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1、高效高效语语法法复复习习篇篇 第第7 7节节 情情态动词态动词和和虚虚拟语拟语气气 情态动词 高考湖南卷的单选题中情态动词的辨析必考,而且每年1题,总计1分。1can(1)表能力,翻译为“能够/会”。The kid can speak three languages. 这个孩子能说三种语言。(2)表许可,翻译为“可以”,用于否定句,表示不允许,翻译为“不可以/不能”。You can read the book in the library, but you cant take it out. 这本书你可以在图书馆看,但你不可以带出去。(3)表示偶然发生的可能性,翻译为“有时会”。It is a
2、lways warm in spring here. But sometimes it can be very cold. 这里春天一直很暖和。但有时候也可能会很冷。(4)用于否定句,表推测,翻译为“不可能”。It cant be him, because he has gone to Beijing.那不可能是她,他已经去北京了。2could(1)can的过去式,could表过去的能力。He could speak Japanese. But now, he has forgotten it. 过去他会说日语。但现在他都忘记了。(2)could 表委婉,礼貌语气,不是真正的过去时态。Coul
3、d you please show me the way?你能为我领路吗?(3)could表示有可能,但可能性不如“can”大。Will you answer the phone? It could(may/might)be your father. 你去接电话好吗?可能是你爸爸打来的。3shall(1)用于第一人称代替will,表将来或意愿;(2)用于第二、三人称,shall表义务;Each athlete shall wear a number in red print at the game.在这场比赛中每一位运动员必须佩戴红色的号码。(3)用于第二、三人称,表许诺;If you get
4、 a full mark in this coming English test, you shall get a new bicycle. 如果你这次英语考试得满分,你会得到一台新自行车。(4)用于第一、三人称疑问句,表征询意见。 They are waiting outside. Shall they come in?他们在外面等着。他们可以进来吗?4should(1)用于第一人称疑问句,表征询意见;(2)表义务,可用于各种句式,通常指将来; (3)表推测,暗含很大的可能; He left early, so he should have arrived on time.他动身很早,所以理
5、应该按时到了。(4)在从句中,表虚拟语气; He suggested that we (should) go out for a walk.他建议我们出去散步。(5)should也可表惋惜、忧虑、欢乐、惊讶等感情色彩; Such a tall boy should eat so little a day.这么高的男生竟然一天只吃这么一点点。(6)在间接引语中,表示shall的过去式。I didnt know what I should do.我不知道我该干什么。5will(1)表示意志、意愿;(2)在疑问句中用于第二人称,表示请求或询问对方的意思;(3)表示习惯、经常性、倾向性,有“惯于、总是
6、”等意义;He tried to open the door, but it wont open.他尽力开门,但门总是打不开。(4)在if, when, until等连词引导的表示时间或条件的从句中要用一般时表将来,但在if从句中有时为了表示意愿也可用will,有“愿意”的意思。If you will go there, I will go with you.如果你愿意去那里,我会跟你一起去。6would(1)will 的过去式,表示对过去时间的意志、意愿、决心;(2)表示请求或个人的想法、看法,使语气婉转;Would you please open the window? 请你打开窗户好吗?
7、(3)表示过去习惯性的动作,着重动作的重复,有“总是、总会”等意思;When he was young, he would go out for a walk after supper. 当他年轻的时候,总会在晚饭后出来散步。(4)表示虚拟。If he had followed her advice yesterday, he wouldnt have missed the film. 如果昨天他听了她的建议,就不会错过那场电影了。7may(1)may在肯定句中表达许可,在疑问句中用于征求意见。(2)may 在肯定句中表达可能性,即“或许;也许”;may not 表达“也许不” I may n
8、ot go there tonight. But Im not sure. 今晚我也许不会去那里,但我不确定。(3)may在目的状语从句中表达目的。The student gets up early to study so that he may get high grades. 那个学生很早就起来学习以便他可以得高分。(4)may在may sb. do sth.句式中表达祝愿。May you succeed! 祝你成功!(5)may well do sth. 意为“有理由做某事”,may as well意为“不妨做某事”。If that is the case, I may as well
9、try.既然如此,我不妨试一试。 8might(1)may的过去式,表示过去时间下的目的。 (2)may的过去式,但并非是实际过去时态,在疑问句中表达更加委婉的请求语气。 Might I use your phone? 我可以用你的电话吗?(3)may的过去式,但并非实际过去时态,表示可能性相对may要小。 He might have finished his work. 他可能已经完成了工作。9need 既可作实义动词,也可作情态动词(1)可用作实义动词,意为“需要;必要”,后面可接名词、动名词或动词不定式等作宾语。其否定式和疑问式借助助动词进行变化。We need to practice
10、more. 我们需要多练习。The flowers need to be watered.The flowers need watering. 花要浇水了。We dont need too much money. 我们不需要太多钱。(2)need作情态动词,通常用于疑问句和否定句中,后接动词原形。这时need没有人称和数的变化,也没有时态的变化。With the Internet, people neednt go out to shop.有了因特网,人们不用出门购物了。10dare 既可作实义动词,也可作情态动词,其主要用法跟need类似 (1)用作实义动词,此时其后接动词不定式,但在否定句
11、中to可以省略,且dare有人称和数以及时态的变化。 (2)dare用作情态动词,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,后跟动词原形,没有人称和数的变化,但可以有过去式形式。11ought to (跟should用法类似)(1)ought to表示义务或责任,意为“应该”。 (2)ought to表示推断,意为“应该”、“可能”。 (3)在否定句中用ought not 或oughtnt,在疑问句中将ought提到主语之前。 12must(1)在肯定句、疑问句中表示必须、命令或强制,意为“必须,得”。在否定句中表禁止,意为“不得,决不可”;You must apologize because peo
12、ple mustnt pick flowers in the garden. 你必须道歉,因为人们不准在公园里摘花。(2)表示肯定的推测,意为“一定”。推测句式有3种,分别是对现在所处的状态或正在进行的动作以及过去所处的状态或发生的动作的推测,说话者语气十分肯定。must be(现在)一定是或处于某种状态;must be doing(现在)一定正在做某事;must have done sth.过去一定做了某事;The light is on. He must be at home. 灯亮着。他一定在家。There is loud noise upstairs. They must be wor
13、king. 楼上很吵。他们一定在工作。He must have drunk too much at the party last night. 昨晚在聚会上他一定喝多了。(3)表示不可避免性。意为“必然要,必定会”;He likes the singer, so he must go to her concert. 他喜欢这位歌手,所以他必定会参加她的演唱会。(4)表示主张,意为“一定要,坚持要”;Im busy now. But if you must know the truth, I will tell you later. 我现在忙着。如果你一定要知道真相的话,我稍后告知你。(5)表示
14、出乎意料或与愿望相反,意为“偏要”。His mother doesnt allow him to go out at night, but he must do it. 他妈妈不准他晚上出去,但是他偏要这么做。13情态动词表示推测情态动词表示推测情态动词 have done均与过去时间有关,是对过去发生的情况的推测、猜测、评价或指责,不指向将来和现在。情态动词do表示对现在或将来的情况的推测。具体用法如下(以过去为例): (1)musthavedone 表示对过去事情的肯定推测,译成“一定做过某事”,该结构只用于肯定句; 在否定句和疑问句中must改为cant 或couldnt,译成“不可能做
15、过某事”或“可能做过吗?”The ground is wet. It must have rained last night. 地面是湿的,昨晚一定下雨了。He didnt attend the meeting yesterday. He couldnt have known the information. 昨天他没有参加会议。他不可能知道信息。(2)couldhavedone表示对过去事情的假设,意思是本来有能力做或本来具备条件做某事而没有做。否定句表示本来不可以做某事,而实际做了。If you hadnt helped me last week, I couldnt have finis
16、hed the work ahead of time. 上周如果你不帮我,我不可能提前完成工作。(3)may/mighthavedone 表示对过去事情的推测,意思是“也许已经做了某事”。might与may意思相同,但可能性更小。否定句表示“也许还没做”。He might not have handed in his homework. 他可能还没有交作业。(4)wouldhavedone 表示 “本来会/想做”,事实上没做。否定句表示本来不想/会做某事,而实际做了。If I were free last weekend, I would have attended the party. 如果
17、上周末我有空的话,我本来会参加聚会的。(5)should/ought tohavedone 意思是“本来应该做某事,而实际没做。” 否定句表示本来不应该做某事,而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。另外,还有“竟然做了”的意思。You shouldnt have fought with your classmate yesterday. 昨天你不该跟你同学打架。(6)needhavedone表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“neednthavedone”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。You neednt have done it by yourself. You could have aske
18、d someone to do it. 你没必要亲自做这件事,你本可以叫人帮你做。14. would rather(1)would sooner/ratherthan意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”,常省略为d sooner/rather, 表示优先选择的一种方式。其否定形式是would sooner/rather not do sth.。would sooner/rather没有人称和数的变化。I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema. 我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。 (2)would ratherthan/woul
19、drather than也可以颠倒为:rather thanwould。would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式,若选用的动词相同,那么than 后的动词可以省略。 I would rather have noodles than (have) rice. 我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。 (3)使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”,即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组,如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。 I would rather talk with his mother than with his father. 我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和
20、他爸说话。 (4)在疑问句式中, would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前。Would you rather stay here or go home? 你愿意待在这里,还是回家? (5)would rather从句,是一个常用的虚拟语气句型,从句中谓语用一般过去时来表示与现在或将来事实不相符合的愿望。意为“宁愿,还是 好些”,“一个人宁愿另一个人做某事”,引导从句的that常省略。从句中用过去完成时表示与过去事实不相符合的愿望。John wants to see me today. I would rather he came tomorrow than today.约翰
21、今天想来看我。我宁愿他明天来看我而不是今天。(句中came不是表示过去而是表示将来)Would rather you had not done that. 真希望你没有做那件事。 注意:如果只涉及主语本人而不涉及另一个人,则would rather之后不接that从句而接have done结构。 I would rather have gone to the theatre than stayed home night. 我真希望昨天晚上去看了戏而不是待在家里。 (6)would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别,但经常接触到的是would rather。【知识运用】填空
22、题:1. The light is on, so they _ be at home.2. Child as he is, he _ do a lot of things by himself.3. Whoever works out the maths problem _ be given a pen as a reward.4. As students, we _ try hard to take advantage of time to study.5. Turn to your teachers when you have any problems. They _ help you w
23、ith your subjects.答案:1. must2. can3. shall4. should5. will1. You _ be right, but I dont think you are. A. can B. could C. must D. should【分析】B从语境上看,C、D不宜选,在剩下的A和B中,许多同学想当然地选了A,认为整个句子为现在时态,所以选can,而不选过去式 could。但是最佳答案却是B而不是A。按照英语语法,情态动词can 用于推测表示可能性时,通常只用于否定句或疑问句中,而不用于肯定句中;但 could 用于表推测时,却不仅可用于否定句和疑问句,也
24、可用于肯定句,且此时的 could 并不是 can 的过去式,与 can 也没有时间上的差别,只是 could 比 can语气更委婉。【分析】顺便说明一点,can 在以下特殊情况下,可用于肯定句。一是表示抽象的可能性,即从理论上或逻辑上分析是可能的,但是实际上未必会发生。如:Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能会犯错误。二是后接“be (get, seem, become)形容词”,表示“有时会”、“时常会”等。如:My father can be very unreasonable. 我父亲有时候很不讲道理。 2. Do you think he is lazy?
25、 I _ once, but I dont now. A. may have thought B. can have thought C. may think D. might think【分析】A从答话人的语境可知,空格处的意思“曾经这样想过”,即对过去的情况作推测,故应用“情态动词动词完成式”,又因为 can 表推测不用于肯定句,故选A。 虚拟语气 2012年高考湖南卷的单选题中虚拟语气有1题,2013年没有考查。 1宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要有3种情况: (1)表示建议、命令、请求、要求、意图等含义的动词suggest, advise, insist, order, command, re
26、quire, request, demand, ask, prefer等引导宾语从句时,宾语从句用虚拟语气,句式结构为“主语should动词原形”,其中should可以省略。但当should表“暗示,表明”,insist表示“坚决认为,坚持说”时,宾语从句用陈述语气。He suggested that we (should) go there by bus. 他建议我们坐公车去那里。His words suggested that he was angry. 他的话表明他生气了。 (2)wish之后的宾语从句,表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望,常用虚拟语气。其主要形式有3种:表示对现在情
27、况的虚拟: wish 主语 动词过去式(be用were);I wish I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky. 我希望是一只小鸟能在天空自由飞翔。表示对过去情况的虚拟: wish 主语 had 过去分词;I wish I had met him yesterday. 我希望我昨天遇上他了。(事实是昨天没有遇上)表示对将来情况的虚拟: wish 主语 would 动词原形。 I wish they would take me to London. 我希望他们会带我一起去伦敦。(3)would rather引导的宾语从句,从句为过去时间,动词用
28、had done; 从句为现在时间,动词用一般过去式(be用were);从句是将来时间,动词用一般过去式。Id rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。(不用would come, 用一般过去时came表示将来)2主语从句用虚拟语气的句式主要有3种:(1)在It is important/necessary that等主语从句中,从句谓语动词用should动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。It is important that he (should) study hard. 他努力学习是很重要的。(2)在It is amazing / strange
29、/ surprising / astonishing / a pity / a shame that从句中有时也用should,此时表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感,常含有“竟然”之意。 若不用虚拟语气则不带感情色彩,比较:Its a pity that he failed the exam. 他考试没及格,真是遗憾。Its a pity that he should have failed the exam. 他考试竟没及格,真是遗憾。(3)It is / was ordered / suggested / required / requested that从句中,从句谓语动词用shoul
30、d动词原形。should此时表达“应该”的意思。It is suggested that you should phone before you go round there.你去那儿之前应该先打个电话。3. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句句式主要有:(1)The名词is/wasthat表语从句。这些名词是表示请求、要求、命令、建议等意义的名词如:advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion等。表语从句的虚拟语气结构
31、为:(should) 动词原形。His request is that we (should) go to the meeting room ahead of time. 他的要求是我们要提前到会议室。(2)It looks as if表语从句。如表达的内容与现在事实相反用一般过去时,与过去事实相反用过去完成时。不过,要注意如果表达的内容是真实可信的,则用直陈语气,使用实际时态。It is getting dark. It looks as if it is going to rain. 天变暗了,看来要下雨了。(迹象表明要下雨,用直陈语气。)When they first met each
32、other, they talked as if they had been friends for many years. 当他们第一次见面的时候,他们就像多年的老朋友一样聊了起来。(事实上不是老朋友,用虚拟。)4同位语从句中的虚拟语气: 在“名词that”同位语从句中,如果名词为表示建议、劝告、命令等含义的名词如:advice 建议,demand 要求,desire 愿望, decision 决定, idea意见, motion 提议, order命令, proposal 提议, requirement 要求, request 请求,regulation 规章, suggestion 建议
33、等名词时,其同位语从句要用虚拟语气结构:主语(should) 动词原形。He announced his order that we (should) arrive there on time. 他宣布了他的命令,那就是我们要按时到达那里。5定语从句中的虚拟语气比较少见,在“是做某事的时候了”句式中从句谓语动词用should do 或过去式。It is about/high time that we had/ should have a thorough cleaning.是搞大扫除的时候了。6含蓄虚拟条件句:即没有出现明显的假设条件,而是把条件从句隐藏在上下文中的一类条件句,其主要用法及表现
34、形式可归纳如下:(1)将条件隐含在不定式短语中;To have studied harder, you would have passed the examination. 假如你学习更用功些,你就考试及格了。 (2)将条件隐含在现在分词或过去分词短语中;Given more time, I would have done it better.假若多给些时间,我会做得更好。(3)将条件隐含在介词短语中,常见介词有but for和without;But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我们的实
35、验是不会成功的。(4)将条件隐含在名词短语中;Another word, and I would beat you flat.你再说一句话,我就把你打倒在地。(5)将条件隐含在某些连词中, 常见连词有 otherwise和or else;Im really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go there with you. 我确实很忙,要不然我肯定会和你一起去那儿。(6)将条件隐含在定语从句中;Anyone who had seen that painting might have taken it for a photo. 凡是看过那画的人,都
36、可能把它看成是照片。(7)将条件隐含在but引导的并列句中;I would have attended her wedding ceremony, but I was so occupied. 本想参加她的婚礼的,但当时我太忙。(8)将条件隐含在其他形式的上下文中。Dont bother to read all these papers. It would take too long. 不要费事看所有这些文件了,那会花太多时间。【知识运用】填空题:1. My suggestion is that all of us _ out have a walk.2. If he had taken hi
37、s fathers advice, he _ have achieved his goals.3. I failed the driving test yesterday. If only he _ _ me. 4. It is important that all of us _ others when they are in trouble. 答案: 1. (should) go 2. would 3. had; helped 4. (should) help1. _ he followed my advice, he would have succeeded. A. When B. If
38、 C. Had D. Has【分析】C但容易误选B。不能选B,主要是因为时态前后有矛盾。由于主句谓语是would have succeeded,这表明是对过去事实作出的假设,所以从句谓语应该是 had followed,所以,如果选B,句子应该是 if he had followed my advice。但按英语语法,在此类表示虚拟条件的从句中,若有 had, should, were 等词,便可省略 if,而将 had, should, were 提前置于句首。2. The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set fr
39、ee. A. had done; should be B. should do; should be C. had done; had been D. should do; had been【分析】A此题容易误选B,想当然地认为 insist 后的从句谓语要用“should动词原形”这样的虚拟语气。事实上,insist后的从句谓语是否用“should动词原形”这样的虚拟语气,要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来,若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。对上题而言,坐牢的这个人坚持了两点:一是没做错事,二是
40、应该释放。很显然,在坐牢这个人看来,“没做错事”应该是事实,故用陈述语气;“被释放”还不是事实(因为他还在坐牢),故用虚拟语气。所以此题的最佳答案应为A。3. It looks as if he were drunk. So it does. _. A. Hed better give up drinking B. He shouldnt have drunk so much C. Health is more important than drink D. I wonder why he is always doing so【分析】D但A、B、C均有可能误选,主要是受题中 drunk 一词的影响。做此题的关键是要抓住It looks as if he were drunk 中的关键词were,因为它表明此句的谓语为虚拟语气,也就是说,“他喝醉了”不是事实,只是他的言行好像是喝醉了,所以此题的最佳答案是D。另外注意,句中的 so it does 表示强调,意为“他看上去的确像是喝醉了”。类似用法:“The house looks beautiful.” “Yes, so it does.” “这房子看上去很美。”“是的,看上去的确很美。”此句中的 so it does 也表强调。