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1、意合与形合Paratactic vs. Hypotactic1科学教育一、什么是“意合”与“形合”？意合(parataxis)： 不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现词语或句子的连接；形合(hypotaxis)：借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）来实现词语或句子的连接。2科学教育Hypotaxisw形合指句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用句法手段（syntactic devices）或词汇手段（lexical devices）。 方梦之wThe dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clau
2、ses with connectives.-American Heritage DictionarywEg: I shall despair if you dont com.3科学教育Parataxisw意合指“句子内部的连接或句子间的连接采用语义手段（semantic connection）”wThe arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.- World Book DictionarywEg: The rain fell; the river
3、 flooded; the house washed away.4科学教育英汉对比w英语造句常用形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。w汉语造句少用甚至不用连接手段，注重隐形连贯（covert coherence），注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。5科学教育二、英语的形合法1.关系词和连接词：All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the v
4、ery day the little copper ball fell.过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。不入虎穴，焉得虎子。If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers cub?6科学教育英语的形合法2.介词：Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.本书
5、内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。7科学教育英语的形合法wHe had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.w他有一种习惯让人受不了，意见反复不定，一会儿一个变化。w他有一种令人难堪的习惯，一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。8科学教育英语的形合法wShe said, with perfect truth, that “it must be delightful to have a brother,” and easily got the pity of tender-hearted
6、 Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred.w她说道，“有个哥哥该多好啊，”这话说得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米莉亚听了，立刻觉得她可怜。9科学教育英语的形合法wThis was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair.w这是一次精心组织起来的会议。市政厅里济济一堂，热情洋溢，主持会议的是斯特朗先生。
7、10科学教育英语的形合法3.其它连接手段，如形态变化形式，广泛使用代词以保持前后呼应的关系，以及使用it和there作替补词其连接作用等等。4.综合使用形合手段：There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of th
8、e coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.11科学教育wThere is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband
9、 that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.w最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以自豪的主要所在。12科学教育三、汉语的意合法1.语序。人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not
10、 attack unless we are attacked.（因为）他不老实，我不能信任他。Because hes not honest, I cant trust him.I cant trust him, because hes not honest.我不能信任他，因为他不老实。13科学教育汉语的意合法w说是说了，没有结果。wIve made the proposal, but they proved futile.w抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。wOnce the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be
11、readily solved.14科学教育汉语的意合法2.用反复、排比、对偶等词句整齐匀称的句式。聪明一世，糊涂一时。Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.他不来，我不去。If he wont come here, Ill not go there.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow, so will you reap.15科学教育汉语的意合法3.紧缩句。上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant./When those above behave u
12、nworthily, those below will do the same.有饭大家吃。Let everybody share the food if there is any.16科学教育汉语的意合法4.四字格。物极必反Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.欲盖弥彰The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.17科学教育英汉对比w就英语和汉语来说，英语是强调形式上紧密结合，汉语是强调意义上结合紧密。具体来
13、讲，英语的句子是通过一整套完整系统的语法结构和连接词将单词和词组组合在一起，强调结构上正确，逻辑上严密，思维上严谨。而汉语则不然，就是说一个汉语句子的分句与分句之间，或是短语与短语之间，在意思上有联系，但很少用关联词。使用每一个分句或是短语的意思组合成一个完整的句子的。 18科学教育英汉对比“西洋语的结构好像连环连环，虽则环与环都联络起来，毕竟有联络的痕迹；中国语的结构好像无缝天无缝天衣衣，只是一块一块的硬凑，凑起来还不让他有痕迹。西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性的；中国语法是软的，富于弹性的。惟其是硬的，所以西洋语法有许多呆板的要求，如每一个clause里必须有一个主语；惟其是软的，所以中国语法只以
14、达意为主，相关的两家是可以硬凑在一起，不用任何的connective word.” 王力19科学教育英汉对比w形合和意合是英汉语言之间的重要区别特征,汉语以意驭形,而英语则以形制意。由于语言与思维模式之间相互制约,西方形式逻辑的思维模式要求语言倚赖于各种连接手段承上启下。而汉民族重内省和体悟,不重逻辑,因而语言简约、意义模糊。一般来说,在译英为中时应以表“意”为核心进行遣词造句;译中为英时应先确定适当的“主谓”主线,再梳理脉络。 20科学教育英汉对比“如果说西方语言的句子脉络是一种以动词为中心的空间结构体，那么汉语句子的脉络是一种具有逻辑天籁的心理时间流，它不像西方语言的句子那样以动词为中心搭
15、起固定框架，以形役意，而是以意义的完整为目的，用一个个语言板块（句读段）按逻辑事理的流动、铺排的局势来完成内容表达的要求”21科学教育英汉对比w形合的语言模式反映了西方重形式逻辑、重实证的思维模式，w意合的语言模式反映了汉民族重内省和体悟、表达简约、不重逻辑、意义模糊的思维模式。 22科学教育一日，正当嗟悼之际，俄见一僧一道远远而来，生得骨格不凡，丰神迥异，来到这青埂峰下，席地座谈。23科学教育w广出猎，见草中石，以为虎而射之，中石，没镞，视之，石也，因复更射之，终不能复入石矣。(33字)史记wLi Kuang was out hunting one time when he spied a
16、rock in the grass which he mistook for a tiger. He shot an arrow at the rock and hit it with such force that the tip of the arrow embedded itself in the rock. Later, when he discovered that it was a rock, he tried shooting at it again, but he was unable to pierce it a second time.（70 words）24科学教育w多少
17、一点困难怕什么。封锁吧，封锁十年八年，中国的一切问题都解决了。中国人死都不怕，还怕困难吗？老子说过：“民不畏死，奈何以死惧之。”wWhat matter if we have to face some difficulties? Let them blockade us! Let them blockade us for eight or ten years! By that time all of Chinas problems will have been solved. Will the Chinese cower before difficulties when they are no
18、t afraid even of death? Lao Tzu said, The people fear not death, why threaten them with it?25科学教育校长召开大会动员全体教师教育好学生遵守一切规章制度。The school master held a meeting, demanding that all the teachers should guide their students to follow the schools disciplines.26科学教育意合形合对翻译的影响英译汉（隐含某些形式链接成分）：And with this and
19、 a proud bow to his patrons, the manager retires, and the curtain rises.领班的说到这里向各位主顾深鞠一躬退到后台，现在开幕了。An Englishman who cold not speak Chineses was once traveling in China.一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。27科学教育w他不来，我不走。 wI wont go unless he comes. wI will stay until he comes.28科学教育wI knew my command of English w
20、as my asset, for I might make a deal with a pianist who would give me access to his piano in exchange for English lessons.(31 word, 23%)w我懂英语，我知道这就是我的本钱，我可以和有钢琴的人进行互助，我教他英语，他教我钢琴。29科学教育汉译英知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well a
21、s yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.30科学教育汉译英w我们过了江，进了车站。我买票，他忙着照看行李。（朱自清背影）wWe entered the railway station after crossing the Rive
22、r. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.wWe crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.31科学教育w那时舅舅抱着我，哄着我，我觉得很温暖。 wSitting in my uncles lap, being humored all the way, I was feeling very good.w近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰
23、。wIt is a supreme comfort to me when I am informed that you are as healthy as ever.32科学教育w亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 wIt is not too late to mend the fold even after some sheep have been lost.33科学教育w有一个老村子叫格兰骞斯德，有一个果子园，你可以躺在累累的桃李树荫下吃茶，花果会掉入你的茶杯，小雀子会到你桌上来啄食，那真是别有一番天地。 wThere is an old village called Grantchester, and
24、 an orchard where you can lie under clustering fruit-trees, sipping tea, as flowers or fruit hang down into your teacup, and little sparrows come to your table to feed truly a paradise on earth.34科学教育行宫元稹寥落古行宫，宫花寂寞红。白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。At an Old PalaceDeserted now the Imperial bowersSave by some few poor lo
25、nely flowersOne white-haired dame,An Emperors flame,Sits down and tells of bygone hours.35科学教育The Ancient PalaceThe ancient Palace lies in desolation spread.The very garden flowers in solitude grow red.Only some withered dames with whitened hair remain,Who sit there idly talking of mystic monarchs d
26、ead.36科学教育Translation tipwEnglish cohesive devices such as coordinating and subordinating conjunctions should be added in proper places. Why? Because Chinese is a paratactic language(意合的语言),while English a hypotactic one（形合的语言）.wIn other words, our Chinese language is characterized by parataxis whil
27、e English by hypotaxis.37科学教育辩证地看待两种语言中的意合与形合汉语并非绝对意合，英文并非绝对形合 Man proposes, God disposes.某事在人，成事在天。Grasp all, lose all. 如果你样样都抓，就会一样也抓不到。(贪多必失) 38科学教育wThe best shortcut would still take five hours.w(即使)抄近路也要五小时。w不打不相识。wOut of blows friendship grows./ No discord, no concord.39科学教育w敌进我退，敌驻我扰，敌疲我打，敌退我
28、追。wThe enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.40科学教育Long absent, soon forgotten. 别久情疏Nothing ventured, nothing gained. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。Penny wise, pound foolish. 小事聪明，大事糊涂。41科学教育w“There is certainly too much pepper in that soup! ”
29、Alice said to herself, as well as she could for sneezing. There is certainly too much of it in the air. Even the Duchess sneezed occasionally; and as for the baby, it was sneezing and howling alternately without a moments pause. The only two creatures in the kitchen that did not sneeze, were the coo
30、k, and a large cat.42科学教育w“我看那汤里的胡椒一定搁得太多啦！”阿丽思说着就觉得要打喷嚏。实在那空气当中的胡椒面儿是不少。连那公爵夫人自己也有时候打喷嚏；要说那小孩，那就不是打喷嚏就是叫，不是叫就是打喷嚏。那厨房里只有两个不打喷嚏的，一个就是那个做饭老妈子，一个是只大猫 n 赵元任爱丽丝漫游仙境记43科学教育wI am sorry for the delay in replying. But I have been very busy with my work.w很抱歉回信迟了，但是我工作一直很忙。w我因工作繁忙，迟复为歉。 44科学教育Hypotaxis and pa
31、rataxis prominent汉语以意合见长，英语以形合见长而已 句子及句子以下层面：英语以形合为主，汉语主要靠意合；句以上的层面：英语采用意合手段造成变化，汉语采用形合手段增加凝聚力。45科学教育Hypotaxis and parataxis prominent英语以形合为主，而以意合为其补充；形合主要在句内，意合则在句间。而汉语则以意合为主，形合为辅。形合的手段有三，一是话语中的同字重复，二是通过骈偶以互文见义，三是运用格式。46科学教育w就出生说,他是英国人;就职业说,他是海员;就本性和教育说,他是叛逆者。wBy birth he was an Englishman ; by profession , a sailor ; by instinct and training , a rebel.47科学教育w远在天边,近在眼前。wRight here.w百尺竿头,更进一步。wMake still further progress.48科学教育w三天晒鱼，两天晒网wlack of perseverancew如饥似渴wwith great eagernessw土崩瓦解wdisintegration 49科学教育
