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1、翻 译欢迎光临Chapter 3Linguistic Difference between English-ChineseSummary总论总论 Part OneNative Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?外语学习中的母语迁移：外语学习中的母语迁移：干扰还是促进？干扰还是促进？What Is Language Transfer? Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the
2、target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。 奥德林 Two Types of TransferNegative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。 Keen awareness of the similar
3、ities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰) Causes:analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconscio
4、us falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯Examples of Negative Transfer 1. The writer likes writing at light (night). Phonological transfer (语音迁移) The sound /n/ does not exist in some Chinese dialects and /l/ serves as a substitute. 在有些中国方言（如南京方言）中没有/n/这个辅音，而用/l/来替代。 Examples of
5、 Negative Transfer 2. He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer （词形迁移） Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。 Examples of Negative Transfer 3. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equi
6、valent of population, can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。 Examples of Negative Transfer 4. He suggested me to accept this offer . Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyijianyi, , the Chinese equivalent of suggest, can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的
7、汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。Examples of Negative Transfer 5. - Your English is wonderful. - No, no. My English is still poor. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。Two Types of TransferNegative Transfer (
8、负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。 We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing erro
9、rs from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。 Part TwoA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese英汉语对比研究英汉语对比研究Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrastive Study Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of r
10、esearch. 比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。 Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。Please translate the following:人到齐就开会。The meeting will begin when all are here.不要人云亦云。Dont say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。
11、The bill was torn to pieces.问题解决了。The problem was solved.Please translate the following:你再说一个字，我马上走。If you should say one more word, I would go at once.你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die, I would go and be a monk.不要人云亦云。帐单撕碎了。你再说一个字，我马上走。Dont say what others have said.The bill was torn to pieces.If you sho
12、uld say one more word, I would go at once.问题解决了。你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die, I would go and be a monk.The problem was solved.Tense （时态）Voice （语 态）Mood （语气）人到齐就开会。The meeting will begin when all are here.Lacking inflection in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、认真地学习Retaining some inflec
13、tions保留一些形态变化v.（动词）: tense, aspect, voice, moodn.（名词）: number, case, genderpron.（代词）: person, gender, case, numberadj.（形容词）: degreead.（副词） : degreeChineseEnglish病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。Sickness comes like an avalanche, but goes like reeling silk.The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.人
14、在阵地在。人无远虑，必有近忧。他人老心不老。Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.If one has no long-term considerations, he will find trouble at his doorstep.我来他已去。 He had left when I arrived.(Condition 条件条件)(Contrast, Opposition 对照、转折对照、转折)(Time Order 时间先后时间先后)(Concession 让步让步)Contrast Between Engl
15、ish and ChineseChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言形态型语言(以形驭意)Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion 树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树临港新城海事大学
16、校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 English: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacockThis is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the ma
17、lt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseChinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言狮子型语言EnglishEnglish: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言孔雀型语言English: fixed point of sight（视点固定）“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”
18、“会！”“不会！”“I can lick you.”“No, you cant.”“Yes, I can.”“No, you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”“I can lick you.”“No, you cant.”“Yes, I can.”“No, you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！Chinese: moving point of sight（视点流动）我要揍你。你敢
19、！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！“I can lick you.”“No, you cant.”“Yes, I can.”“No, you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”Please compare:cancancancancantcantcantcant揍敢试瞧怕逃Please compare:“Tom didnt go to school today, did he?” asked the mother.“No, he didnt,” Mary said.“汤姆今
20、天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。“不，他没去。”玛丽说。“是的，他没去。”玛丽说。Contrast Between English and ChineseChinesemoving point of sight（视点流动）（视点流动）Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）（视点固定）Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。The chunks of a sen
21、tence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构） As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth, China plays in
22、world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributesTrunk line: S + V + (O)Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）（竹式结构） with different sections linked and yet separat
23、edEnglish tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）（树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea, moving onward with alternating rise and fall, connected yet separated, like but different, suggestive of some law, t
24、oo complex for analysis or statement, controlling the relations between wave and wave, waves and sea, phrase and phrase, phrases and speech. H. W. Fowler (1858 1933)Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:我的小孙子他很调皮。 My little grandson is very naughty.那所房子你们早该修了。
25、 You should have repaired the house.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。 It is by no means easy to learn the English language.这里建大桥，我看行不通。 I dont think it workable to build a bridge here.Compare the sentence structures of the two languages :我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。这里建大桥，我看行不通。My little grandson is very naugh
26、ty.You should have repaired the house.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.I dont think it workable to build a bridge here.Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题话题- -评论评论English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语主语- -谓语谓语Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Struc
27、ture （话题话题- -评论评论结构）结构）EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语（主语- -谓语结构）谓语结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言话题突出型语言Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言主语突出型语言Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed （相对固定）（相对固定）Order of time （时间先后顺序）（时间先后顺序）Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idiom
28、s: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases: 进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences: 我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（2）Order of space （空间大小顺序）（空间大小顺序）Words: 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms: 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses: 中国上海康桥路1500号Sentences: 一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发
29、区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（3）Order of importance （重轻顺序）（重轻顺序）Words: 天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱Idioms: 国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases: 红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences: 我用这把刀切肉。 这把刀我用来切肉。 切肉我用这把刀。Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（汉语语序（4）Orde
30、r of logic （逻辑顺序：因果，条件（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序英语语序Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活） resulting from the use of inflections and connectives the Russian people, the people of Russia, the people living in Russi
31、a, the people who live in Russia a pretty and clever girl a girl pretty and clever a girl who is pretty and clever Phrases:English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序英语语序志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.天下雨，
32、运动会延期了。The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain, the sports meet was postponed.Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活） resulting from the use of flections and connectivesSentences:Please compare: 我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。 We saw many signs of occupation while
33、strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Avenue.Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space. 我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。 我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。 我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。Contrast Between English an
34、d ChineseChinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（制竹） （语序相对固定）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrder of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（积木）（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活）Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit cohere
35、nce (隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言语义型语言(以意统形)EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言形态型语言(以形驭意)Contrast Between English and ChineseChineseChinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言狮子型语言EnglishEnglish: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言孔雀型语言Contrast
36、 Between English and ChineseChinesemoving point of sight（视点流动）（视点流动）Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）（视点固定）Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）（竹式结构） with different sections linked and yet separatedEnglish tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）（树式结构）with dif
37、ferent parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk lineContrast Between English and ChineseChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题话题- -评论评论结构）结构）EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语（主语- -谓语结构）谓语结构）Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言话题突出型语言Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言主
38、语突出型语言Contrast Between English and ChineseChinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bamboo-making （制竹）（制竹） （语序相对固定）（语序相对固定）EnglishOrder of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木）（积木）（语序相对灵活）（语序相对灵活） Part ThreeContrast and Translation对比与翻译对比与翻译Enlightenment
39、 on translation from the contrast between the two languages从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示Contrast Between English and Chinese1.Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 2.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 3.The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 他感到惊讶甚
40、至恐惧。 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。 Difference 1English : Impersonal (物称) Chinese: Personal (人称)Contrast Between English and Chinese1.They are paid for this.2.The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem solved.3.Table tennis is played all over China.4.Why should all these unpleasant jobs
41、be pushed on to me?他们拿钱就是干这事的。困难克服了，问题也解决了。打乒乓球风靡中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？Difference 2English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)Contrast Between English and Chinese1.She is the best hater Ive ever known. 2.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 3.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from
42、early dismissal. 我所认识的人中数她最会记仇。 现在急需想出新法子来补救。 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 Difference 3English : Static (静态) Chinese: Dynamic (动态)Contrast Between English and Chinese1.It is advised that the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the lecture theatre last Sunday put it back if he does not wish to get into tro
43、uble. 上星期傍晚，有人看到某人在演讲厅取走雨伞一把，取伞者如不愿卷入纠纷，还是将伞放回原处为好。 Difference 4English : ？ Chinese:？Contrast Between English and Chinese2. The image of the rolling water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind. 顷刻之间，滚滚的浊水连人带车一古脑儿都给冲走了。这情景，直到现在还印在我的脑海里。 Difference 4English : Co
44、mplex (繁复) Chinese: Simple (简明)Contrast Between English and Chinese1.He was impressed by Deng Xiaopings flexibility.2.Their eccentricity often makes you frown.3.We stepped onto the mysterious land with caution and uneasiness.他对邓小平的灵活态度印象深刻。他们的古怪行为常常令人皱眉。我们怀着谨慎和不安的心情踏上了那片神秘的国土 。Difference 5English :
45、Abstract (抽象） Chinese: Concrete （具体）Contrast Between English and Chinese1.If you dont compare, youre in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. 2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place.1.不比不知道，一比吓一跳。 （比较：如果不比，你就不知道，一旦比了，你会吓一跳。）1.汤姆突然病了，没能
46、来，我们只好请你顶他。 （比较：因为汤姆突然病了，所以他没能来，因而我们只好请你顶他。） Difference 6English : Hypotactic (形合) Chinese: Paratactic (意合)Explicit cohesion （显性联接）Implicit coherence （隐性连贯）Contrast Between English and Chinese1.He is a smart, eloquent, upright and well-informed lawyer. 2. She was an intelligent, attractive and somew
47、hat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor.他是一位律师，脑子灵，口才好，为人正直，见多识广。 他是一位律师，聪明、善辩、正直，而且有见识。她聪明、漂亮、爱耍点小脾气，是一个家道小康的医生的女儿。 Difference 7English : plain and Chinese: rhythmic and factual symmetrical （讲平实） （重韵律）Contrast Between English and Chinese1.The onlooker sees most of the game. 旁观者看比赛更清楚。（当局者
48、迷，旁观者清。）2. In calamity, one sees the true friendship. 在患难中，人们才能看到真正的友情。 （疾风知劲草，患难见真情。）3. He is about 40, in the very prime of life. 他四十左右，正年富力强。 He is about 20, young and vigorous. 他二十左右，年轻力壮。Difference 7English : plain and factual Chinese: rhythmic and symmetrical （讲平实） （重韵律）English 英语英语Chinese 汉语汉
49、语Form-focused 形态型Meaning-focused 语义型Right-extending 孔雀型Left-extending 狮子型Sight-moving 视点流动Sight-fixed 视点固定Tree-like 树型结构Bamboo-like 竹型结构Subject-prominent 主语突出Topic-prominent 主题突出Order-flexible 语序相对灵活Order-fixed 语序相对固定英汉语言对比英汉语言对比English 英语英语Chinese 汉语汉语Impersonal 物称Personal 人称Passive 被动Active 主动Stat
50、ic 静态Dynamic 动态Complex 繁复Simple 简单Abstract 抽象Concrete 具体Hypotactic 形合Paratactic 意合Plain and factual 平实Rhythmic and symmetrical 韵律英汉语言对比英汉语言对比 Dont you think you can do translation better when you know the differences between the two languages?你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？你是否从语言比较中获得有关翻译的启示？Conclusion 结论结论Cont
51、rastive analysis facilitates FL learning and translating. 对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。对比分析有助于外语学习与翻译。Please translate the following sentences:Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church. 在教堂里不仅要有礼貌，而且要有一种虔诚的态度。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 人不犯我，我不犯人。It never occurred to m
52、e that she was so dishonest. 我从来也没有想到她竟这么不老实。 My ignorance has made a fool of myself. 我孤陋寡闻，出洋相了。Please translate the following sentences:However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. 狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。 He has an unpleasant habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 她有个不讨人
53、喜欢的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾。 His frequent interference in other peoples private affairs is very annoying. 他常常干与别人的私事，真恼人。 If he does not come here, I wont go there. 他不来，我就不去。A slight discrepancy leads to a great error.差之毫厘，谬以千里。 Please translate the following sentences:In Africa, I met a boy, who was crying
54、bitterly as if his heart would break, and said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry, because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲我曾经遇到过一个男孩，他痛哭流涕，很伤心。我问问他，他说他已经两天没吃东西，肚子饿极了。 What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.他们最渴望的是结束这种摇摆不定的局面。The best solution to the problem is to conduct investigation.解决问题的最好办法是进行调查研究。 Thank you!谢谢 谢谢 ！
