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1、Chapter8InternationalCargoTransportationInsuranceGeneralIntroductionnCargotransportinsuranceistoprotecttheinterestsofimporters and exporters from possible financial lossescausedbyrisksduringthetransitofgoodsfromthefactoryorwarehouseinacountryoforigintothewarehouseinacountryofdestination.Itisnowanind
2、ispensableparttotheimportandexportpractice.nIn insurance, the party who insures others againstpossiblelossordamageandundertakestomakepaymentin case of loss is called the insurer; the party who isinsured against possible loss and to whom paymentcoveringthelosswillbemadeiscalledtheinsured.nThecontract
3、madebetweentheinsurerandtheinsuredis the insurance policy. The amount of money theinsureragreestocoverbyinsuranceagainstthesubjectmatter is the insured amount (which is usually theamount of CIF value of the consignment plus 10%representingananticipatedprofitforthebuyer).Thesumofmoneytheinsuredagrees
4、topaytheinsurerforaninsurancepolicyiscalledpremium.nThe insurance broker is the middleman in insurancebusiness.Whenanactuallossoccurs,theinsuredcangetfair,efficientandrapidadjustmentofhisclaim,thusbecomestheclaimant.n8.2MarineCargoInsurancenTypesofrisks,lossesandexpensescovered.nScopeofinsurancecove
5、ragenProceduresofmarineinsurance8.2.1TypesofRisks,LossesandExpensesCoverednRisks in cargo transport are of many kinds.Different risks mean different losses, anddifferentrisksarecoveredbydifferentinsuranceclausesandfurtherdifferentinsurance clausesmeandifferentpremiums.Soweneedtohaveagood understandi
6、ng of the different risks andlossesbeforeweknowhowtoeffectinsurance.In marine cargo transport insurance, risks fall intoperilsoftheseaandextraneousrisks.nPerilsoftheSeanPerilsoftheseacanfurtherbeeithernaturalcalamityandfortuitous（意外事故）accidents.nNatural calamity (自然灾害) refers to the perilsunderforce
7、majeure（不可抗力）suchasvileweather,thunder storm and lightening, tsunami（ 海 啸 ） ,earthquake,flood,etc.(Theordinaryactionofthewindsandwavesisnottakenasnaturalcalamities.)nFortuitous accidents are such risks as shipstranding, striking upon the rocks, ship sinking, shipcollision, colliding with icebergs or
8、 other objects, fire,explosion,shipmissing,etc.nnExtraneousRisksnExtraneous risks can further be generalextraneous risks and special extraneous risks.Riskscausedbytheft,rain,leakage,shortage,breakage, dampness, mildewing, heating, taintof odor, hooking and rusting are generalextraneousrisks（一一般般外外来来
9、风风险险）,whileriskscaused by on deck, war, strikes, failure ofdeliveryandrejection,etc.arespecialextraneousrisks.（特殊外来风险）（特殊外来风险）nLossesCoveredbyMarineInsurancenLossessustainedbytheinsuredbecauseof the risks listed above come from notonlythelossofthegoodsorthedamagedone to the goods, but also from thee
10、xpensestheinsuredsustainedinrescuingthegoodsindanger.Thelossesanddamagesdonetothegoodscanfallintototallossandpartialloss.nTotalLossnTotallossofgoodscanfurtherbeactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss.nActualtotalloss（实实际际全全损损）meansthewholelotoftheconsignmenthasbeenlostordamagedorfoundvaluelessuponth
11、earrivalattheportofdestination.Theconstructivetotalloss（推推定定全全损损）isfoundinthecase where the actual loss of the insured goods isunavoidable,ortheshiportheconsignmenthastobeabandoned because the cost of salvage or recoverywouldexceedthevalueoftheshipandtheconsignmentin sound condition upon the arrival
12、 of the port ofdestination.nnWhen constructive total loss takes place, theinsuredcanasktheinsurertocoverpartofhislossorallofhisloss.Underthelatercase,theinsuredmustpresenttotheinsureranoticeofabandonment,bywhichhemeanstotransferallhisinterestandobligationstotheinsurersothathemightcoverhistotalloss.T
13、heabandonmentis effective only after it is accepted by theinsurer.nPartialLossnPartial loss means that the loss ordamagetothegoodsisonlypartial.Partiallosscanbeeithergeneralaverage（共共同同海海损损）orparticularaverage.（单单独独海海损）损）nParticular average （ 单单 独独 海海 损损 ） means that a particular consignment isparti
14、allydamaged.nnnGeneralaverage（共同海损）（共同海损）isinusewhenboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardareendangeredandthecaptain,forthesafetyoftheshipandtheconsignmentsonboard,intentionallyandreasonablydoessomesacrificesormakessomeexpenses.Forexample,whenashipgoesagroundandboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardarei
15、nperil,thecaptain,afterallhiseffortstorefloattheshiphavefailed,maydecidetojettisonpartoftheconsignmentsonboardtolightentheship.Theloss,thesacrificedoneforthatpurpose,istobebornebyboththecarrierandtheconsignorsinproportiontothevalueoftheirinterestthussaved.Thisiscalledgeneralaveragecontribution（共（共同海
16、损分摊同海损分摊ExpensesIncurredfortheRescueofInsuredCargonExpensesherefallintothefollowingkinds:n1)SueandlaborexpensesnSueandlaborexpenses（施救费用）aremadebytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventthemfromsufferingfurtherlosses.n2)Salvagecharges（救助费用）（救助费用）nSalvagechargesaremadetothoseotherthantheinsured, the carrier and
17、 the insurer who come to thesalvageoftheshipandtheconsignments.由保险人和被保险人以外的第三人采取了有效的救助措施，在救助成功后，由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬。nnn3)ContinuationexpensesnContinuation expenses are made for continuingthejourneyofconsignmentsafterthejourneyhasbeenstoppedbyrisksunderthecoveroftheinsurancepolicyn4)Lossevaluationcharges（
18、估损费用）nAfteralossissustained,expertswouldhavetobeinvitedtoevaluatethelosstobecoveredbytheinsurer.Theseexpensesareusuallycoveredbytheinsurer.nn8.2.2ScopeofInsuranceCoveragenBasicCoverage:-FPA-WPA-AllRisksnAdditionalCoverage:-generaladditionalcoverage-specialadditionalcoverageBasicCoveragenUnderChinaIn
19、suranceClause,basicriskscoveragefallsintothreegroups:freefromparticular average（FPA平安险）, withaverage（WPA水渍险）,andallrisks（一切险）.Theinsuredmaychooseanyonefromthesesuitableforthecarriageofhisgoods.nnFreefromParticularAverage(F.P.A.) （平安险）nF.P.A.coversthefollowinglosses:n1)Actualtotallossorconstructiveto
20、tallossoftheconsignmentcausedbynatural calamities suchasvile/bad weather, tsunami,earthquake, flood.Whenthe consignment is carried by a lighter to or from theship,thegoodsaboardthelightercanbetakenasawhole consignment. When the consignor asks theinsurer to cover the constructive total loss, he mustp
21、resenttheinsureranoticeofabandonmentn2)Reasonableexpensestheinsuredmakesforthe salvage of the goods insured, and foravertingorminimizingthelosses,providedtheexpensesdonotexceedtheinsuredamount.n3) Expensesincurredbydischargeoftheinsuredcargoataportofdistressfollowingaseaperilaswellasspecialchargesar
22、isingfromloading, warehousing, and forwarding of thegoodsatanintermediateportofcallorrefuge.nWithAverage(W.A.)（水渍险）nAside from the risks covered under theF.P.A. conditionasabove,thisinsurancealso covers partial losses of the insuredgoodscausedbyvileweather,lightening,tsunami,earthquakeand/orflood.nA
23、llRisks（一切险）nAside from the risks covered under the F.P.A.and W.A. conditions as above, this insurancealso covers all risks of damage to the insuredgoods whether partial or total, arising fromextraneousrisksduringtransit.nnAllRisks=F.P.A. （平平安安险险）+W.A.（水水渍渍险险）+GeneralAdditionalRisks（一一般般附附加加险险），excl
24、udingSpecialAdditionalRisks（特特殊殊附加险）附加险）nnCommencementandTerminationoftheInsurancenInsurancetakeseffectassoonastheinsuredcargoistakenawayfromthewarehouselistedontheinsurancepolicy irrespective of whether it is carried by overlandtransport,oceantransport,rivertransport,orlighterage（驳船装卸）.Itterminates
25、whenthegoodsare carried to the final warehouse listed on theinsurance policy, or 60 days after the goods aredischargedfromtheshipincasetheyfailtoreachthewarehouseduringareasonableperiodoftime.Ifwithin60daysafterthegoodshavebeendischargedfromtheship, the goods are taken to some other destinationother
26、thantheonespecifiedontheinsurancepolicy,theinsuranceterminatesthereupon.nExclusionsnForthethreebasicrisksinsurancecoverage,theinsurerisentitledtothefollowingexclusions:n1)Losses caused by the deliberate act or fault of theinsured.n2） Lossesfallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor.n3)Lossesarisingfromt
27、heinferiorqualityorshortageinquantityoftheconsignmentbeforetheinsurancetakeseffect.n4) Lossesarisingfromthenaturalloss,inherentviceornature of the insured goods; losses arising fromfluctuation of market and/or delay in transit and anyexpensesarisingthereof.n5)Risksandliabilitiescoveredandexcludedbyt
28、hewarrisks clauses and strike, riot, and civil commotionclausesunderC.I.C.nnAdditionalCoveragenAdditional risks complement the basicrisks.Whenyouaskforoneorseveraloftheadditionalriskscoverage,youwillhavetoaskforoneofthebasicriskscoverageat the same time. Additional risks underC.I.C.fallintogeneralad
29、ditionalrisksandspecialadditionalrisks.nGeneralAdditionalRisks（一般附加险）nGeneral additional risks cover the losses caused byextraneousrisks.Theyaretogethercoveredbyallrisksinbasicinsurancecoverage.Hence,youdonotneedtoask for general additional risks coverage if you haveaskedforallriskscoverage.Generala
30、dditionalrisksfallinto11types:n1)Theft,pilferage,andnon-delivery(T.P.N.D.)n2)Freshwaterand/orraindamagen3)Shortagen4)Intermixtureandcontaminationn5)Leakagenn6)Clashandbreakagen7)Taintofodorn8)Sweatandheatingn9)Hookdamagen10)Breakageofpackingn11)RustnSpecialAdditionalRisks（特殊附加险）nSpecialadditionalris
31、kscoverlossescausedbyspecialextraneousrisks.Theyfallinto8types.n1)WarRisksnWarriskscoverlossesattributabletowar,piracy,armedconflict,warlikeorantagonisticacts,detention,seizure,andconfinementbecauseofactstherefrom.Italsocoversthegeneralaverage,salvagecharges,andsueandlaborexpensesarisingfromtheabove
32、-listedacts.Lossescausedbytorpedoesandbombsofvariouskinds(exceptatomicbombs)arealsoanswerablebywarrisk.Butwarriskcommenceswhenthegoodshavennbeen shipped on board and terminates when thegoodsareunloadedfromtheship.Incasethegoodsremainonboardtheshipaftertheshiphasarrivedattheport of destination, war r
33、isks insurance stops l5 daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination.n2)StrikesnThis covers the losses caused by strikes, civilcommotionandriot.Therewillnotbeadditionalchargesforstrikesiftheinsuredhaseffectedwarrisks.nnn3) OndecknUnder this insurance coverage, the insurerwillcoverthelosscause
34、dbycargodroppingintotheseabecauseitisloadedondeck.n4)ImportDutynSometimes when the goods have beenpartiallydamagedduringtransit,theinsuredwillstillbeaskedtopayasmuchimportdutyasifthe goods were in good condition. Import dutyriskinsurancecoversthelosstherefrom.nn5)RejectionnUnderthisinsurancecoverage
35、,theinsurerwillcoverthelosscausedbytherejection orconfiscationofthegoods by the authority of the importing customs orcountry.n6)Aflatoxin（黄曲霉素险）（黄曲霉素险）nUnderthisinsurancecoverage,theinsurerwillcoverthe loss arising from the rejection, confiscation of thegoods, or confinement in the usage of the good
36、sbecausetheaflatoxinthegoodscontainexceedwhatisallowedbytheimportingcountry.nn7)FailuretoDelivernUnderthisinsurancecoverage,theinsurerwillcoverthelossoftheinsuredbecauseoffailuretodeliverthegoodswithinsixmonthsafteritsshipping,whateverthereasonis.n8)FireRiskExtensionclause-forstorageofcargoatdestina
37、tionofHongkong,includingKowloon,orMacao.nUnderthisinsurancecoverage,theinsurerwillcoverthe loss caused by fire when the goods are in thewarehouse appointed by the transfer bank. Theinsurancecoverageterminateswhenthetransferbankhascompleteditsnegotiationor30daysafterthegoodshavebeenunloadedfromtransp
38、ortationvehicles.nProceduresofMarineInsurancenApplyformarineinsurancenDeterminetheinsurancevalueofthegoodstobeinsurednDeterminetheinsuranceaverageandcoveragenDetermineinsurancepremiumnSignaninsurancepolicynLodgeaninsuranceclaimApplyforMarineInsurancenTheapplicantshouldfillinthespecialformtheproposal
39、form,whichgivesallthedetailsconcerningownership,value,timespaninsurancewillbefor,risksandcoverages,etcDeterminetheInsuranceValuenThevaluetobeinsuredisgenerallybasedontheinvoicevalue.nTherecommendedminimumamountisthetotalCIFvalueplus10%.nOthermethodsofarrivingatavaluationofgoodsmayalsobeagreedupontom
40、eetindividualneeds.nThecalculationanddeterminationofthevaluetobeinsuredvaryfromcountrytocountryDeterminetheInsuranceAverageandCoveragenWhendetermininginsuranceaverageandcoverage,thefollowingfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsideration:-thenatureofthegoods-packingconditions-modesoftransport-shippingrouteand
41、portsconsiderationTheaverageiscloselylinkedwiththegoodsandthegoodsarerelatedwiththecoverage.DetermineInsurancePremiumnThefactorsdeterminingtheinsurancepremiumratesinclude:-Thecarryingvessel-Natureofthepackingused-Typeofmerchandiseinvolved-Natureoftransitandrelatedwarehouseaccommodation-Previousexper
42、iences-Theextentofcoverneeded-ThevolumeofcargoinvolvedSignanInsuranceDocumentnThemostcommoninsurancedocumentsare:-Insurancepolicy-Insurancecertificate-OpenpolicyInsurancePolicy保险单保险单/大保单大保单Thisisthemostoftenusedinsurancedocument.Ithaslegaleffect,andisbindingupontheinsurerandtheinsured.Ithasthefollow
43、ingcontent:n1)policyNo.n2)nameandaddressoftheinsurern3)subjectmattertobeinsured(marksandNo.,quantity,descriptionofgoods,amountinsured.)n4)premiumn5)conveyancesteamshipn6)sailingdate,portofshipmentandportofdestinationn7)riskstobecoveredn8)placewhereclaimcanbemaden9)insurancedatenOnthebackoftheinsuran
44、cepolicy,therearemoreclausesabouttheobligationsandrightsoftheinsurerandtheinsured.InsuranceCertificate保险凭证保险凭证/小小保单保单nInsurancecertificateisthesimplifiedinsurancepolicy.Itdoesnthavetheclausesontheback,whileonthefrontpage,ithasthesameclausesaslistedontheinsurancepolicy.Ithasthesamelegaleffectastheins
45、urancepolicy.OpenPolicyorOpenCover预约预约保单保单nOpenpolicyoropencoverisapre-contractconcludedbetweentheinsurerandtheinsuredbywhichtheinsureroffersinsurancetotheinsuredfortheconsignmentshedispatcheswithinacertainperiodoftime.OpenpolicyisonlyapplicabletotheimportedgoodsfromforeigncountriestoChina.Assoonast
46、hecarriagefortheconsignmentundertheopenpolicyismade,itisundertheinsurancecoveroftheopenpolicyinaccordancewiththetermslistedontheopenpolicy.Buteverytimewhenthedispatchismade,theinsuredshouldpresenttotheinsureradispatchnotice(onwhichtherearedescriptionsofgoods,quantity,insuredamount,transportvesselorv
47、ehicle,startingplaceofthevoyage,anddispatchorshipmentdate.)LodgeanInsuranceClaimnIftheexportedgoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit,theconsigneeorhisagentshouldsettleclaimsagainsttheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerattheplaceofdestination.TheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentwillcometoexaminethedama
48、gesandlossesoftheconsignmentandpayindemnitytotheconsignee.TheaddressoftheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerisgivenontheinsurancepolicy.nSometimesontheinsurancepolicythereisonlythenameandaddressofasurveyingagentoftheinsurer.Heisonlyresponsibleforthesurveyofthedamagestothegoodsandafterthathewil
49、lpresenttotheconsigneeasurveyreportonexaminationofdamageorshortage.Thentheconsigneewillsendtheinsurerrelevantdocumentssuchassurveyreport,insurancepolicy,invoice,billofladingfortheindemnityofthedamageofthegoods.nSometimestheconsigneesendsthedocumentstotheconsignor,whoisthentodecidewhoshouldberesponsi
50、bleforthedamagesorlossesoftheconsignment.Ifthedamagesorlossesdonetothegoodsarecausedbytheperilscoveredbytheinsurer,theconsignorshouldsendthedocumentstotheinsurerforclaimsettlement.Ifheisresponsibleforthelossesordamages,suchasunderthecasewhenthelossesarecausedbyinnatedefectsofthegoodsorinappropriatep
51、ackingofthegoods,heshouldthensettleitproperlybyhimself.nnItistobeborneinmindthatevenforsalesunderCIF,therisksarenotbornebytheexporterbutbytheimporter,forassoonasthegoodsarecarriedovertherailoftheship,theriskswillbetransferredtobebornebytheimporter.So,whenthegoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit,itisthe
52、importerinsteadoftheexporterthatshouldcometotheinsurerorhisagentforclaimsettlement.nOncetheinsuredhaslearnedthatthegoodshavebeendamagedorlostduringtransit,heshouldimmediatelynotifytheinsurerorhisagent.Meanwhile,heshouldgetthecargodamageorlossreport,whichisprovidedbythestevedoreandsignedbythecarriero
53、rhisagent.Theinsuredshouldproduceacargosurveyreporttogetherwiththeinsurer,andifnecessary,theyshouldasktherelevantcargoinspectioninstitutiontomakethecargosurveyreport.Listedonthisreportaregenerallynotonlythedamagesorlossofthegoods,butalsothereasonswhicharesupposedbythesurveyortohavecausedthedamagesor
54、losses.nMeanwhile,theinsuredshouldtakemeasurestominimizethedamagesorlossestothegoods.Theexpensesinsodoingwillbecoveredbytheinsurerinsomuchastheydonotexceedtheinsuredamountoftheconsignment.Andalsotheinsuredshouldlaunchclaimsagainstthethirdpartywhoisresponsibleforthedamageorlossofthegoods.Thisrightwil
55、lbetransferredtotheinsurerifhehasdulygottheinsurancemoneyfromtheinsurer.nInconductingclaimsettlementwiththeinsurer,theinsuredshouldpresentthefollowingdocuments:n1)Insurancepolicyortheliken2)billoflading,airwaybill,ortheliken3)invoicen4)packinglistandweightmemon5)cargodamageorlossreportn6)seaprotest船
56、长证明书n7)cargosurveyreportn8)statementofclaimn9)documenttestifyingtheclaimagainstthethirdparty8.3Insuranceofland,AirandPostalTransportationnOverlandTransportationInsurancenAirTransportationRisksInsurancenParcelPostInsurance8.3.1OverlandTransportationInsurancenOverlandtransportationinsurancefallsintoov
57、erlandtransportationrisks（陆运险）,overlandtransportationallrisks（陆运一切险）,overlandtransportationinsurance-frozenproducts（陆上运输冷藏货物险）andoverlandtransportationcargowarrisks-bytrain.Thefirstthreetypesarebasicriskswhilethelastoneisaccessoryrisk.nOverlandtransportationrisks（陆运险）canbecomparedtoW.P.A（水渍险）.ofmari
58、netransportation.Underthisinsurancetheinsureranswersforthetotalorpartiallossescausedbynaturaldisasterssuchasstorm,lightening,flood,earthquake,andfortuitousaccidentssuchascollision,overturn,derailing,fire,explosion,etc.Theinsureralsocoversthesalvagecharges（救助费用）andsue&laborexpenses（施救费用）providedtheyd
59、onotexceedtheinsuredamount.nOverlandtransportationinsurance-frozenproductsnotonlycoversthepartialortotallossescausedbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidentsbutalsothelossescausedbythefailureofrefrigeratingmachinesandthemoistureisolatingfacilities.Itbeginstotakeeffectassoonasthegoodshavebeenloadedont
60、hetransportationvehiclesatthewarehouseaslistedintheinsurancepolicy.Itterminateswhenthegoodshavebeenunloadedandputintothewarehouseatthedestination.Incasetheyarenotputintoawarehouseafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationofdestination,theinsuranceexpirestendaysafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationo
61、fdestination.nOverlandtransportationallrisks（陆运一切险）,likeAllRisksinmarinetransportation,notonlycoversthelossesbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidents,butalsocoversthelossescausedbyextraneousperils.nOverlandtransportationinsurancehasthesametimelimitoffilingclaimsasundermarinetransportation,i.e.theins
62、uredshouldfiletheclaimwithintwoyearsafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationofdestination.nOverlandtransportationcargowarrisks-bytrainiseffectedbythePeoplesInsuranceCompanyofChinawhilemanyforeigninsurancecompanieswouldnotcoverit.Itcanonlybeincludedinoneoftheabove-mentionedbasicrisksandisonlyapplicab
63、letotraintransportation.Thiskindofinsurancecoveragecoversthelossescausedbywar,warlikeactivities,antagonisticactivities,armedconflict,lossescausedbyconventionalweaponsorbombs.Butitdoesnotcoverthelossescausedbynuclearbombsandthelossesorexpensescausedbythedetentionordetainmentbytherelevantauthoritiesor
64、militarygroups.Itcommencesassoonasthegoodsareloadedonthetrainatthestationlistedintheinsurancepolicy.Itterminateswhenthegoodshavebeenunloadedfromthetrainatthestationofdestinationaslistedintheinsurancepolicy(以货物置于运输工具时为限).8.3.2AirTransportationRisksInsurancenAirtransportationinsurancefallsintoairtrans
65、portationrisks（航空运输险）（航空运输险）,airtransportationallrisks（航空运输一切险）（航空运输一切险）andairtransportationcargowarrisk.Thefirsttwoarebasicriskswhilethethirdisakindofadditionalrisks.nAirtransportationriskscanbecomparedtoW.P.A.inmarinetransportation,whichcoversthetotalorpartiallossescausedbynaturaldisasterslikethun
66、dering,lightening,explosion,vileweather,orthelikeandthefortuitousaccidentslikecollision,falling,ordisappearanceoftheairplanes.Airtransportationallriskscoverthetotalorpartiallossescausedbyextraneousperils.nTheexclusionsforairtransportationrisksandairtransportationallrisksarethesameasinmarinetransport
67、ation.n“Warehousetowarehouse”isalsoapplicabletotransportationinsurance,exceptthatincasethegoodsarenotcarriedtothewarehouseslistedintheinsurancepolicyaftertheyareunloadedfromtheplane,theinsuranceterminates30daysafterthegoodsaredischargedfromtheplaneattheplaceofdestination.Withinthisperiod,ifthegoodsa
68、recarriedtotheplacenotlistedintheinsurancepolicy,theinsuranceterminateswhenthecarriagetakesplace.8.3.3ParcelPostInsurancenParcelpostinsurancefallsintoparcel post risks（邮（邮包险）包险）,parcel post all risks （邮包一切险）（邮包一切险）,andparcel post war risks （邮包战争险）（邮包战争险）.Thefirsttwoarebasicriskswhilethethirdoneisaki
69、ndofadditionalrisk.nParcelpostriskscoverthelossescausedbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidents,whileparcelpostallriskscoverthelossescausedbyextraneousrisks.Undertheseinsurancecoverage,theinsurerdoesnotcoverthelossescausedbywar,warlikeactivities,armedconflicts,antagonisticactivities,strikes,andthede
70、layintransport,innatedefects,deliberateactivitiesorblundersoftheparceldeliverer,andthenaturaldeteriorationorwaste.nParcelwarrisksisakindofadditionalrisks.Itcantakeeffectonlyaftereitherofthebasicriskshasbeeneffectedandaftertheinsuredhasnegotiatedwiththeinsurer.Ithasthesameinsurancecoverageasundermarinetransportation.Itcommencesassoonastheparcelhasbeenreceivedbythepostoffice.Itterminatesaftertheparcelhasbeendeliveredtotheparcelreceiverbythepostofficeattheplaceofdestinationaslistedintheinsurancepolicy.8.4FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurancenInsurableinterestnGoodfaithnIndemnity
