《ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件（75页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、A member of NSG Group1ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Application of Inorganic Chemistry in IndustryFlat Glass and Coatings On GlassDrTroyManningAdvancedTechnologist,On-lineCoatingsPilkingtonEuropeanTechnicalCentreHallLaneLathomUK2ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件OutlineOverviewofFlatGlassindustryandNSG/PilkingtonFlatGlassman
2、ufactureFloatGlassProcessCoatingtechnologywithintheglassindustryChemicalVapourDepositionExamplesofonlinecoatingapplicationsLowEmissivity/SolarControlSelfCleaningSummarySuggestedReading3ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件GlobalFlatGlassMarketGlobalMarket37milliontonnes(4.4billionsq.m)BuildingProducts33mtonnes-Automo
3、tive4mtonnesOfwhich24million=highqualityfloatglass3million=sheet2million=rolled8million=lowerqualityfloat(mostlyChina)GlobalValueAtprimarymanufacturelevel15billionAtprocessedlevel50billion4ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件NSGandPilkingtoncombinedAglobalglassleaderthepureplayinFlatGlassCombinedannualsalesc.4billio
4、nEqualtoAsahiGlassinscale,mostprofitableinFlatGlassOwnership/interestsin46floatlines6.4milliontonnesannualoutputWidenedAutomotivecustomerbase36,000employeesworldwideManufacturingoperationsin26countriesSalesin130+countries5ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ManufactureofFlatGlassFourmainmethodsPlateGlass(1688)molten
5、glasspouredontoaflatbed,spread,cooledandpolishedSheetGlass(1905)continuoussheetofglassdrawnfromtankofmoltenglassRolledGlass(1920)moltenglasspouredontototworollerstoachieveaneventhickness,makingpolishingeasier.Usedtomakepatternedandwiredglass.FloatGlass(1959)moltenglasspouredontobedofmoltentinanddraw
6、noffincontinuousribbon.Giveshighqualityflatglasswitheventhicknessandfirepolishfinish.320float-glasslinesworldwide6ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Melting furnaceFloat bathCooling lehrContinuos ribbon of glassCross cuttersLarge plate lift-off devicesSmall plate lift-off devicesRaw material feedTheFloat-GlassProce
7、ssOperates non-stop for 10-15 years6000 km/year0.4 mm-25 mm thick, up to 3 m wide7ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件TheFloatGlassProcess8ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Rawmaterials9ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件MeltingFurnace10ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件FloatBath11ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件FloatGlassPlant12ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件TheFloat-GlassProcessFine-
8、grainedingredients,closelycontrolledforquality,aremixedtomakebatch,whichflowsasablanketontomoltenglassat1500Cinthemelter.Thefurnacecontains2000tonnesofmoltenglass.Afterabout50hours,glassfromthemelterflowsgentlyoverarefractoryspoutontothemirror-likesurfaceofmoltentin,startingat1100Candleavingthefloat
9、bathasasolidribbonat600C.Despitethetranquillitywithwhichfloatglassisformed,considerablestressesaredevelopedintheribbonasitcools.13ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件RawMaterialsOxide % in glass Raw material sourceSiO272.2SandNa2O13.4Soda Ash (Na2CO3)CaO8.4Limestone (CaCO3)MgO4.0Dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3)Al2O31.0Impurit
10、y in sand, Feldspar or CalumiteFe2O30.11Impurity in sand or Rouge (Fe2O3)SO30.20Sodium sulphateC0.00Anthracite14ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件RawmaterialsSiO2Very durable, BUT high melting point (1700C)!+ Na2OMelts at a lower temperature, BUT dissolves in water!+ CaOMore durable, BUT will not form in bath with
11、out crystallisation+ MgOGlass stays as a super-cooled liquid in bath, no crystallisation+ Al2O3Adds durability+ Fe2O3Adds required level of green colour for customer15ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ChemistryofGlassImportant glassmaking chemistry: basic reactionsNa2CO3 + SiO2 1500C Na2SiO3 + CO2Na2SiO3 + x SiO2
12、Na2SO4 (Na2O)(SiO2)(x+1)Digestion16ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CompositionofGlass17ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件StructureofGlassRandom network of SiO4- tetrahedral units.Na-O enter Si-O network according to valency Network FormersCa and Mg Network Modifiers make structure more complex to prevent crystallisation 18ilki
13、ngton浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Body-tintedGlassIonResulting Colour of GlassFerrous(Fe2+)BlueFerric(Fe3+)YellowFe2+Fe3+GreenSelenium(SeO2)BronzeCobalt(Co2+)Grey/BlueNickel(Ni2+)Grey19ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CIELa*b*colourspace20ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CIELa*b*colourspace21ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件FunctionsofaWindowLightinhomes,offi
14、cesLightoutshops,museumdisplaysHeatinheatingdominatedclimatesHeatoutcoolingdominatedclimatesCanchangepropertiesofglassbyapplyingcoatingstothesurface22ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Makingawindowfunctional-coatingsAwidevarietyofcoatingtechnologiesareutilisedbytheglassindustrySprayPyrolysisPowderSprayChemical Vap
15、our DepositionSputterCoatingThermalEvaporationCoatingsSolGelCoatingsTheseareappliedOnLinei.e.astheglassisproducedonthefloatlineOffLinei.e.coatingnotnecessarilyproducedatthesamelocation23ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件VariationsofCVDAtmosphericPressureAPCVDLowPressure-LPCVDAerosolAssisted-AACVDMetalorganicMOCVDC
16、ombustion/FlameCCVDHotWire/FilamentHWCVD/HFCVDPlasmaEnhanced-PECVDLaserAssistedLACVDMicrowaveAssistedMWCVDAtomicLayerDepositionALD24ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ChemicalVapourDeposition25ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ChemicalVapourDepositionMaingasflowregionGasPhaseReactionsSurfaceDiffusionDesorptionofFilmPrecursorByPro
17、ductsDiffusiontosurface26ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ChemicalVapourDepositionAnimation kindly supplied by Dr. Warren Cross, University of Nottingham27ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CVDprocessesandparametersProcessParametersTransportPrecursorsGasphasereactionPressure,temperature,flowconditions,boundarylayerthickness,gasp
18、haseconcentration,precursors,carriergasDiffusionPressure,temperature,flowconditions,boundarylayerthickness,gasphaseconcentrationAdsorptionTemperature,gasphaseconcentration,numberandnatureofsitesSurfacereactionTemperature,natureofsurfaceDesorptionofby-productsTemperature,pressure,natureofsurfaceDiffu
19、siontolatticesiteTemperature,surfacemobility,numberofvacantsites28ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CVDPrecursorPropertiesVolatilegas,liquid,lowmeltingpointsolid,sublimablesolidPureStableundertransportReact/DecomposecleanlytogivedesiredcoatingminimisecontaminantsCanbesinglesourceordual/multi-source29ilkington浮法玻璃生
20、产介绍课件CVDPrecursorsSingleSourcepyrolysis(thermaldecomposition)e.gTi(OC2H5)4TiO2+4C2H4+2H2O(400C)Oxidatione.gSiH4(g)+O2(g)SiO2(s)+2H2(g)Reductione.g.WF6(g)+3H2(g)W(s)+6HF(g)Dualsourcee.g.TiCl4(g)+4EtOH(g)TiO2(s)+4HCl(g)+2EtOEt(g)30ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件DualSourceandSingleSourcePrecursorsFilmDual SourceSi
21、ngle SourceGaAsGaCl3 + AsH3Me2Ga(AsH2)TiNTiCl4 + NH3Ti(NMe2)4WSiWCl6 + SiH4W(SiR)4TiO2TiCl4 + H2OTi(OiPr)4CdSeCdMe2 + H2SeCd(SeR)231ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件TransportofPrecursorsBubblerforliquidsandlowmeltingsolidsDirectLiquidInjectionsyringeandsyringedriverforliquidsandsolutionsSublimationforsolidshotgas
22、passedoverheatedprecursorAerosolofprecursorsolutions32ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件EffectofTemperatureonGrowthRateIndependent of temperature33ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件FlowconditionsLaminar Flow regimeTurbulent Flow Regime34ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ReynoldsNumberDimensionlessnumberdescribingflowconditionsr = r = Mass dens
23、ity related to concn and partial pressureu = average velocitym= viscosityL = relevant length, related to reactor dimensionsIf Re 1000 fully turbulent flowReality is between the two extremes35ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件DimensionlessNumbersReducesthenumberofparametersthatdescribeasystemMakesiteasiertodetermin
24、erelationshipsexperimentallyForexample:DragForceonaSphereVariables:Force=f(velocity,diameter,viscosity,density)Canbereducedto2“dimensionlessgroups”:Dragcoefficient(CD)andReynoldsnumber(Re)36ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件DimensionlessNumbersLaminar flow regimeTurbulent flow regimeExperimental values of CD for s
25、pheres in fluid flows at various Re37ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件BoundaryLayergasvelocityFrictional forces against reactor walls decrease gas velocity The boundary layer thickness can be estimated from:38ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件BoundaryLayer-temperatureContact with hot surfaces increases temperature39ilkington浮法玻
26、璃生产介绍课件BoundaryLayerprecursorconcentrationDepletion of precursor decreases gas phase concentration40ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件NucleationandGrowthVan der Waals type adsorption of precursor to substratePrecursors then diffuse across surfacePrecursors diffuse across boundary layer to surfaceAnd can be desorbe
27、d back into main gas flowOr can find low energy binding sites to coalesce into filmMain Gas Flow41ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件NucleationandGrowthSubstrate TemperatureGrowth RateSurface DiffusionCrystallinityLowHighSlowrelativefluxofprecursorsAmorphousnocrystallinestructureHighLowFastrelativetofluxofprecursor
28、sEpitaxialreplicatessubstratestructureIntermediateIntermediateIntermediatePolycrystalline42ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件GrowthMechanisms(b) Frank - van der MerweLayer growth(c) Stranski - KastanovMixed layered and island growth(a) Volmer - WeberIsland growth43ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ThinFilmAnalysisManytechniquesa
29、reusedtocharacterisethinfilmsExamplesincludeXRDcrystallinity,phaseXRRlayerthickness,layerroughnessSEM/EDX/WDXmorphology,thickness,compositionRamanphase,bondingFTIRphase,bondingXPScomposition,depthprofiling,dopingSIMScomposition,depthprofiling,dopingAFMroughness,surfacemorphologyTEMcrystallinestructu
30、re,crystaldefectsAnalysisoffunctionalproperties44ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CVDonGlassForon-linecoatingofglasswerequire:Highgrowthratesrequiredthicknessin100nm/spossibleLowprecursorefficiency10%SiCxOy (70 nm)SnO2:F (350 nm)GlassSiH4+C2H4+CO2SiCxOy+H2O+otherby-productsUsedascoloursuppressionandbarrierlayer57
31、ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件LowEmissivityCoatingGenerallybasedonSnO2:F(TransparentConductiveOxide)SiCOunderlayerusedascoloursuppressant58ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Low-EandSolarControlCoatings59ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Self-CleaningGlassTwomechanisms:SuperhydrophilicityPhotocatalyticdegradationoforganicmatter.TiO2coating6
32、0ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件SuperhydrophilicityOxygen vacanciesTiO-TiOTiHTiTiTiH+TiOTiOTiTiOTiOTiHHH2O(OH-,H+)Water dropletsUniform water filmUV illumination timeContact angleooooooodarkUV61ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件PhotocatalyticActivityUltrabandgapirradiationofTiO2GenerationofelectronholeinvalencebandHolemigrate
33、stothesurfaceandresultsinoxidationoforganicmaterialValenceBandConductanceBandOxidationReductionAA+BB-h+hn62ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件Semi-conductorPhotocatalysisA. Mills, S Le Hunte, J. Photochem. Photobiol A, 1997, 108, 1-35.63ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件CVDofActivTMSiO2 (30 nm)TiO2 (17 nm)GlassSiH4 + O2 + C2H4 Si
34、O2 + by-productsUsed as barrier layer to prevent diffusion of Na ions into TiO2 layerTiCl4 + EtOAc TiO2 + HCl + organic by-productsLaminar Flow regimeReasonable growth rates and precursor efficiency64ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ActivTM65ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ActivTM66ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件ActivTM67ilkington浮法玻璃生产介
35、绍课件Superhydrophilicity15 mins UV Exposure30 mins UV Exposure45 mins UV ExposureBefore UV Exposure68ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件PhotocatalyticEffect UV-AbsorptionO2 -OH*Organic SoilHH2 2O + COO + CO2 2GlassBarrier LayerTiO2 - Layer69ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件PhotocatalyticEffectThephotoactivityofthecoatingcanbemeasu
36、redbymonitoringthedecompositionofastandardcontaminantAthinfilmofstearicacid(n-octadecanoicacid,200)isappliedfromamethanolsolutionontothecoatingStearicacidusedasatypicalorganiccontaminantFTIR(Fouriertransforminfra-redspectroscopy)usedtodetectC-HstretchofstearicacidC-Habsorptionintensitymeasuredafterv
37、aryingUVexposure70ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件StearicAcidDecompositionC-HAbsorptionZeroUVexposureC-HAbsorption60minsUVexposureUV 0.77W/m2 340nm71ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件PilkingtonActivTM72ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件SummaryScaleoftheGlobalFlatGlassIndustryManufacturingFlatGlassFloatGlassProcessCoatingGlassChemicalVapourDe
38、positionExamplesofcommercialglazingcoatingspreparedbyCVD73ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件RecommendedReadingD.W.SheelandM.E.PembleAtmospheric Pressure CVD Coatings on Glass, ICCG42002 M.L.Hitchman,K.F.JensenChemical Vapor DepositionAcademicPress,1993W.S.Rees,CVD of Non-metals,VCH,Weinheim,1996M.OhringThe Materials Science of Thin Films, AcademicPress,200174ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件First in Glass75ilkington浮法玻璃生产介绍课件
