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1、International EconomicsThe Law of Comparative AdvantageDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER T W O2In this chapter:n2.1 Introductionn2.2 The Mercantilists Views on Trade 重商主义n2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage
2、: Adam Smith 亚当斯密的绝对优势理论n2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 李嘉图的比较优势理论Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.n2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比较优势与机会成本。n2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs 固定成本下贸易基
3、础及贸易所得。n2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model 李嘉图模型的经验检验。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.1 IntroductionnBasic questions:nWhat is the basis for trade?nWhat are gains from trade?nWhat is the pattern of trade?基本的问题：贸易的基础？贸易所得？贸易模式？nAssume two-nation,
4、two-good world 2国2产品Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.2 The Mercantilists Views on Trade重商主重商主义的的贸易易观点点nMercantilismnEconomic philosophy in 17th and 18th centuries, in England, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands 流行于17、18世纪英、法、葡萄牙及荷兰的一种经济理论。nBelie
5、f that nation could become rich and powerful only by exporting more than it imported. 其信条是一国只有出口大于进口才能变得富裕和强大。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nMercantilismnExport surpluses brought inflow of gold and silver. 出口剩余带来了金银的流入。nTrade policy was to encourage exp
6、orts and restrict imports. 贸易政策旨在鼓励出口、限制进口。nOne nation gained only at the expense of another. 一国获利是基于其他国家的损失，即 “以邻为壑”。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nMercantilists measured wealth of a nation by stock of precious metals it possessed. 重商主义者以金银等贵重金属存量来衡量国家
7、的财富。nToday, we measure wealth of a nation by its stock of human, man-made and natural resources available for producing goods and services.n当今，我们以人力资本、为制造商品及服务可得的人工或自然资源存量来衡量国家财富。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nThe greater the stock of resources, the gre
8、ater the flow of goods and services to satisfy human wants, and the higher the standard of living. 资源存量越大，满足人们需求的商品及服务流越大，则生活水品越高。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.3 Trade Based on Absolute Advantage: Adam Smith 基于基于绝对优势的的贸易：易：亚当当 . 斯密斯密n2.3A Absolute Adv
9、antagenA nation has absolute advantage over another nation if it can produce a commodity more efficiently. 一国若能在某种商品的生产上更有效率，则其相对另一国具有绝对优势。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nWhen one nation has absolute advantage in production of a commodity, but an absolut
10、e disadvantage with respect to the other nation in a second commodity, both nations can gain by specializing in their absolute advantage good and exchanging part of the output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage. 当一国相对另一国在某种商品生产上有绝对优势,而在另一种商品生产上有绝对劣劣势,那么两国就可以通过专门生产自身有绝对优势的商品,并用其中一部分来交换其有绝
11、对劣势的商品。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nExample:nCanada is efficient in growing wheat, inefficient in growing bananas. 加拿大种植小麦效率更高。nNicaragua is efficient in growing bananas, inefficient in growing wheat. 尼加拉瓜种植香蕉效率更高。Salvatore: International Economics, 1
12、0th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nCanada has absolute advantage in wheat, Nicaragua has absolute advantage in bananas. 加拿大在小麦生产上有绝对优势， 尼加拉瓜在香蕉生产上有绝对优势。nMutually beneficial trade can take place if both countries specialize in their absolute advantage. 若两国都专注于生产它们有绝对优势的产品，则将产生互惠贸易。n Salvatore:
13、International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nSpecialization and trade advantage both countries. 专业化分工及相互贸易使两国都受惠。nAdam Smith and other classical economists advocated policy of laissez-faire, or minimal government interference with economic activity. 亚当.斯密及其他古典主义经济学家都倡导自自由放任由放任,
14、或政府尽可能少干预经济活动。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nFree trade would cause world resources to be utilized most efficiently, maximizing world welfare. 自由贸易将使世界资源得到最有效率的利用,最大化世界福利。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.3B
15、The Analysis of Absolute AdvantageSalvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)小麦(蒲式耳/劳动小时)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)布(码/劳动小时)45 U.S. has absolute advantage over U.K. in wheat. 美国相对英国在小麦生产上有绝对优势。 U.K. has absolute advantage over U.S.
16、in cloth. 英国相对美国在布生产上有绝对优势。Both nations can gain from specialization in production and trade. 两国都可以从专业化生产和贸易中获益。 To assume that U.S. uses 6W to exchange 6C with U.K. (This is not the only possible price under the mutual beneficial trade), what will happen? 假设美国用6蒲式耳小麦去交换英国6码布（这不是双边互惠贸易中的唯一可能价格），结果将发
17、生什么？Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)小麦(蒲式耳/劳动小时)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)布(码/劳动小时)452.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比基于比较优势的的贸易：大易：大卫.李嘉李嘉图n2.4 A The Law of Comparative Advantagen比比较优势原理原理nEven
18、if one nation is less efficient than (has absolute disadvantage with respect to) the other nation in production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.n即使一国在两种商品的生产上较之另一国均处于劣势（相对另一国有绝对劣势），仍然有产生互利贸易的基础。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley
19、 & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David RicardoSalvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nU.K. has absolute disadvantage in both goods.n英国在两种商品上有绝对劣势。nSince U.K. labor is half as productive in cloth but six times less productive in wheat compar
20、ed to U.S., the U.K. has a comparative advantage in cloth.n英国劳动生产率在布匹生产上为美国的1/2, 在小麦生产上仅是美国的1/6，英国在布匹生产上有相对优势。nU.S. has comparative advantage in wheat.n美国在小麦生产上有相对优势。U.S.U.K.Wheat (bushels/labor hour)61Cloth (yards/labor hour)42n2.4 B The Gains from TradenSuppose the U.S. Could exchange 6W for 6C wi
21、th the U.K. nThe range for mutually advantageous trade 4C6w12Cn2.4 C Exception to the Law of Comparative AdvantagenWhen the absolute advantage that the U.S. has over the U.K. is the same in both commodities.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based
22、on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比基于比较优势的的贸易：大易：大卫.李嘉李嘉图n2.4 D Comperative Advantage with MoneynSuppose that the wage rate in the U.S. Is $6 per hour. At the same time , the wage rate in the U.K. is 1 per hour. nExchange rate between the pound and the dollar is 1= $2n尽管在布匹生产上，英国劳动生产率仅为美国的1/
23、2,但英国工人的工资水平仅为美国的1/3,故英国布匹价格低于美国。（低效率被低工资率所补偿）nHow about 1= $1 and 1= $3 ?Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.4 Trade Based on Comparative Advantage: David Ricardo 基于比基于比较优势的的贸易：大易：大卫.李嘉李嘉图ProblemsnAbsolute Advantage & Comparative Advantage( problems 1-3)nT
24、he Gains from trade (problems 4)nComperative Advantage with Money (problems 5-6)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比比较优势与机会成本与机会成本Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nTh
25、e original idea of comparative advantage was based on the labor theory of value:nThe value or price of a commodity depends exclusively on the amount of labor used to produce it.n比较优势原理最初建立在劳动价价值论上：n 商品价值或价格只取决于投入生产该商品时的劳动量。 （劳动是唯一生产要素；劳动是同质的）2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity Costs 比比较优势与机会成本
26、与机会成本nCan use the opportunity cost theory to explain comparative advantage:nThe cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one additional unit of the first commodity. （Gottfried Haberler, 1936)n比较优势理论可以用机会成本理机会成本理论解释：n 一种
27、商品的成本是额外生产1单位这种商品所必须放弃的另一种商品的生产量。n当一国在一种商品生产上有当一国在一种商品生产上有较低较低的的机会成本机会成本时，该国在该时，该国在该商品生产上就有商品生产上就有比较优势比较优势（另一种商品上有比较劣势）（另一种商品上有比较劣势）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsSalvatore: International Economics, 10th Edi
28、tion 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nProduction Possibilities FrontiernA curve that shows alternative combinations of the two commodities a nation can produce by fully using all resources with best available technology.生生产可能性曲可能性曲线一国采用其所能获得的最佳技术，充分利用其所有资源生产的两种商品的各种组合。nConstant opportunity costs arise w
29、hen:1. Resources are either perfect substitutes for each other or used in fixed proportion in production of both commodities, and2. All units of the same factor are homogeneous.n各国国内的各国国内的固定机会成本固定机会成本产生的条件：n1.生产资源或要素可完全替代或者在两种商品中各要素比例固定n2.同一要素的所有单位是同质的（具有同等的质量）Salvatore: International Economics, 10t
30、h Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.5 Comparative Advantage and Opportunity CostsFIGURE 2-1 The Production Possibility Frontiers of the United States and the United Kingdom.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nProduction Possibilities Frontier & Constant
31、opportunity costs ( problems 7)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Problems2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant Costs 固定成本下的固定成本下的贸易基易基础与与贸易所得易所得nIn the absence of trade, a nations production possibilities frontier also represents its con
32、sumption frontier.n没有贸易的情况下，一国生产可能性曲线也代表了该国的消费可能性曲线nIncreased output resulting from specialization and trade represents nations gains from trade, allowing nations to consume outside production possibilities frontier.n来自于专业化及贸易的产出增加出增加代表了国家从贸易中的多得，使得国家可以再生生产可能可能线边界以外消界以外消费。Salvatore: International Ec
33、onomics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 2-2 The Gains from Trade.BE与与BE平行即世界价格平行即世界价格线Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.6 The Basis for and the Gains from Trade under Constant CostsnUnder constant cost conditions, nations will completely
34、specialize in their comparative advantage .n在固定成本的条件下，国家将根据其比较优势而进行完全完全专业化化Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nThe Basis for and the Gains from Trade ( problems 8)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ProblemsnWith comp
35、lete specialization in both nations, the equilibrium-relative commodity price of each commodity lies between the pretrade relative commodity price in each nation.n两国完全专业化的情况下，各商品的均衡相对价格处于贸易前两国国内商品相对价格之间。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.6 The Basis for an
36、d the Gains from Trade under Constant CostsFIGURE 2-3 Equilibrium-Relative Commodity Prices with Demand and Supply.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nThe Basis for and the Gains from Trade ( problems 9、10)Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 200
37、9 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Problems2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model李嘉李嘉图模型的模型的经验检验nMcDougall (1951 and 1952) nArgued that costs of production would be lower in the U.S. in industries where U.S. labor was more than twice as productive as U.K. labor.n（由于美国工资率是英国的两倍）认为当美国劳动生产率是英国两倍以上时，则美国这些产业的生
38、产成本将低于英国。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.nFound positive relationship between labor productivity and exports; industries with relatively productive labor in U.S. have higher ratios of U.S. to U.K. exports, supporting Ricardian theory of comparative advant
39、age.n在劳动生产率与出口之间找到了正相关；即美国生产率比英国高的产业伴随着更高的出口比率，这支持了李嘉图的比较优势理论。Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model李嘉李嘉图模型的模型的经验检验nResults supported by Balassa, Stern and Golub in later studies.n研究结果又被Balassa用1950年的数据、Stern用1950及1959年
40、的数据， Golub用1990年的数据证明了。n比较优势是建立在劳动生产率的差异基础之上的。但李嘉图没有解释国家间劳动生产率不同的原因和国际贸易对要素获利的影响。 Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2.7 Empirical Tests of the Ricardian Model李嘉李嘉图模型的模型的经验检验nEmpirical Tests of the Ricardian Model ( problems 12)Salvatore: International Econo
41、mics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ProblemsFIGURE 2-4 Relative Labor Productivities and Comparative AdvantageUnited States and United Kingdom.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.FIGURE 2-5 Relative Exports and Relative Unit CostsUnited States and Japan.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
