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1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由句子成分由词或或词组充任充任英英语的的根根本本成成分分有有九九种种：_和和_主主语subjectsubject、谓语predicatepredicate、宾语objectobject、定定语attributeattribute、状状语(adverbial)(adverbial) 补语complementcomplement。表表语 predicative predicative同位同位语appositiveappositive。插入插入语。英英语句句子子的的根根本本构构造造可可以以归纳成成五五种种根根本本句句型型及
2、其及其扩展、展、组合、省略或倒装。合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种根本句型，是掌握各种英语句子构造的根底。一：一： 主主谓二：二： 主系表主系表三：三： 主主谓宾四：四： 主主谓间宾直直宾五：五： 主主谓宾宾补根本句型根本句型 一：一： 主谓主谓主主语：可可以以作作主主语的的成成分分有有名名词，主主格格代代词，动词不定式，不定式，动名名词等等。主等等。主语普通在句首。普通在句首。谓语：谓语由由动词构构成成，是是英英语时态、语态变化化的的主主角角，普普通通在在主主语之之后后。不不及及物物动词vi.没没有有宾语，构成主，构成主谓构造，构造，如：如：We come. 不及物不及物动词1. The sunr
3、ose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完好的意思。都能表达完好的意思。这类动词叫做不及物叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副后面可以跟副词、介、介词短短语、状、状语从句等。从句等。根本句型根本句型 二：二： 主系表主系表此此句句型型的的句句子子有有一一个个共共同同的的特特点点：句句子子谓语动词都都不不能能表表达达一一个个完完好好的的意
4、意思思，必必需需加加上上一一个个阐明明主主语身身份份或或形形状状的的表表语构构成成复复合合谓语，才才干干表表达达完完好好的的意思。意思。这类动词叫做叫做连系系动词。系系系系动动词词分分分分两两两两类类：be, be, look, look, keep, keep, seemseem等等等等，表表表表情情情情况况况况；get, grow, become, turnget, grow, become, turn等属另一等属另一等属另一等属另一类类，表，表，表，表变变化。化。化。化。be be 本本本本身身身身没没没没有有有有什什什什么么么么意意意意义义, ,只只只只起起起起连连系系系系主主主主语语
5、和和和和表表表表语语的的的的作作作作用用用用。其它系其它系其它系其它系动词动词仍仍仍仍坚坚持其部分持其部分持其部分持其部分词义词义。感官感官感官感官动词动词多可用作多可用作多可用作多可用作连连系系系系动词动词：look well/look well/面色好面色好面色好面色好, , sound nice/sound nice/听起来不听起来不听起来不听起来不错错,feel good/,feel good/觉觉得好，得好，得好，得好，smell smell bad/bad/难闻难闻 是系是系动词 表表语 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. Th
6、e dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. *There be 构构造造： There be 表表示示存存在在有有。这里里的的there没有没有实践意践意义，不可与副，不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此构造后跟名此构造后跟名词，表示，表示存在有某事物存在有某事物 试比比较：There is a boy there.那那
7、儿儿有有一一个个男男孩孩。前一个前一个there无无实意，后一个意，后一个there为副副词那里那里。根本句型根本句型 三：三： 主谓宾主谓宾此此句句型型句句子子的的共共同同特特点点是是：谓语动词都都具具有有实义，都都是是主主语产生生的的动作作，但但不不能能表表达达完完好好的的意意思思，必必需需跟跟有有一一个个宾语，即即动作作的的接接受受者者，才才干干使使意意思完好。思完好。这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词。 及物及物动词 宾语1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He s
8、aid Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 根本句型根本句型 四：四： 主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾有有 些些 及及 物物 动 词 可可 以以 有有 两两 个个 宾 语 ， eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两两个个宾语通通常常一一个个指指人人(间接接宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接直接宾语)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Give me a cup of tea please.- -Show Mr. Smith this house.= - -Show Mr. Smith this hou
9、se.= Show this house to Mr. Smith.Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. -Bring it to me, please. 及物及物 多指人多指人 多指物多指物1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2.2. He brought you a dictionary. 3.3. I showed him my pictures. 4.4. I told him that the bus was late. 5.5. He showed me how to run t
10、he machine. 根本句型根本句型 五：五： 主谓宾宾补主谓宾宾补此此句句型型的的句句子子的的共共同同特特点点是是：动词虽然然是是及及物物动词，但但是是只只跟跟一一个个宾语还不不能能表表达达完完好好的的意意思思，必必需需加加上上一个一个补充成分来充成分来补足足宾语，才干使意思完好。，才干使意思完好。宾语补足足语：位位于于宾语之之后后对宾语作作出出阐明明的的成成分分。可可以以用用作作宾语补足足语的的有有名名词，描描画画词，不不定式，定式，动名名词，分，分词，介，介词短短语等。等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy
11、.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名名词/代代词宾格格 + n./adj./ 介介词短短语/动词不定式不定式/分分词 及物及物 宾语 宾补 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw
12、 them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._dacbec但但常常用用的的英英语句句子子并并不不都都象象根根本本句句型型这样简短短，除除了了根根本本句句型型的的成成分分不不变外外，通通常常是是在在这些些成成分分的的前前面面或或后
13、后面面添添加加一一些些修修饰语而而加加以以扩展展。这些些修修饰语可可以以是是单词adj./adv./num.数数词短短语主主要要是是介介词短短语、不不定定式式短短语和和分分词短短语。我我们称之称之为：定：定语、状、状语The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、一、一、一、 定定定定语语：定定语是是对名名词或或代代词起起修修饰、限限定定作作用用的的词、短短语或句子，或句子，译为的的定定语通常位于被修通常位于被修饰的成分前。的成分前。复合不定代复合不定代词something/nothingsomething/nothing之后；之后；不不定定式式/ /分分词短短语/ /
14、从从句句作作定定语时要要放放在在被被修修饰的的成成分后；分后；副副词用作定用作定语时须放在名放在名词之后。之后。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状二、状语：状状语修修饰动词、描描画画词、副副词或或全全句句
15、的的句句子子成成分分，阐明明方方式式、结果果、条条件件、时间、地点、退地点、退让、方向、程度、目的等、方向、程度、目的等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状可用作状语的有副的有副词,不定式，分不定式，分词，介，介词短短语，从句等。从句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需求一支在教室里，男孩需求一支钢笔。笔。 地点状地点状语Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母在母亲面前面前,汤姆姆总是一个男孩子是一个男
16、孩子.(条件状条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天星期天,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(时间状状语) 介介词短短语作状作状语：He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。表示伴随形状他坐在那儿要一支笔。表示伴随形状Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.由由于于不不得得不不完完成成作作业，男男孩孩需需求求一一支支笔笔。缘由由状状语Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.由由于于
17、受受了了惊惊吓吓，他他无无声声地地坐坐在在那那儿儿。缘由由状状语分分词短短语作状作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需求一支笔写家庭作男孩需求一支笔写家庭作业。目的状。目的状语To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想梦想,汤姆姆变得得对商商业很有很有兴趣趣. 不定式作状不定式作状语：状状状状语语从句：从句：从句：从句：时间时间状状状状语语从句、地点状从句、地点状从句、地点状从句、地点状语语从句、从句、从句、从句、缘缘由状由状由状由状语
18、语从句、从句、从句、从句、结结果状果状果状果状语语从句、目的状从句、目的状从句、目的状从句、目的状语语从句、比从句、比从句、比从句、比较较状状状状语语从句、从句、从句、从句、退退退退让让状状状状语语从句、条件状从句、条件状从句、条件状从句、条件状语语从句从句从句从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位三、同位语：同同同同位位位位语语 当当当当两两两两个个个个指指指指同同同同一一一一事事事事物物物物的的的的句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分放放放放在在在在同同同同等等等等位位位位
19、置置置置时时，一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成成成成分分分分用用用用来来来来阐阐明明明明和和和和解解解解释释另另另另一一一一个个个个句句句句子子子子成分，成分，成分，成分，这这个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位个句子成分就叫做它的同位语语。We students should study hard. We students should study hard. (students(students是是是是wewe的同位的同位的同位的同位语语，都是指同一批，都是指同一批，都是指同一批，都是指同一批 学生学生学生学生 We all are students.
20、 We all are students. (all(all是是是是wewe的同位的同位的同位的同位语语，都指同，都指同，都指同，都指同样样的的的的 我我我我们们 四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感慨感慨词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。一定一定词:yes否否认词:no称称谓语：称：称谓人的用人的用语。插入插入语：一些句中插入的：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end.
21、我置信我置信,这个故事个故事还远没没终了了. 一一) 挑出以下句中的挑出以下句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出以下句中的表挑出
22、以下句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon they all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出以下句中的定挑出以下句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound o
23、f the other shoe!(四四) 挑出以下句中的挑出以下句中的宾语补足足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出以下句中的状挑出以下句中的状语 There was a big smil
24、e on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must
25、pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.
26、4.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didntdare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语谓语间宾定语直接宾语缘由状由状语主语 谓语宾语
