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1、College English Grammar:College English Grammar: Grammar and WritingBy Zhu XiangjunUnit 11Clause: Adjective clausesGrammar: Adjective clausesAdjective clausesWriting: Correcting: Lack of Subject-Verb AgreementLack of Subject-Verb Agreement Rewriting: Inter-sentence coherenceInter-sentence coherenceC
2、lauses There are two kinds of clauses: main clause and There are two kinds of clauses: main clause and subordinate clause. A main clause (or a simple subordinate clause. A main clause (or a simple sentence) contains a complete thought and therefore sentence) contains a complete thought and therefore
3、 can stand alone as a sentence. Every sentence must can stand alone as a sentence. Every sentence must contain at least one main clause (MC).contain at least one main clause (MC). We waited for half an hour.We waited for half an hour.Nothing happened.Nothing happened. We waitedWe waited for half an
4、hour, but for half an hour, but nothing happenednothing happened. . A subordinate clauseA subordinate clause also has a subject and a predicate, but also has a subject and a predicate, but it cannot stand alone to make sense. It needs a main clause it cannot stand alone to make sense. It needs a mai
5、n clause to complete its meaning. A subordinate clause is usually to complete its meaning. A subordinate clause is usually introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.introduced by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns. The sun had set.The sun had set. We returned to our
6、hotel at once.We returned to our hotel at once. As soon asAs soon as the sun had set, we returned to our hotel at the sun had set, we returned to our hotel at once.once. Now he knew it.Now he knew it. He would be able to reach the South Pole.He would be able to reach the South Pole. The South Pole w
7、as 300 miles away.The South Pole was 300 miles away. He now knew He now knew thatthat he would be able to reach the South he would be able to reach the South PolePole, , whichwhich was 300 miles away was 300 miles away. . 1.1. Functions and formsFunctions and forms An adjective clauseAn adjective cl
8、ause is a sentence clause that is a sentence clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does. modifies a noun or a pronoun as an adjective does. Both relative pronouns (Both relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that who, whom, whose, that andand whichwhich) and the subordinating conjun
9、ctions () and the subordinating conjunctions (where, where, when when andand why why) may be used as introducers to begin ) may be used as introducers to begin adjective clauses. adjective clauses. Do remember that introducers play roles in the Do remember that introducers play roles in the adjectiv
10、e clauses and relative pronouns replace the adjective clauses and relative pronouns replace the noun that the adjective clauses modify.noun that the adjective clauses modify. A noun + A noun + an adjective clausean adjective clause Introducer + (subject) + predicate + Introducer + (subject) + predic
11、ate + He picked up a long pipe.He picked up a long pipe. The pipe was covered with coins.The pipe was covered with coins. He picked up a long He picked up a long pipe pipe whichwhich was covered with coins was covered with coins. . (which = pipe, as a subject of the adjective clause.)(which = pipe,
12、as a subject of the adjective clause.) He caught sight of a figure.He caught sight of a figure. He immediately recognized it.He immediately recognized it. It was our local grocer.It was our local grocer. He caught sight of a He caught sight of a figurefigure whomwhom he immediately he immediately re
13、cognized as our local grocer.recognized as our local grocer. (whom = figure, as an object of the adjective clause.)(whom = figure, as an object of the adjective clause.) Why did he fail?Why did he fail? The reason is still obscure.The reason is still obscure. The reason The reason whywhy he failed h
14、e failed is still obscure. is still obscure. (why = for which; which = reason; as an adverbial of the clause.)(why = for which; which = reason; as an adverbial of the clause.) I can not remember the day.I can not remember the day. At that day, they got engaged. At that day, they got engaged. I can n
15、ot remember the day I can not remember the day whenwhen they got engaged. they got engaged. (when = at which; which = day; as an adverbial of the clause.)(when = at which; which = day; as an adverbial of the clause.) She forgot the name of the store.She forgot the name of the store. At that store, h
16、er father bought her an MP4.At that store, her father bought her an MP4. She forgot the name of the store She forgot the name of the store wherewhere her father bought her her father bought her an MP4.an MP4. (where = at which; which = store; as an adverbial of the clause.)(where = at which; which =
17、 store; as an adverbial of the clause.)2. Kinds2. Kinds Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds: restrictive and Adjective clauses can be divided into two kinds: restrictive and nonrestrictive. nonrestrictive. A restrictive adjective clauseA restrictive adjective clause gives essential gives
18、 essential information. Without the clause, the complete meaning of the information. Without the clause, the complete meaning of the sentence would not be expressed clearly. A restrictive adjective sentence would not be expressed clearly. A restrictive adjective clause should not be set off by comma
19、s.clause should not be set off by commas. A clown is a person.A clown is a person. He makes you laugh.He makes you laugh. A clown is a person A clown is a person who makes you laugh.who makes you laugh. (Without the clause, “A clown is a person” doesnt make sense.)(Without the clause, “A clown is a
20、person” doesnt make sense.) Lets go to a country.Lets go to a country. In the country, the sun always shines.In the country, the sun always shines. Lets go to a country Lets go to a country where the sun always shines.where the sun always shines. (Without the clause, “Lets go to a country” doesnt ma
21、ke the (Without the clause, “Lets go to a country” doesnt make the meaning of the sentence clear.)meaning of the sentence clear.) When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to When an adjective clause is not absolutely needed in order to express the complete meaning of a sentence, it
22、 is called express the complete meaning of a sentence, it is called a a nonrestrictive adjective clausenonrestrictive adjective clause. It can be omitted from a sentence . It can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. It should be set without affecting the ba
23、sic meaning of the sentence. It should be set off by commas. off by commas. We were worried about our nearest neighbors.We were worried about our nearest neighbors. They were newcomers to the district.They were newcomers to the district. We were worried about our nearest neighbors, We were worried a
24、bout our nearest neighbors, who were who were newcomers to the districtnewcomers to the district. . (As “our nearest neighbors” are clear, the sentence makes sense (As “our nearest neighbors” are clear, the sentence makes sense without the clause.)without the clause.) A brother was lost for a long t
25、ime.A brother was lost for a long time. People presumed him to be dead.People presumed him to be dead. He was really alive all the time.He was really alive all the time. A long-lost brother, A long-lost brother, who was presumed deadwho was presumed dead, was really alive all , was really alive all
26、the time.the time. (As “brother” has a modifier “long-lost”, it is still clear without the (As “brother” has a modifier “long-lost”, it is still clear without the clause.)clause.)3. Introducers3. Introducers3.1. In restrictive adjective clauses3.1. In restrictive adjective clauses The following rela
27、tive pronouns are used to introduce The following relative pronouns are used to introduce restrictive adjective clauses.restrictive adjective clauses. PersonPerson ThingsThings Subject Subject who/that which/thatwho/that which/that Object Object whom, who, that/ which, that/whom, who, that/ which, t
28、hat/ Possessive Possessive whose whose whosewhose The following subordinating conjunctions are used in The following subordinating conjunctions are used in restrictive adjective clause.restrictive adjective clause. PlacePlace TimeTime ReasonReasonAdverbial Adverbial where when whywhere when why1.1.w
29、ho, whom who, whom andand which which can be replaced by can be replaced by that.that. This is very This is very common in spoken Emon in spoken English.2.2.thatthat can be omitted () when it is the object of the clause. can be omitted () when it is the object of the clause. It is one of the ugliest
30、 faces It is one of the ugliest faces (that)(that) I have ever seenI have ever seen. .3.3.whosewhose is used for things as well as for people. is used for things as well as for people. The man The man whosewhose bike was stolen bike was stolen called the local police.called the local police. The car
31、 The car whosewhose window has been broken window has been broken is my neighbors.is my neighbors. 4.4.whomwhom is very formal and is only used in written English. In is very formal and is only used in written English. In spoken English, that is usually replaced by spoken English, that is usually re
32、placed by who/thatwho/that, or , or nothing ().nothing ().5.5.that that is usually used after the words like something, anything, is usually used after the words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all and superlatives.everything, nothing, all and superlatives. There is There is something
33、something thatthat we will never forget we will never forget. . That was That was the most exciting newsthe most exciting news thatthat I have ever heard I have ever heard. . 3.2 In nonrestrictive adjective clauses3.2 In nonrestrictive adjective clauses The following relative pronouns are used to in
34、troduce The following relative pronouns are used to introduce nonrestrictive adjective clauses.nonrestrictive adjective clauses. PersonPerson ThingsThings Subject Subject who whichwho which Object Object whom, who, whichwhom, who, which Possessive Possessive whose whose whosewhose The following subo
35、rdinating conjunctions are used in The following subordinating conjunctions are used in nonrestrictive adjective clauses.nonrestrictive adjective clauses. Place Place TimeTime ReasonReasonAdverbial Adverbial where when whywhere when why1.1.We always use commas to separate a nonrestrictive We always
36、use commas to separate a nonrestrictive adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.2.2.In nonrestrictive adjective clauses, we never use “In nonrestrictive adjective clauses, we never use “thatthat” to ” to replace .replace .3.3.We never omit the re
37、lative pronoun, even when it is the We never omit the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the adjective clause.object of the verb in the adjective clause.4. In spoken English, we usually put the preposition in 4. In spoken English, we usually put the preposition in nonrestric
38、tive adjective clauses at the end of the clause; nonrestrictive adjective clauses at the end of the clause; whereas, in written or formal English, we put the whereas, in written or formal English, we put the preposition before the pronoun.preposition before the pronoun. Last summer we visited the We
39、st Lake, Last summer we visited the West Lake, for whichfor which Hangzhou is famous in the world. in written EnglishHangzhou is famous in the world. in written English This machine, This machine, whichwhich I have looked I have looked afterafter for many years, is for many years, is still working p
40、erfectly. in spoken Englishstill working perfectly. in spoken EnglishCombine the sentences in each set into a single clear Combine the sentences in each set into a single clear sentence containing at least one adjective clause.sentence containing at least one adjective clause. 1. The big clock used
41、to strike the hours day and night.1. The big clock used to strike the hours day and night.It was damaged many years ago.It was damaged many years ago. The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged many years ago.
42、damaged many years ago.2. We have ever seen many shows.2. We have ever seen many shows.It was unfortunate.It was unfortunate.The show was one of the dullest.The show was one of the dullest.Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest that we have ever Unfortunately, the show was one of the dullest
43、 that we have ever seen.seen.3.3.A man broke his right leg.A man broke his right leg.People took him to hospital.People took him to hospital.It happened a few weeks before Christmas.It happened a few weeks before Christmas.A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few A man who had
44、broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas.weeks before Christmas.4. A desert island is a sort of paradise.4. A desert island is a sort of paradise.There the sun always shines.There the sun always shines.We sometimes imagine so.We sometimes imagine so. We sometimes imagi
45、ne a desert island to be a sort of We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. paradise where the sun always shines. 5. People work in offices.5. People work in offices.They are frequently referred to as white-collar workers.They are frequently referred
46、 to as white-collar workers.They usually wear a collar to go to work.They usually wear a collar to go to work.They usually wear a tie to go to workThey usually wear a tie to go to work People who work in offices are frequently referred to as People who work in offices are frequently referred to as w
47、hite-collar workers because they usually wear a collar and white-collar workers because they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.tie to go to work.6. At first, they were able to take a great many photographs.6. At first, they were able to take a great many photographs.The photographs were of
48、 the mountains.The photographs were of the mountains.The mountains lay below.The mountains lay below.They soon ran into serious trouble.They soon ran into serious trouble. Though, at first, they were able to take a great many Though, at first, they were able to take a great many photographs of the m
49、ountains that lay below, they soon ran photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble.into serious trouble.Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement A verb must agree with its subject in person and A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. A singular subject take
50、s a singular verb, number. A singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Kate Kate areare twelve years old now. twelve years old now. Kate Kate is is twelve years old now. twelve years old now. There There areare some
51、 milk in the glass. some milk in the glass. There There is is some milk in the glass. some milk in the glass. Two subjects joined by “and” are treated as plural; Two subjects joined by “and” are treated as plural; joined by “or”, they are treated as singular. If one joined by “or”, they are treated
52、as singular. If one subject is plural and the other singular, make the subject is plural and the other singular, make the verb agree with the nearest one.verb agree with the nearest one. Either you or Either you or you brotheryou brother hashas read the letter before. read the letter before. Either
53、you brother or Either you brother or youyou havehave read the letter before. read the letter before.Not only you but alsoNot only you but also I I amam planning to go. planning to go.Not only I but also Not only I but also youyou areare planning to go. planning to go.1. Do not mistake the object of
54、a reposition for the 1. Do not mistake the object of a reposition for the subject of a sentence.subject of a sentence. The simple subject is never within a prepositional The simple subject is never within a prepositional phrase. Make sure the verb agrees with the actual phrase. Make sure the verb ag
55、rees with the actual subject and not with the object of a preposition.subject and not with the object of a preposition. People in the town People in the town is is singing and dancing at the singing and dancing at the festive.festive. People in the town People in the town areare singing and dancing
56、at the singing and dancing at the festive.festive. A new collection of images A new collection of images havehave been issued from the been issued from the White House Photo Office.White House Photo Office. A new collection of images A new collection of images hashas been issued from the been issued
57、 from the White House Photo Office.White House Photo Office.2. Do not be confused by a predicative.2. Do not be confused by a predicative. A predicative, also called a subject complement, is A predicative, also called a subject complement, is used after a link verb, renaming or describing the used a
58、fter a link verb, renaming or describing the subject. A predictive has nothing to do with the verb subject. A predictive has nothing to do with the verb in person or number. Only the subject affects the in person or number. Only the subject affects the number of the linking verb.number of the linkin
59、g verb. The worlds thickest book The worlds thickest book areare 12.5 inches.12.5 inches. The worlds thickest The worlds thickest bookbook is is 12.5 inches. 12.5 inches. Recent studies on the behavior of wild animals Recent studies on the behavior of wild animals is is his topichis topic for the da
60、y. for the day. Recent Recent studiesstudies on the behavior of wild animals on the behavior of wild animals areare his topic for the day. his topic for the day. 3. Do not misuse collective nouns in number.3. Do not misuse collective nouns in number. As a collective noun is made up of more than one
61、thing, it can As a collective noun is made up of more than one thing, it can be either singular or plural, depending on context. be either singular or plural, depending on context. 1) a collective noun is treated as singular when it refers to a 1) a collective noun is treated as singular when it ref
62、ers to a group as a whole.group as a whole. 2) a collective noun is treated as plural when it refers to each 2) a collective noun is treated as plural when it refers to each member of a group individually.member of a group individually. The other team does not arrive, so our team wins by default.The
63、 other team does not arrive, so our team wins by default. (a team as a whole) (a team as a whole) Our team were wearing blue shorts.Our team were wearing blue shorts. (each member of the team) (each member of the team) The family posed outside the house.The family posed outside the house. (each memb
64、er of the family)(each member of the family) His family is not very well off.His family is not very well off. (the family as a whole) (the family as a whole)Correct, if any, the lacks of subject-verb agreement.Correct, if any, the lacks of subject-verb agreement.1.1.He have finished her homework bef
65、ore he went to bed.He have finished her homework before he went to bed.2.2.Anybody, either a firm or an individual, have a chance to open a Anybody, either a firm or an individual, have a chance to open a current account.current account.3.3.Neither volleyball nor basketball are a hundred years old.N
66、either volleyball nor basketball are a hundred years old.4.4.Not only you but (also) I are to blame.Not only you but (also) I are to blame.5.5.There are an ocean of flowers.There are an ocean of flowers.6.6.At present, there is a lot of pilot projects in the whole country in At present, there is a l
67、ot of pilot projects in the whole country in every large telecommunication operator.every large telecommunication operator.7.7.There are a group of figures on the left of the painting.There are a group of figures on the left of the painting.8.8.The books on the desk is mine.The books on the desk is
68、mine.9.9.The girl with two long feet are our new secretary.The girl with two long feet are our new secretary.10.10.There are a small group of adjectives that normally precede the There are a small group of adjectives that normally precede the noun.noun.Correcting: 1. her his 2. have has 3. are is 4.
69、 are am 5. are is 6. is are 7. are is 8. is are 9. are is 10. are is; precede precedes AssignmentAssignment： The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by The exercise in this section is to create effective passages by combining the short sentences which you think is related into c
70、ombining the short sentences which you think is related into longer,longer, more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct more complex ones. If there are some mistakes, correct them.them.Passage 1Passage 1(Adapted from Lesson 16, New Concept English III by (Adapted from Lesson 16, New Conce
71、pt English III by L.GL.G. .AlexanderAlexander) ) Mary and her husband Mary and her husband DimitriDimitri lived in small village. It was in the lived in small village. It was in the south of Greece, it named south of Greece, it named ParachoraParachora. One of Marys most . One of Marys most precious
72、 possessions was a white lamb. It was her husband to precious possessions was a white lamb. It was her husband to give her. During the day, Mary tied the lamb to a tree in the field. give her. During the day, Mary tied the lamb to a tree in the field. Every night she pulled it back. However, one eve
73、ning the lamb Every night she pulled it back. However, one evening the lamb was gone. Someone cut the rope. It was clear that someone stole was gone. Someone cut the rope. It was clear that someone stole it. it. DimitriDimitri came back from the field. His wife told him about it. He came back from t
74、he field. His wife told him about it. He went out at once, he wanted to find the man who stole his lamb. went out at once, he wanted to find the man who stole his lamb. He knew it well, in such a small village catching the thief was not He knew it well, in such a small village catching the thief was
75、 not difficult at all. He told it to his several friends. He found his difficult at all. He told it to his several friends. He found his neighbor, neighbor, AlekoAleko, suddenly had a new lamb. , suddenly had a new lamb. DimitriDimitri went to went to AlekosAlekos house immediately. He was angry. He
76、 accused him to house immediately. He was angry. He accused him to steal his lamb. He told him had better give it back to him. If not, steal his lamb. He told him had better give it back to him. If not, he would go to call police. he would go to call police. AlekoAleko didnt confess. He led didnt co
77、nfess. He led DimitriDimitri to to the yard. It was all right. He had just bought a new lamb. the yard. It was all right. He had just bought a new lamb. AlekoAleko explained, he said that his lamb was black. explained, he said that his lamb was black. DimitriDimitri felt sorry for felt sorry for his
78、 boldness. He apologized to his boldness. He apologized to AlekoAleko. He said he accused him . He said he accused him wrongly. Just when they talked. The sky began to rain. So wrongly. Just when they talked. The sky began to rain. So DimitriDimitri stayed at stayed at AlekosAlekos house to avoid ra
79、in. He waited and waited. The house to avoid rain. He waited and waited. The rain stopped. Half an hour later, he came out of the house. He rain stopped. Half an hour later, he came out of the house. He was surprised. He found the whole body of the black lamb almost was surprised. He found the whole body of the black lamb almost turned into white. The hair of the lamb was dyed black. Now it turned into white. The hair of the lamb was dyed black. Now it was washed was washed outcleanoutclean by the rain. by the rain.
