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1、第1课Text AText A Critical ReadingCritical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and eva
2、luating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader. 批判性地阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不但仅包括了解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到如下几点。Consider the context of what is
3、written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than (=from) yours. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between yo
4、ur values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。你所读的也许是与你有不一样文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不一样时代背景的人数年此前所写的。无论哪种情况，你都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不一样。Question assertions made by the author. Dont accept what is written at face value(完全地, 以面值/表象). Before accepting what is written, be certain tha
5、t the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if (=whether) the author has integrated the work of authorities.质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接收作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作
6、。Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者有关同一主题的文章是
7、否有一致性。假如存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the authors assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions.
8、Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者以为具备正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者才能提出论点。诸多时候作者的假设并没有直接阐明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发觉这些假设。一旦发觉某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, E
9、instein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources
10、are current. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.判别文章出处。判别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，假如文章是有关物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。另外还要确保出处具备有关性。假如文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是有关出处。最后，假如作者写的是某个主题目前的情形，那就要确保出处起源
11、也是目前最新的。例如，假如作者讨论的是物理学知识的现实状况，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究也许就不适合作出处了。Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of American politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. What is written may very well reflect a biased position. You
12、need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is, take what is written with a grain of salt （有保存地）.甄别作者也许带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述也许因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很也许反应其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的也许性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。 By being a critical reader, you will become better inf
13、ormed and may change your views as appropriate. 成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思绪会不停拓宽，观点会愈加合理。 第1课Text BThe Language of ConfidenceThe language we use programs our brains. Mastering our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use the language in the best way po
14、ssible in order to dramatically improve our quality of life.自信的语言 语言能影响我们的大脑。掌握语言就能在很大程度上掌握我们的生活和命运。将语言发挥到极致能够极大地改进我们的生活质量，这一点至关重要。Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our subconscious mind, which is like a child, and it doesnt really understand the difference between what reall
15、y happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it - whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you.再短的单词也能对我们的潜意识产生深远的影响。我们的潜意识就像一个孩子，分不清真实发生的事和自己想象的事。它渴望取悦，乐意听从你给它的任何命令，而你是故意还是无意地做这些完全取决于你。TryIt is a small word yet it has an ama
16、zing impact upon us. If someone says, Ill try to do that, you know that they are not going to be pulling their whole heart into(全身心投入于) it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say Ill try to be more confident or Ill try to do that or Ill try to call? “尽力”这是一个简单的词，却能对我们产生不简单的影响。假如有人说“我会尽力做这件事
