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1、非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。一、 动词不定式 1常用形式：一般积极式to do, 一般被动式to be done 完成积极式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done 进行式to be doing2语法功效：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。例如： 1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important. 2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day. 3）宾语：Do you want to visi
2、t the Great Wall? Can you give us some advice on what to do next?4） 宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first. I didnt notice them come in. 注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, 其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth. help（协助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可
3、不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth.5） 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in. 6）状语： in order to A目标状语：She reads China Daily every dayso as to improve her English. to 注：in order to 能够位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。B原因状语： Im glad
4、to see you . 注：这种“be形容词不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here. C成果状语：They lived to see the liberation of theirhome town.他们一直活到见到家乡解放。 在“tooto”结构中表“太成果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.注：too之前假如有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too l
5、ucky to go abroad for a visit. 他们很幸运去国外访问。 另外，too后假如是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意， 如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street. 在“形容词/副词enough不定式”结构中表“足以能”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .3复合结构不定式（for sb. to do sth.），可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。for 自身无意义，sb.可称之为不定式的逻辑主语。例如：I think it necessary
6、 for him to go there at once.（复合结构不定式作宾语）注：当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特性时，不用for, 而用of,如：It is kind of you to help me .（相称于You are kind to help me .）此类形容词有good,nice,kind,wise, clever, foolish, silly, stupid, careless, impolite（不礼貌）等。right, wrong既可用于for sb. to do sth. 也可用于of sb. to do sth. 例如：Its right/wr
7、onggforhim to do the work alone.4疑问词不定式：可作主语、表语或宾语。如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）We dont know when and where to go .（宾语）5动词不定式的否定式（not to do sth.），语法功效同不定式肯定式。6不定式的时态形式所示的时间关系：1）一般式：表示的动作和谓语动词所示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动作之后，或 没有时间限制。例如： They often watch us play table tennis.（与谓语动作同时） She hope
8、s to go there again.（在谓语动作之后） It is necessary and important to read English every day.（无时间限制） The factory to make radios is over there.（无时间限制）2）完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词所示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have kept you waiting. /She seems to have been a teacher for many years.3）进行式：表示正在发生的动作且与谓语动作同时发生。例如： She happened to be
9、 writing a letter in the room when I come in.7不定式的被动式：名词、代词为不定式的逻辑宾语时，一般用不定式被动式， 例如：What is to be done is unknown. /The bridge to be bulit there is very long. 注：有关不定式的积极式表被动义使用方法参见动词时态、语态一讲。一、 分词1分词形式：有目前分词和过去分词两种。过去分词只有一个形式，目前分词则有：一般积极式doing, 一般被动式being done,完成积极式having done,完成被动式having been done2语
10、法功效：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。3目前分词和过去分词的区分：1）语态不一样：目前分词表示积极概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film 感人的电影，the moved girl 受感动的姑娘，a running machine 一台转动的机器， a stolen car 一辆被盗的汽车 注：有关心理状态动词的ing形式表积极意，ed形式表被动意，详见该讲后的专题。 2）时间关系上不一样：目前分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。 例如：a developing country 发展中的国家，a developed country发达的国家4
11、目前分词的基本使用方法：1） 一般积极式使用方法：A作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old.(The child who is sleeping is)/The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well.(The girl who is writing a letter can)The factory making TV sets is very large.(The factory which makes TV sets is very large.)B作表语：The s
12、tory sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.C作宾补：学用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework all day.注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而目前分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I
13、 heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing不可改为singing) have sb. do sth. 与have sb. doing sth. 的区分：前者havelet, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用）”意。如：Ill have him go with me.我将让他和我一块去。Ill have him working in my compary.我将雇用他在我的企业里工作。D
14、ont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语：时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life.原因状语：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 2）完成积极式使用方法： 这种分词所示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如： Having finished her homework,she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.3）一般被动式使用方法： 表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。 例如：The car being repaired is mine.(The car which is being repaired is mine.) /Being repaired,the car cant be used.(As/Because it is being repaired,the car cant be used.)4
