured on the imagen nObject height / ray height : meridional coman nObject heightray height : sagittal comaComa(Transversal)(Meridional coma)第16页/共36页第十七页，共37页。ComaTypical coma : causes asymmetric blur Principal rayPrincipal rayTransversalObjectheightComa is
14、Transversal aberrationCase of no Coma(field curvature only)Image of coma第17页/共36页第十八页，共37页。Longitudinal chromatic aberrationn nFocal length varies caused by dispersion (variation of refractive index for wavelength)n nCausing degradation of the center of the imageLongitudinal chromaticaberrationh第18页
15、/共36页第十九页，共37页。Transversal chromatic aberrationTransversal chromatic aberrationn nVariation of focal length also causes the difference of image sizeTransversal chromaticaberration第19页/共36页第二十页，共37页。Correction of chromatic aberrationCorrection of chromatic aberrationn nBalanced out by using two diffe
16、rent dispersionn nNon-linear dispersion can not be correctedWhite lightRed lightBlue lightCrown flint Low disp.High disp.第20页/共36页第二十一页，共37页。Parameters of optical glassn nBasically two parameters (index, dispersion)DispersionEarly optical glassJena glass1890-New glassAfter WW-IIExtra-low dispersionF
17、luorite1970-Optical glass chartAbbe number第21页/共36页第二十二页，共37页。Optical glassesn nVarious materials (elements)Various materials (elements)Lead, silicon, potassium, Barium, Lanthanum, .Lead, silicon, potassium, Barium, Lanthanum, .Dense flintFlintLight flintBarium flintBarium crownDense crownBorosilica
18、te crownSpecial short flintLanthanum flintLanthanum crownName symbol example index nd abbe num. vd constituent Optical glasses 第22页/共36页第二十三页，共37页。Why we need many elements?n nFor correcting monochromatic aberrationn nThin lens with high index glassn nThick lens with low index glassn nFor correcting
19、 chromatic aberrationThere are some differencesfor aberration even if the focal length is sameWhite lightF spectrum(blue)d spectrum(green)C spectrum(red)Longitudinal chromatic aberration of single lens第23页/共36页第二十四页，共37页。Making of optical glass(1)n nClay pot method : traditional but still goodMaking
20、 Clay pots第24页/共36页第二十五页，共37页。Making of optical glass (2)To avoid the coloring the glass, very pure materials are usedClay pot in a furnace第25页/共36页第二十六页，共37页。Making of optical glass (3)Cooling, annealinglCooling for two weekslFormed and keep heated for a long time (for uniformity and remove interna
21、l strain)n nGlass is picked out by breaking clay potn nGlass is also broken, but also non-uniform part (babble, striae) is easily removed. Yielding : 50%第26页/共36页第二十七页，共37页。Making of optical glass (4)n nCorrosive materials are melted in platinum potQuality of glasslReflactive index : 0.00050lDispers
22、ion : 0.8%lCost of special glass is up to thirty dollars / 1gPlatinum pot and glass第27页/共36页第二十八页，共37页。Correction of second order Correction of second order chromatic aberrationchromatic aberrationAbnormal (extraordinary) dispersionOrdinary high index glassOrdinary low index glassAD(Kurz : short) AD
23、(Lang : long) wavelengthRefractive index第28页/共36页第二十九页，共37页。CorrectioCorrection of n of chromatic chromatic aberratioaberration nCorrection of chromatic aberrationSingle(BK7)Doublet (achromat)apochromatwavelengthIRLongitudinal chromatic aberration第29页/共36页第三十页，共37页。The five Seidel aberrationLongitud
24、inalTransversalSphericalField curvatureAstigmatismComaDistortionL.C.A.T. C. AMonochromatic chromaticparameterRay Height(thickness of incoming light)Object height(angle)第30页/共36页第三十一页，共37页。Image of aberrations (1)Image of a point light source (PSF)Longitudinal chromatic aberrationComaComaSpherical ab
25、erration第31页/共36页第三十二页，共37页。Images of aberrations(2)Sagittal imageMeridional image (w/ TCA)Central imageAstigmatism第32页/共36页第三十三页，共37页。Graphs shown in OSLO第33页/共36页第三十四页，共37页。Graphs shown in OSLOComa (transversal aberrationwith respect to ray height)Field curvatureSimilar to spherical aberration第34页/共36页第三十五页，共37页。Graphs shown in OSLO第35页/共36页第三十六页，共37页。内容(nirng)总结会计学。Representation of sphericalaberration。Field curvature。AD(Lang : long)。L.C.A.。T. C. A。Images of aberrations(2)。第35页/共36页第三十七页，共37页。
