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1、Chapter Two English Vocabulary: AHistoricalPerspectiveContents2.1TheINDO-Europeanlanguagefamily2.2TheEnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguage2.3ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabulary2.4Summary2.1TheINDO-EuropeanlanguagefamilyIndo-Europeanlanguage:afamilyoflanguagespokenoriginallyinEuropeandpartsofsouthernAsia.
2、AdiagramoftheIndo-EuropeanlanguageProto-Indo-European(theparentlanguage)ItalicGermanicLatinTheRomancelanguages“Wordsarelikehumanbeingsinthevagariesoffortunethatmayraisethemuptogreatimportanceorcastthemdown.Ofcourselifespanisverydifferentfromours.Someindeedarestillborn,somepopularforaseasonandthengon
3、eforever,butmanyhavelivedforoverathousandyearsandarestillasvigorousasever.”(Matthews1979:123)TreediagramoftheGermaniclanguagesGermanicNorthGermanicEast GermanicWest GermanicDanishIcelandicNorweigianSwedishGothicHigh Germanlow GermanModern High GermanYiddishAfricanDutchEnglishFrisianFlemishModern Low
4、 German2.2TheEnglishPeopleandtheEnglishlanguageThehistoryofEnglandisalsothehistoryofsuccessiveoccupations:Celts:cameatabout5000BCRomans：beganinvasionin55BC,succeededin43AD，thenoccupiedEnglandforalmost400years.Anlges,Saxons,Frisians,Jutes:invadedEnglandatabouttheyear449,thefoundersoftheEnglishnation.
5、2.3ThedevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyThreeperiodsofEnglishlanguage:SequencePeriodDurationoftime Mainfeature(1)OldEnglish499-1066Fullinflection(2)MiddleEnglish1066-1500Leveledinflection(3)ModernEnglish1500-LostinflectionTheoldEnglishPeriodCorpus:about24,000differentlexicalitems,andabout85%nolongerinus
6、e.Importantworks:BeowulfCharacteristicsofoldEnglish：(1)frequentuseofcompounds:theinterpretationcanbestraightforwardorobscureE.g:banhus(bonehouseforapersonsbody)hronrad(whaleroadforthesea)(2)Theintroductionofanumberof“loantranslations”lexicalitemstranslatedpartbypartintoanotherlanguage.loantranslatio
7、nfromLatininOELatinOldEnglishModernEnglishPraepositioConjunctiounicornisForesetnysGedeodnysanhornPrepositionJoiningunicorn(3)HighlyinflectedlanguageOEhasacompletesystemofdeclensionswithfourcasesandconjunctions,andgrammaticalrelationshipsinOEareexpressedmainlybytheuseofinflectionalendings.ThemiddleEn
8、glishPeriodPeriod：fromtheNormanconquestin1066extendsapproximatelyto1500Characteristics:(1)UnpredecentborrowingofFrenchintoEnglishFrenchhadbeentherulinglanguageofEnglandforalmost500years(2)Muchfewerinflections.Endingsofnounsandadjectivesmarkingdinstinctionofnumber,caselosttheirdistinctiveforms,andthe
9、grammaticalgenderdisappearedandwasreplacedbythenaturalgender.ThemodernEnglishPeriodBeginningpoint:therevolutionofprintinginEngland,markedbythesettingupofWilliamCaxtonspressPeriod:1)EarlymodernEnglish:1500-18002)LatemodernEnglish：1800-presentCharacteristicsofearlymodernEnglish(1500-1800)(1)Theintrodu
10、ctionofthousandsofLatinandGreekwords.theinfluenceoftheRenaissance,translatorsofthetextsofLatinandGreekcannotfindpreciseequivalentinEnglish;moreover,manywriterstookwordsfromLatinandGreektoreplacetheformsearlieradoptedfromFrench.(2)WordsfromothercontemporarylanguagecameintoEnglish.writersbegantoborrow
11、fromotherEuropeanlanguagestoexpressthenewconcepts,techniquesandinventionsthatfirstcamefromEurope.wordsalsocameintoEnglishfromNorthAmerica,AfricaandAsia,asaresultofexploration.CharacteristicsoflatemodernEnglish(1800-present)(1)AlmostcompletelossofendingsFromoldEnglishtomodernEnglish,Englishhasevolved
12、fromasyntheticlanguagetoananalyticlanguage.OldEnglishMiddleEnglishModernEnglishLeorn-ianMon-aStan-asSun-neSun-uLern-enMone-eSton-esSun-neSun-eLearnMoonStonesSunson(2)TheunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabularyThe19thcenturysawanunprecedentedgrowthinscientificvocabularyasaconsequenceoftheindustrialr
13、evolutionandthescientificexplorationanddiscovery.Acertainnumberofthemhavebecomefamiliartotheordinarypeople.FamliliartermsineverydaybusinessfieldSamplewordsbankingCreditcard,check,compoundinterest,checkingaccount,timeaccount,deposit,balance,bond,currency,escrow,appraisal,capitalstockinsuranceActuary,
14、agents,annuity,beneficiary,dividend,endowmentpolicy,faceamount,premium,graceperiod,fineprint,guaranteedinsurabilitylawAppeal,arraignment,arrest,assault,bail,libel,injunction,manslaughter,robbery,theft,subpoena,warrant,writ,indictment,doublejeopardymedicalAllergy,antibiotic,bacteria,bronchitis,cancer
15、,caries,glaucoma,hepatitis,hernia,inoculate,pathology,tetanus,virus,ophthalmology,immunizeRealestateAgreementofsale,annuity,assignee,assignor,capitalgain,chattel,commission,conveyance,deed,delivery,lease,points,titleinsurance(3)TheassertationofAmericanEnglishasadominantvarietyofthelanguageAmericanEn
16、glishbegantomakethemwaytotheBritishIslesabout1820.sincethen,togetherwiththeprogressinallfieldsandthegrowthofthepoweroftheUnitedStates,thestatusofAmericanEnglishhasbeenontherise.DifferentspellingandwordinginAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishSpellingWordingAmerican EnglishColorCenterTravelerDefenseSkept
17、icInflectionNaturalizecheckBritish EnglishColourCentreTravellerDefenceScepticaInflexionNaturalisechequeAmerican EnglishAttorneyGarbageInstructorPackageGasLumberDrugstorecrackerBritish EnglishSolicitorRubbishLecturerParcelPetrolTimberChemistsbiscuit2.4SummaryTillnow,wehavetracedtheevolutionofEnglishf
18、romoldEnglishthroughMiddleEnglishtoModernEnglish:(1)OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendingswithfrequentuseofcompoundsandtheintroductionofloantranlations.(2)MiddleEnglishwasgreatlyinfluencedbyFrench,andretainedmuchfewerinflectionsthanoldEnglish.(3)ModernEnglishisfurthereddividedintoearlyandlateperiod.The
19、formerwasinfluencedbytheRenaissance,withalargenumberofLatinandGreekwordspouringin.ThelatersawanunprecedentedgrowthofscientificvocabularyandtheincreasinginfluencefromAmericanism.The End.Thanks for Your Attention!VocabularyVagaryn奇想；异常行为;难以预测的情况Stillbornadj流产的;失败的Vigorousadj有力的；精力充沛的Characteristicsn特性
20、Subsequentadj.随后的；连续的，Illustratev.说明,阐明;表明;Coincidev.同时发生；（想法、意见等）相同；相符；Precedev.在之前发生（或出现）；先于；走在前面Occupationn.工作;职业；占领,侵占，占领期Crumblev.(把)弄碎,(使)碎成细屑；衰落,崩溃Installationn.安装,设置;就职；军事设施Peninsulan.半岛Assimilatev.同化；透彻理解；消化；吸收Intermarriagen.通婚Indiscriminatelyadv.无差别，任意地；不分青红皂白地VocabularyVernacularn.本国语,本地话
21、,方言；.行话Compoundn.复合词Hierarchyn.等级制度；统治集团,领导层；层次体系Supersedev.取代,接替Patronagen.支持,赞助,资助；(顾客的)光顾,惠顾Syntheticadj.合成的,人造的；口假的,非天然的;虚伪的Compoundinterestn.复利Checkingaccountn.活期账户,往来账户Timeaccountn.定期账户Escrown.由第三者保存附带条件委付盖印的契约Appraisaln.估计,估量,评价Capitalstockn.股本Actuaryn.保险精算师，保险(业务)计算员Annuityn.年金，(每年的)养老金；年金保险
22、，年金保险投资Beneficiaryn.受益人；受惠人；收款人Endowmentpolicyn.人寿保险单Faceamountn.面值,票面金额Premiumn.保险费；利息；股金Graceperiodn.(行动、责任等的)宽限期Fineprintn.极小的字体；(契约中)难懂的条文Guaranteedinsurabilityn.保证可保性Arraignmentn.提问,传讯,责难Injunctionn.命令，强制令，禁止令；警告，指令Manslaughtern.过失杀人；误杀Subpoenan.传票Indictmentn.刑事起诉书，公诉书；控告，起诉Doublejeopardyn.双重审理
23、Allergyn.过敏症Antibioticn.抗菌素；抗生素Bronchitisn.支气管炎Cariesn.龋齿,骨疡Glaucoman.绿内障,青光眼Hepatitisn.肝炎Hernian.疝;突出Inoculatev.给做预防注射Pathologyn.病理(学)；病理学家Tetanusn.破伤风Ophthalmologyn.眼科学Immunizev.使某人免疫Agreementofsalen.销售合同Assigneen.受托人,代理人Assignorn.转让人；出让人Capitalgainn.资本利益,资本收益Chatteln.动产,奴隶Commissionn.佣金,回扣Conveyancen.产权转让证书Deliveryn.交割,交货;交付，让渡Leasen.租约,租契Titleinsurancen.产权保证保险
